Spacecraft Dynamics IF N = 0, the orbital plane does not change Axisymmetric Case Expressed in Body Fixed Frame

𝑎3 𝐼𝑦 −𝐼𝑥
𝑎̇ = 2√ [𝑒𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓) + 𝑇(1 + 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓))] Circular orbit: = −√𝑎𝜇𝜌𝐵 (Ω̇ = 0; 𝜔̇ = 0)𝜔𝑧̇ = − 𝜔𝑥̇ (𝑡)𝜔𝑦 (𝑡) = 0 (𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 ) Symm Z
𝜇(1−𝑒 2 ) 𝐼𝑧
𝑎(1−𝑒 2 ) 𝜔𝑧̇ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ^^^ Linear ODE
𝑒̇ = √ [𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓) + 𝑇(𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓) + cos(𝐸𝑒𝑐𝑐 ))]
𝜇 CLOSED FORM SOLUTION
𝐼𝑧 −𝐼𝑥
𝑑 𝑎(1−𝑒 2 ) 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔+𝑓) 𝑑 𝑎 1 𝜆= 𝜔𝑧 !!!!! Nat Freq. Speed of Precession
𝑖=√ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎̇ = 0 & 𝑒̇ = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑁√ sin(𝑛𝑡) 𝐼𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝜇 (1+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓)) 𝑑𝑡 𝜇 𝑛

𝑎(1−𝑒 2) 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔+𝑓) 𝑎 𝜔𝑥̇ (𝑡) = −𝜆𝜔𝑦 (𝑡) ; 𝜔𝑥𝑦 = √𝜔𝑥2 + 𝜔𝑦2

Ω̇ = √ 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 90𝑂 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Ω̇ = 𝑁√ sin(𝑛𝑡)
𝜇 sin(𝑖)(1+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓)) 𝜇
𝜔𝑦̇ (𝑡) = 𝜆𝜔𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑎(1−𝑒 2 ) (2+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓)) sin(𝑓)
𝜔̇ = −Ω̇ cos(𝑖) + √ [−𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓) + 𝑇 ] Prolate vs. Oblate
𝑒 2𝜇 1+𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓) 2𝜋 2𝜋𝐼𝑥
Drag (circular orbit) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝑇 = = 𝜔𝑧−1
𝜆 𝐼𝑧 −𝐼𝑥
1 1 𝜇 𝐶𝐷 𝐴 Axisymm (z) Prolate (CW): 𝐼𝑧 < 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 (Direct) 𝜆 < 0
𝑁 = 𝑅 = 0 ; 𝑇 = − 𝐵𝜌𝑣 2 = − 𝐵𝜌 , 𝐵 is ballistic coefficient 𝐵 =
2 2 𝑎 𝑚
Axisymm (z) Oblate (CCW): 𝐼𝑧 > 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 (Retrog) 𝜆 > 0
Interplanetary Hohman Transfer ⃗ makes with the body fixed 𝑧̂ axis
𝜃-The angle ℎ
2𝜇 𝑟
𝑉𝑝 = √𝑟 (𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑛+𝑟𝑚𝑠 ) Perigee of Hohman trans (Outer Planets) DarksideBurn 𝛾-The angle 𝜔
⃗ makes with the body fixed 𝑧̂ axis
𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑥 𝜔𝑥𝑦
𝑉𝑎 = √
2𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠
Apogee of Hohman trans (Inner Planets) LightsideBurn
tan 𝜃 = , 𝜃 is constant
𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑠 +𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
𝐼𝑧 𝜔𝑧
𝜔𝑥𝑦 𝐼𝑥
𝜇 tan 𝛾 = , thus 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = tan 𝛾
𝑉𝑒 = √ ; 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒 + 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑥 is the excess V after escape 𝜔𝑧 𝐼𝑧
𝑟 𝑒𝑠

OUTTER to Mars Specific Impulse 2 Stage Rocket

𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑒,∞ = Δ𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑒 𝑐 Structural Coeff.
𝐼𝑠𝑝 = ms Payload Ratio
2 1 𝑔 𝜖=
𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒 𝑚𝑠 +𝑚𝑝
𝜆1 =
𝑚𝑜2
=
𝑚𝑜2
2
𝑚𝑜1 −𝑚𝑜2 𝑚𝑜−𝑚𝑜2
𝜇𝑒 2 1 𝜇𝑒 12 𝑚𝑃𝐿
Vel. Before burn 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒 = √ ; Vel. after burn: E: 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − = 𝑉∞,𝑒 𝜆2 = 𝑚(𝑡𝑜)
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2 𝑚𝑜2 −𝑚𝑃𝐿 Δ𝑣 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑚(𝑡𝑓 )
Solve for 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; then Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
Approaching Mars 𝜆1 = 𝜆2 thus
𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑚02 = √𝑚0 √𝑚𝑃𝐿
𝑉𝑚 = √ ; 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 = √ ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑚 = −𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉∞,𝑚
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚

𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑎=− 2  𝑉=√ − ; 𝑉𝑐 = √ ; Δ𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉
𝑉∞,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚
2 =#=− 1 𝜇 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒
DEPART. ANGLE 𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒 Solve for a  𝑒 = 1 −
2 2𝑎 𝑎
1 2𝜇𝑚
𝛿 = 2 sin−1 AIMING RADIUS Δ = 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 √1 + 2
𝑒 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑉∞,𝑚
Rocketry Stuff
2 Stage Rocket Interplanetary Hohman Transfer
𝑚(𝑡𝑜)
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ( ) Payload Ratio 𝑉𝑝 = √
2𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑚𝑠
Perigee of Hohman trans (Outer Planets) DarksideBurn
𝑚(𝑡𝑓 )
𝑚𝑜2 𝑚𝑜2 𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑟𝑒𝑠 +𝑟𝑚𝑠)
𝜆1 = =
𝑚𝑜1 −𝑚𝑜2 𝑚𝑜−𝑚𝑜2
𝑚𝑃𝐿 2𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠
Specific Impulse 𝜆2 = 𝑉𝑎 = √ Apogee of Hohman trans (Inner Planets) LightsideBurn
𝑚𝑜2 −𝑚𝑃𝐿 𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑠 +𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
𝑐
𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝜇
𝑔
𝑉𝑒 = √ ; 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒 + 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑥 is the excess V after escape
𝜆1 = 𝜆2 thus 𝑟 𝑒𝑠

Structural Coeff. 𝑚02 = √𝑚0 √𝑚𝑃𝐿 OUTTER to Mars

ms
𝜖= 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑒,∞ = Δ𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑒
𝑚𝑠 +𝑚𝑝
12
𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒
2
𝜇𝑒 2 1 𝜇𝑒 1 2
Vel. Before burn 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒 = √ ; Vel. after burn: E: 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − = 𝑉∞,𝑒
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2

Solve for 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; then Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒

Approaching Mars
𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑉𝑚 = √ ; 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 = √ ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑚 = −𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉∞,𝑚
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚

𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑎=− 2  𝑉=√ − ; 𝑉𝑐 = √ ; Δ𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉
𝑉∞,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚
2 =#=− 1 𝜇 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒
DEPART. ANGLE 𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒 Solve for a  𝑒 = 1 −
2 2𝑎 𝑎
1 2𝜇𝑚
𝛿 = 2 sin−1 AIMING RADIUS Δ = 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 √1 + 2
𝑒 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑉∞,𝑚
Rocketry Stuff
2 Stage Rocket Interplanetary Hohman Transfer
𝑚(𝑡𝑜)
Δ𝑣 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ( ) Payload Ratio 𝑉𝑝 = √
2𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑚𝑠
Perigee of Hohman trans (Outer Planets) DarksideBurn
𝑚(𝑡𝑓 ) 𝑚𝑜2 𝑚𝑜2 𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑟𝑒𝑠 +𝑟𝑚𝑠)
𝜆1 = =
𝑚𝑜1 −𝑚𝑜2 𝑚𝑜−𝑚𝑜2
𝑚𝑃𝐿 2𝜇𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠
Specific Impulse 𝜆2 = 𝑉𝑎 = √ Apogee of Hohman trans (Inner Planets) LightsideBurn
𝑚𝑜2 −𝑚𝑃𝐿 𝑟𝑚𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑠 +𝑟𝑚𝑠 )
𝑐
𝐼𝑠𝑝 = 𝜇
𝑔 𝑉𝑒 = √ ; 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒 + 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑥 is the excess V after escape
𝜆1 = 𝜆2 thus 𝑟𝑒𝑠
Structural Coeff. 𝑚02 = √𝑚0 √𝑚𝑃𝐿 OUTTER to Mars
ms
𝜖= 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑒,∞ = Δ𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑒
𝑚𝑠 +𝑚𝑝
1
2
𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒
2
𝜇 2 2 1 𝜇 1
Vel. Before burn 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒 = √ 𝑒 ; Vel. after burn: E: 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑒 = 𝑉∞,𝑒
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘 2

Solve for 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; then Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒

Approaching Mars
𝜇 𝜇
𝑉𝑚 = √ 𝑠𝑢𝑛 ; 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 = √ 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 ; 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑚 = −𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉∞,𝑚
𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚

𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠 2𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑎=− 2  𝑉=√ − ; 𝑉𝑐 = √ ; Δ𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉
𝑉∞,𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚
2 =#=− 1 𝜇 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑒
DEPART. ANGLE 𝐸 = 𝑉∞,𝑒 Solve for a  𝑒 = 1 −
2 2𝑎 𝑎
1 2𝜇𝑚
𝛿= 2 sin−1 AIMING RADIUS Δ = 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 √1 + 2
𝑒 𝑟𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘,𝑚 𝑉∞,𝑚