Design Procedures of

Response Spectrum Method and Time History Analysis of

Seismic Isolation Buildings in Japan

Taiki Saito, Professor

Shugo Takano, Graduate Student

Toyohashi University of Technology

Design procedures of response spectrum method and time history analysis

Building height

Less than 60m More than 60m

Soil profile
Type 3 or 2 which has
Possibility of
Type 1 or 2 liquefaction

Response spectrum method Time history analysis

Evaluation committee
(approved by Ministry)

Building permission
 Index

1. Introduction for target building

2. Response spectrum method (RSM)
3. Time history analysis (THA)
Building Introduction part 1: Outlook of the building

FIGURE.1 Target Building

Building Introduction part 2: Characteristic of the building

Table1: Building detail Table3:Building stiffness

Purpose Condominium Height Horizontal stiffness (kN/mm)
Story
Total floor areas(m2) 1950 (mm) X direction Y direction
Maximum height(m) 23.6 7 3000 951 3243
Sort of building Reinforced concrete 6 3000 2407 3553
X axis RC flame 5 3000 1242 5957
Structure type 4 3000 1336 7950
Y axis RC flame +RC wall
Basement Cast in place concrete 3 3000 1457 10183
2 3000 1544 12966
Table2:Building height and weight 1 3000 2005 12814
Story Height(mm) Weight(kN)
7 3000 4410 Table4:Materials strength of the building
6 3000 4165 Material (N/mm2)
5 3000 4165 Main bar 345
4 3000 4165 Steel bar
Stirrup 295
3 3000 4214 Concrete 24
2 3000 4214
1 3000 4214
i 1700 5292
Building Introduction part 3: Elevation plan

FIGURE.2 Elevation Plan of the building

Building Introduction part 4: Plan of the building
C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 LRB650(I1) LRB700(I2) LRB700(I2) LRB700(I2) LRB650(I1)
Y2 Y2

W1 W1 W1 W1 W1 W1

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 LRB650(I1) LRB700(I2) LRB700(I2) LRB700(I2) LRB650(I1)

Y1 Y1

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6

Standard floor plan Isolators level

FIGURE.3 Lead plug Natural rubber

Steel plate

LRBφ650 4 Covering
rubber

LRBφ700 8
Flange
LRB
Member information of the building: BEAM

Table5: Detail of the Beam

Story Beam Symbol G1 G2 Symbol G1 G2 Symbol G1 G2
Symbol G1 G2 Main bar Main bar Main bar
5-D25 7-D25 5-D25 8-D25 7-D25 10-D25
Main bar (up) (up) (up)
4-D25 6-D25 Main bar Main bar
(up) 3-D25 4-D25 Main bar 5-D25 7-D25
(below) 4-D25 6-D25 (below)
Main bar (below)
3-D25 4-D25 Stirrup D13-@200 D13-@200 Stirrup D13-@200 D13-@200
(below) Stirrup D13-@200 D13-@200
Stirrup D13-@200 D13-@200 750*400 750*400 1300*500 1300*500
800*400 800*400
700*350 700*350
4,5 2,3 1
6,7

h*b h*b h*b

h*b
Member information of the building: COLUMN

Table6: Detail of the Columns

Story Column Symbol C1 Symbol C1
Symbol C1 Main bar 12-D25 Main bar 12-D25
Main bar 10-D25 Stirrup D13-@100 Stirrup D13-@100
Stirrup D13-@100 3,4 700*750 1,2 750*750
5,6,7 700*750
h*b h*b
h*b
Member information of the building: WALL and SLABS

Table7: Detail of the Walls

Story Wall W1
Thickness(mm) 200
Reinforcement 2-D13@200

All

Table8: Detail of the Slabs

Story Slab
Thickness(mm) 220
Reinforcement D13@100
All
 Index

1. Introduction for target building

2. Response spectrum method (RSM)
3. Time history analysis (THA)
RSM: Design for the seismic isolation level
1: Design limit deformation of isolators
Isolation device 2: Damping factor(h) and acceleration reduction factor(Fh)
3: Time period(Ts)

1: Surface soil amplification factor(Gs)

Input seismic force
2: Seismic hazard zoning factor(Z)

NO

Response calculation

Design criteria
mδd > δresponse

YES

Super and sub structures

RSM: How to design seismic force on the building
Seismic force on the building can calculate by formula (1) and (2)

Q  Sa  M
Q
 response  1.1    
M 

Sa  S0  Fh  Gh  Z

S0: Acceleration response spectrum at

the engineering bedrock (h=0.05)
Fh: Reduction factor due to damping
Gs: Surface soil amplification factor
Z: Seismic zoning factor
α： factor considering variation of
FIGURE.4 Design method of calculation for seismic force material (>= 1.2)
RSM: Seismic isolation device (1)
Table9: Detail of the Seismic Isolation Device
Seismic isolation system LRBφ650(I1) LRBφ700(I2)
Diameter (mm) 650 700
Thickness of rubber layer (mm) 10 12
Hr(mm): Effective height of rubber 159.6 (4.2×38 layers) 162 (4.5×36 layers)
S1: Primary shape factor 38.7 38.9
S2: Secondary shape factor 4.1 4.3
K1(kN/m): Initial stiffness 10,695 12,217
K2(kN/m): Secondary stiffness 823 940
Qy(kN): Yielding strength 122.7 140.9
δy(m): Yielding deformation 0.0115 0.0115

Lead plug Natural rubber

Steel plate

Rubber covering 823kN/m 940kN/m

122.7kN 140.9kN
10695kN/m 12217kN/m
Flange
1.15cm 1.15cm
RSM: Seismic isolation device (2)
Table9: Detail of the Seismic Isolation Device
Seismic isolation system LRBφ650(I1) LRBφ700(I2)
σ0(N/mm2):Basic vertical strength 30 36
1/3(σ0) (N/mm2) 10 12
γ (%) : Horizontal limit strain 342.27 353.62
δu(mm):Horizontal limit deformation 546 573
β:Coefficient due to device 0.8
mδd(mm):Limit design deformation 437 459

70 70
60 60
50 50
σ(N/mm2)

σ(N/mm2)
40 40 σ0
30 σ0 30
20 20
10 (1/3)σ0 10 (1/3)σ0
0 0
0 100 200 300 γ 400 500 0 100 200 300 γ 400 500
γ(%) γ(%)

FIGURE.4 LRBΦ650 FIGURE.5 LRBΦ700

RSM: Factors calculation part ①: Equivalent damping factor
Damping factor of the building can be calculated by formula (3) to (7)

Equivalent damping factor

0.8 W
h 
4 W
W
Reduction factor of response spectrum W
1.5
Fh 
1  10h
8000
6000
4000
2000
Q(kN)

0
‐60 ‐40 ‐20 0 20 40 60
‐2000
‐4000
‐6000
‐8000
δ(cm)

FIGURE.6 Hysteresis loop

 0.8 W 1
h  W  md  Q W  4    Q '
4 W 2

K2 Q  Q '1      1
Q'   m  d  Q / K1   y  Q / K1
K1
y   y   y 1      1   y    11   

m d    y
0.8 W 2  1  1
  K 2 / K1 h   0.8  1  
4 W     1      1
RSM： Factors calculation part ②: Acceleration response spectrum

Acceleration response spectrum can be calculated by equation below

1000

800

320  30  Ts Ts  0.16
 600

gal(cm/s2)
S0   800 0.16  Ts  0.64
(cm/s2)  512 / T
400

 s 0.64  Ts
200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
T(s)

FIGURE.7 Acceleration response spectrum

RSM： Factors calculation part ③: Time period of the building
Acceleration response spectrum can be calculated by equation below

M
Ts  2
K

M  Super mass

8000 FIGURE.8 Building mass

6158kN 6000 K=14093kN/m
4000
2000
Q(kN)

‐60 ‐40 ‐20

0
0 20 40 60 M=3555kNs2/m Ts = 3.16 s
‐2000
‐4000 437mm
‐6000
‐8000
δ(cm)
RSM: Factors calculation part ④: Surface soil amplification factor
Table10: Soil profile type definition
Soil profile type Definition Describe
(Gs)
1 T=0.4 Solid soil
2 T=0.6 Moderate
3 T=0.8 Soft soil
3
Soil profile type 3

2.5
Soil condition at construction site
Soil profile type 2
2
Gs

1.5 Soil profile type 1

1
0 1 2 3 4 5
T(s)
FIGURE.9 Soil profile type
RSM: Factors calculation part ⑤: Seismic hazard zoning factor

This value is taken for design

FIGURE.9 Soil profile type

RSM: Summary of design factors
1400

1200

1000

Sa(gal(cm/s2))
800

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
T(s)

FIGURE.10 Sa-T curve

1400

1200

1000
Sd  Sa /  2  S a  T 2 / (2 ) 2
Sa(gal(cm/s2))

800

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Sd(cm)

FIGURE.11 Sa-Sd curve

RSM: Capacity spectrum method part ①: Introduction
1.Reduce acceleration spectrum

μ=1
μ=2

μ=3
μ=4

3.Connect the cross-point→1.

2.Change the slope based on μ

4.Find performance point

D D D D
(μ=1) (μ=2) (μ=3) (μ=4) FIGURE.12: Procedures for capacity spectrum method
RSM: Capacity spectrum method part ②: Result
1000

800
Sa(gal(cm/s2))

δd δresponce
600
Requirement : m

400 Result : 437 291 (mm)

Judge : OK
200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sd(cm)

150

120
Design for the superstructure
Sa(gal(cm/s2))

90

60

30  response  291mm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Sd(cm)

FIGURE.13: Result of the Capacity spectrum method

RSM: Design of superstructure: Design procedures

1: Eccentricity of the seismic isolation interface<0.03

Seismic isolation layer 2: Shear coefficient of dampers>0.03

1: Design coefficient of story force

Story drift 2: Calculate seismic shear force
3: Calculate seismic force at seismic isolators device

1: σLmax<1/3𝜎0
2: σs1<2/3𝜎0
Device check
3: σs2<𝜎0
4: σs3>0

1: 1.25・δresponse
Clearance space 2: 0.2(m)+δresponse
3: 0.6(m)+1 or 2 (using path in basement
RSM: Seismic isolation layer : Eccentricity ratio (Rex,ey)
1. Center of gravity
∑𝑋 · 𝑁
𝑋
∑𝑁
𝑌
∑𝑌 · 𝑁 (Xg, Yg)= (13607, 5787)
∑𝑁

Eccentricity ratio 2. Center of rigidity

𝑒 0.107 (Xk, Yk)= (13500, 5500)
𝑅 𝑅 0.01 ∑𝑋 · 𝐾
𝑟 10.41 𝑋
∑𝐾
𝑒 0.287 𝑌
∑𝑌 · 𝐾
𝑅 𝑅 0.027 ∑𝐾
𝑟 10.41 3. Eccentricity distance

𝑒 𝑌 𝑌 FIGURE.14: Center of the gravity and rigidity

Less than 0.03→OK 𝑒 𝑋 𝑋

4. Rotation stiffness

𝐾 𝐾 · 𝑌 𝑌 𝐾 · 𝑋 𝑋

5. Elastic radius
𝐾
𝑟
∑𝐾

𝐾
𝑟
∑𝐾
RSM: Shear force at isolation layer 27

Lead plug

＋ ＝

F F F

D D D

Qe Qh LRBφ650 LRBφ700

Qe   K1    kN   kN 
Qe  0.823    291( mm )  4 + 0.94    291(mm)  8 = 3146(kN )
 mm   mm 
Qe: Shear force at rubber

Qh   yield load
Qh  122.7(kN )  4 + 140.9(kN )  8 = 1618(kN )
Qh Shear force at damper (lead plug)
RSM: Seismic isolation layer : Shear coefficient of dampers(μ)

Qh 1618
   0.046  0.03
M  g 3555  9.8

Over 0.03→OK
RSM: Story drift : Shear coefficient of superstructure(Cri)

 1  2T
Ai  1    i  Ai  Qh  Qe
   1  3T Cri  
 i  M g

T： The natural period of superstructure with fixed base γ： factor considering the variation of material (>=1.3)
(0.02+0.01α)H

story (F)
4

1
0 2000 4000 6000
Qi(kN)
RSM: Story drift
Step ①: Calculate shear force on each floor depend on Cri
Step ②: Estimate horizontal stiffness of the building by frame
analysis
Step ③: Shear force divide by stiffness → Max drift Both directions are not over 1/300→OK

7 7 7
6 6 X direction 6
Y direction 1/300
5 5 5
story (F)
story (F)

Story(F)
X direction
4 ② 4 ③ 4
Y direction
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 2000 4000 6000 0 5000 10000 15000 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Qi(kN) stifness(kN/mm) Max drift
Shear force on each floors Horizontal stiffness of each directions Story drift of each directions

FIGURE.14: Procedures to calculate story drift

RSM: Device check ①:Long-term load

1
𝜎 ·𝜎
3

Table12: Result of device check

(N/mm2) 1(LRB650) 2(LRB700) 3(LRB700) 4(LRB700) 5(LRB700) 6(LRB650)
Load 6.81 10.12 8.79 8.79 10.12 7.23
criteria < 10 < 12 < 12 < 12 < 12 < 10
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
Load 6.78 8.8 7.64 7.64 8.8 7.23
criteria < 10 < 12 < 12 < 12 < 12 < 10
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
RSM: Device check ②: Long-term load + seismic force

𝜎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜎 ·σ0

Table13: Result of device check

(N/mm2) 1(LRB650) 2(LRB700) 3(LRB700) 4(LRB700) 5(LRB700) 6(LRB650)
Load 7.57 10.98 9.65 9.65 10.98 7.99
Criteria < 20 < 24 < 24 < 24 < 20 > 20
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
Load 7.54 9.66 8.50 8.50 9.66 7.99
Criteria < 20 < 24 < 24 < 24 < 20 > 20
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
RSM: Device check ③:1.3・Long-term load + seismic force

𝜎 1.3 · 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜎 𝜎

Table14: Result of device check

(N/mm2) 1(LRB650) 2(LRB700) 3(LRB700) 4(LRB700) 5(LRB700) 6(LRB650)
Load 9.61 14.02 12.29 12.29 14.02 10.16
Design < 30 < 36 < 36 < 36 < 36 < 30
Criteria OK OK OK OK OK OK
Load 9.57 12.30 10.80 10.80 12.30 10.16
Criteria < 30 < 36 < 36 < 36 < 36 < 30
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
RSM: Device check ④:0.7・Long-term load - seismic force

𝜎 0.7 · 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜎 0

Table15: Result of device check

(N/mm2) 1(LRB650) 2(LRB700) 3(LRB700) 4(LRB700) 5(LRB700) 6(LRB650)
Load 4.01 6.22 5.29 5.29 6.22 4.30
Criteria >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
Load 3.99 5.30 4.48 4.48 5.30 4.30
Criteria >0 >0 >0 >0 >0 >0
Judge OK OK OK OK OK OK
RSM: Clearance space

Compare 1) and 2) and bigger value must be taken. In case of

using path at seismic isolation layer, it should plus 0.6(m)
1) 1.25 · 𝛿
2) 0.2 m 𝛿
3) 0.6 m 1 or 2 In case of using to path

1) 1.25 · 𝛿 1.25 ∗ 0.291 𝑚 0.364 𝑚

2) 0.2 m 𝛿 0.2 𝑚 0.291 𝑚 0.491 𝑚
In the result, clearance space must secure more than 0.491(m).
 Index

1. Introduction for target building

2. Response spectrum method (RSM)
3. Time history analysis (THA)
Design procedures of time history analysis

Seismic isolation Vertical direction

input artificial earthquake

Variation Confirm final condition

of isolation device Of the target building

Horizontal direction
input artificial earthquake
If necessary

Response calculation

Design criteria
NO mδd > δresponse

YES
THA: Variation of isolation device
Table16: Variation of Isolation Device
Variation Factor
Character of restoring
Isolators Condition Product Temperature Variation Ratio
force Aging
variation Dependency
Upper Limit 10% 6% 11% 27%
Secondary Stiffness K2
Laminated Rubber Lower Limit -10% -5% 0% -15%
with Lead Plug Upper Limit 10% 23% 0% 33%
Section Load Qd
Lower Limit -10% -21% 0% -31%

9000 9000
8000 8000
7000 7000 Standard y axis
6000
Standard x axis 6000
5000 5000 Upper limit y axis
Q(kN)

Q(kN)
Upper limit x axis
4000 4000
3000 3000 Lower limit y axis
2000 Lower limit x axis 2000
1000 1000
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
δ(cm) δ(cm)

FIGURE.15: Capacity curve which considered variation of Isolation device

THA: Generate artificial earthquake ground motions in horizontal direction
600 600 600

400 400 400

200 200 200

acc.(cm/s2)

Sa(cm/s2)
Sa(cm/s2)
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-200 -200 -200

-400 -400 -400

-600 -600 -600

T(S) T(s) T(s)

1400 1400 1400

1200 1200 1200
1000 Sa(el centro) 1000 Sa(Kobe EW) Sa(tohoku EW)
1000
Sa(target)

Sa(cm/s2)
Sa(target)
Sa(cm/s2)

Sa(cm/s2) Sa(target)
800 800 800
600 600 600
400 400
400
200 200
200
0 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
T(s) T(s) T(s)

El centro NS Kobe EW Tohoku EW

Input horizontal direction earthquake

THA: Building model ④ Input earthquake
② Select type of isolators

① Create building model based on information Isolators setting Input earthquake

STERA_3D model

③ set behavior of isolators

THA: Result of maximum response value in X direction from input horizontal
earthquake(El Centro , Kobe , Tohoku)

mδd 7
7 7
6 tohoku 6 tohoku 6 tohoku
5 5 5 kobe

Story(F)
Story(F)
kobe
Story(F)

kobe
4 el centro 4 el centro 4 el centro
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 100 200 300 0 2000 4000 6000
δ(cm) Acceleration(cm/s2) Q(kN)
Lower limit of variation Upper limit of variation Upper limit of variation

Max response of X direction

δd δresponce
m
OK
m δd  437( mm)
THA: Result of maximum response value in Y direction from input horizontal
earthquake(El Centro , Kobe , Tohoku)

7 mδd 7 7
6 6 6 tohoku
tohoku tohoku
5 5 5 kobe
Story(F)

Story(F)

Story(F)
kobe kobe
4 4 4
el centro el centro
3 3 el centro 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 100 200 300 400 0 2000 4000 6000
δ(cm) Acceleration(cm/s2) Q(kN)
Lower limit of variation Upper limit of variation Upper limit of variation

Max response of Y direction

δd δresponce
m
OK
m δd  437( mm)