Dholera SIR

Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 General

1.2 Objective

2. Fundamentals of Roof Truss ................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Roofing System and Roof Truss ......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Types of Roof Trusses........................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Components of Roof Truss ................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 General terminology ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Roof covering ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.6 Loads on Roof Truss ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.7 Lateral bracing of end truss .......................................................................................................... 5
2.8 End bearings.................................................................................................................................. 5
2.9 Design of purlins ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.10 Column Bases: ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.11 Design of roof truss ....................................................................................................................... 8
3. Purpose and Brief Summary of Design............................................................................................... 10
3.1 Location and Layout Plan .................................................................................................................. 11
4. Design procedure ................................................................................................................................ 13
4.1 Dimension of Truss...................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Load Calcuation ........................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.1 Dead loads.................................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.2 Live loads.................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Wind Loads................................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Member Force Calculation.......................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Design of Member Section.......................................................................................................... 22
4.4.1 Design of Principal Rafter........................................................................................................... 22
4.4.2 Design of Tie Member ............................................................................................................... 25
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4.4.3 Design of Vertical Members....................................................................................................... 28

4.4.4 Design of Inclined Members ...................................................................................................... 31
4.5 Design of Connection ....................................................................................................................... 34
4.5.1 Principal Rafter and Main Tie Connection: ................................................................................ 35
4.5.2 Connection of Vertical Member and Main Tie:.......................................................................... 36
4.5.3 Connection of Inclined Members:.............................................................................................. 36
4.6 Design of Purlin ................................................................................................................................. 42
4.7 Connection between Roofing Material and Purlin ........................................................................... 44
4.8 Design of Column .............................................................................................................................. 45
4.9 Design of base plate and sole plate ................................................................................................. 47
4.10 Design side Bracing ......................................................................................................................... 49
4.11 Design of Rafter Bracing Member................................................................................................... 51
Design wind pressure =1.45kN/m² ......................................................................................................... 51
4.12 Design of base plate ( slab base)..................................................................................................... 52
5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 53
6. STAAD pro REPORTS ……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….60

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1. Introduction
1.1 GENERAL

The Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR) is the first investment region to be
implemented under the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project. As a major new
city, Dholera will be a Greenfield industrial hub located approximately 100km south of
Ahmedabad in Gujarat, with a population of 2 million and an employment base of over
800,000. Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited (DMICDC),
with support of Gujarat Industrial Development Board (GIDB) and Dholera Special
Investment Region Development Authority(DSIRDA), plan to create an economically and
socially balanced new-age city with world class infrastructure and highest quality-of-life
standards and sustainability in the urban development context.

The master planning process undertaken for DSIR established the guiding framework for this
node. The framework is being implemented through six Town Planning schemes covering the
entire DSIR. Town Planning Schemes 1 and 2 (TP1 and TP2) have been notified and shall be
developed under the Phase 1 of the DSIR development. Trunk infrastructure projects that shall
be implemented as part of the DSIR Phase 1 development include roads and services within
the TP1 and TP2 development areas, water supply, sewage treatment, power supply, solid
waste management, information and communication technology (ICT) systems, etc.

TP1 and TP2 urban development covers a total area of around 150 sq. km. For practical
implementation purposes, the total area of TP1 and TP2 is broken down into three packages:
TP1, the area to the west of Central Spine Road (SH6) in TP2 (TP2W), and the area to the east
of the Central Spine Road (SH6) in TP2 (TP2E). TP1 covers an area of approximately 51 sq.
km. TP2W covers an area of approximately 45 sq. km, and TP2E covers an area of
approximately 57 sq. km.

Activation Area: It is decided to start the infrastructure development from an area of 22.54 sq.
km called activation area in part of TP2E and part of TP4. The reason for selecting this area
is the largest availability of government land. The government land parcel is approx. 18 sq.
km in the activation area.

To develop and implement the project, Government of Gujarat through its undertaking
Dholera Industrial City Development Limited (DICDL) and Infrastructure Leasing and
Finance Services (IL & FS) have established a L&T Company, and program manager is

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AECOM. The estimated cost of the entire project is 1734 cr. L&T divide in two parts WETIC
694cr and TI-IC 1094cr.

2. Fundamentals of Roof Truss

2.1 Roofing System and Roof Truss

2.2 Types of Roof Trusses

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2.3 Components of Fig .3 Types of roof truss (long span) Roof Truss

2.4 General terminology

2.5 Roof covering

2.6 Loads on Roof Truss

2.7 Lateral bracing of end truss

2.8 End bearings
.

2.9 Design of purlins

2.10 Column Bases:
Column bases, also known as base plates are important joints which not only take care of forces
but other aspects such as:
 Alignment of column in plan.
 Verticality of column.
 Controlled deflection of column and beams.
Base plate are used for transmitting the load from columns to its foundations. Base plates assist in
reducing the intensity of loading and distribution over the foundations. The area of base plate is so
chosen that the intensity of load distribution is less than the bearing capacity of concrete on which
it rests.
Initially the column load is distributed over the base plate then to transporting concrete and finally
to the soil below such that the bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded. The three main types of
column bases used are:
1. Slab base
2. Gusseted base
3. Pocket base

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(1) Slab base:

 In this type of base, steel plate of sufficient thickness is placed below the steel
column. Column is connected to the base plate using fillet weld all around the
column section.
 A concrete block is provided below the base plate to transfer the load of column to
the ground.
 Normally, slab base foundation is provided for columns subjected to axial load
only.
 To connect base plate to the foundation concrete, four 20mm diameter and 300mm
long anchor bolts are provided.
Minimum thickness of slab base:
The minimum thickness of rectangular slab bases, supporting column under axial compression
shall be,

𝑡𝑠 = √2.5𝑤(𝑎2 − 0.3𝑏 2 ) − 𝛾𝑚𝑜 /𝑓𝑦 > 𝑡𝑓

Where,
ts = thickness of slab base
w = uniform pressure below the base
a,b = larger and smaller projection

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tf =
flange thickness of compression
member.
(2) Gusseted base:
When load on column is heavy or
when the column is subjected to
axial load and moment, gusseted
base is provided. It consists of,
 base plate
 gusset plates
 connecting angles (cleat
angles)
 web cleat angles.
In case of gusseted base
foundation due to gusset plates,
bearing area of base plate gets
increased. Hence. The thickness
of the base plate will be less
thanthe thickness of slab base for
the same axial load.

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2.11 Design of roof truss

 The design of a roof truss consists of the design of principal rafter, design of main tie and
the design of other members, along with the design of joints and the design of end
supports (shoe joint).
 The panel layout of a truss will depend upon the spacing of purlins, while the spacing of
the purlins depends upon the maximum permissible span of the sheeting. Though it is
economical to place the purlins at panel points so as to avoid bending in the top chords,
it may sometimes be necessary to place the purlins at intermediate points also. This will
induce bending in the top chord in addition to compression.
 Wherever it becomes necessary to place two purlins per panel, it is always economical
to place the purlins at quarter points of the panel so that B.M. Will be relatively less, in
comparison to the situation where one of the purlins is kept at the middle point.
 The stresses in various members of the truss can be found either analytically (using
method of sections or method of joints) or else graphically. A graphical solution is
always preferred.
 Except for the top chord, all other members will carry either tension or compression. The
top chord may carry B.M. Also I n addition to compression.
 Two angles back to back form the most common section for the top chord and bottom
chord of a truss, though a t-section may also be used. If the stresses are less (short span
trusses with light loads), the top and bottom chords may be made of single angle section,
in spite of its lack of symmetry. Other members may be made of either, a single angle
and double angles back to back, depending upon the stress it carries.
 For convenience in fabrication, it is often economical to have same section continuous
over several panels of a truss chord, even though the computed stresses may differ
appreciably for the several panels. In the case of small span trusses, with light loads,
calculations might indicate very small angle section.
 However, members should be sufficiently stiff to avoid damage during transportation and
erection. Hence certain minimum section should be used. For example, for a compound
fink roof truss, the minimum angle section to be used for rafter and main tie should be
ISA75 x50x6 while the minimum angle section for the central tie, main sling and main

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strut should be ISA 65x45x6, and minimum section for other members may be ISA
50x50x6.
 The joints at each panel points should be properly designed. Eccentric condition should
be avoided if possible, because they not only put additional stress on the rivets/welds, but
also cause bending in the members connected,
 To avoid eccentricity in the important connections, the rivet lines of all members,
together with the lines representing the external forces from the purlins and main axes of
the supports, should intersect at points as drawn on the frame diagram. Theoretically, the
lines representing the centers of gravity of the members-and not the rivet line – should
intersect, but this is a refinement which is neglected in practice. Particular attention
should be paid to the construction of the shoes where the force in rafters and main tie are
generally the greatest.

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3. Purpose and Brief Summary of Design

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of technology is one of the best institutes of the country.
It is an institute of national importance. Over 5000 students, 400 faculty members and over 1000
people are working as a supporting staff. SVNIT spends thousands for purchasing new
instruments, equipment for hostels etc. for providing better facilities. So it is essential to develop
facility to store goods and to protect it from possible damage. Estate section of SVNIT is willing
to construct a ware house with equipped with advanced technology to store goods.

Design of ware house is provided as per requirement of Institute. Detail of foundation is not
provided with this report. Some assumptions are made during design procedure are as follows.

1. Since the structure is an obvious one time investment,, the risk coefficient has been
considered under the class of general building and structure with a design life of 50 years
(as per IS;875-III table-1).
2. Wind load and earthquake load are not acting simultaneously. Effect of wind is more
dominant than earthquake because height of building is relatively small and there is no
lump mass like slab, water tank etc. So, we can safely neglect effect of earthquake by
considering wind effect.
3. Column is designed as column instead of beam column as there is no requirement of crane
so column will not be subjected to bending. To eliminate effect of wind higher section is
provided.
4. Erection load is not considered in design
5. Keeping in with the view of locality the terrain category has been considered as 2 and class B
structure for calculation of wind load on the structure.
6. Bending effect of intermediate purlin of Principal rafter is not considered in design
calculation but it is validated by analyzing in STAAD Pro. Software.

Following is codes are used for design

 IS -800 – 2007: General construction in steel
 IS -875 - 1987 : Code of practice for design loads ( other than earthquake) for buildings
and structures
 IS : sp:6 (1)-1964: Handbook for structural engineers ( structural steel sections)

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3.1 Location and Layout Plan

Ware house will be used for storage purpose by Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat details of ware house is given below.

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat

Loacation :
Latitude:-21.1702 N Longitude: 72.8311 E . 13m above MSL

Type Industrial building ( Warehouse)

Structural type Low rise steel structure

Built-up Area 576 m2 (36x16m).

Span 16m

Eaves height 10m from G.L.

Centre rise of truss 3.2m

Spacing between truss 4.5m

Material Rolled steel and A.C sheets for roofing

This ware house consists of four major areas –

 stake area,
 Loading and unloading section
 Free space for movement of carriages and billing
 Office and rest room.
Two doors of 5m × 5m are provided at both sides ( i.e in front side and back side). And
windows of size 1.5m × 1.5m are provided in alternate bay along length as per norms of local
authority ( SUDA) for ventilation.

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Isometric view of ware house is shown in fig.

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4. Design procedure

4.1 Dimension of Truss

The truss is selected according to the span of the building. According to span which is of 16m,
Howe truss with 6 bays is selected as Howe truss is suitable for span from 10-20 m. dimensions of
truss is given below.

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4.2 Load Calcuation

4.2.1 Dead loads
Weight of the AC sheet: 170 N/mm²
Weight of the Purlin: 100N/mm²
Total dead load: 270 N/mm²
Spacing of purlin: 1.45m
Total load: Spacing of purlin×Dead load
=270×1.45
=391.5N
1) Total weight of the purlin: 100×1.45
=145kN/m
=6591.77N
2) Weight of roofing material: 170×1.45
= 246.5kN/m
=3877.34 N
Self-Weight of roof truss:
=10[span/3+5] N/m²
= 10[16/3+5] N/m²
=103.33kN/m²
3) self wt. of R.T. =103.33×38.77
= 4006.58kN

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4) Braces: 12N/m²
= 12×38.77
= 465.28N
Total Dead Load =(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)
= 14943.64N
Dead Load on one principal plane: 14943.64/3
= 4.981kN

4.2.2 Live loads

As per IS 875 part II,

L.L on purlin=750-20(α-10) N/m²

= 750-20(21.8-10)
=514N/m²

Full P.P = 4.429kN

End P.P=4.429/2 = 2.214kN

4.2.3 Wind Loads

As per IS 875 part III,
k1 = risk coefficient
k1 = 1 ( life = 50 years table 1 875 part III )
k2= terrain heigt and structure size coefficient
k2 = 0.98( category 2 class A height =10m table 2 875 part III )
k3= topography factor

k3 =1( Flat terrain 𝞱 < 3)

𝞱: 21.8°

Vb = 44m/s ( Surat)

Vz= Vb×K1×K2×K3
= 43.12m/s

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Pz= 0.6Vz ²
= 1115.6 N/m2

F = ( Cpe ± Cpe ) A Pz
P= ( Cpe ± Cpe ) Pz
Now, Cpi: ± 0.5 ( normal permeability)

Cpe values:
Wall 0° 90°
A 0.7 -0.5
B -0.25 -0.5
C -0.6 -0.7
D -0.6 -0.1

Maximum Positive: 1.2

Maximum Negative: -1.1

For Roof

Cpe values:

Part of roof 0° 90°

E -0.4 -0.8
F -0.4 -0.6
G -0.4 -0.8
H -0.4 -0.6

Maximum positive:- 1.3

Maximum negative: 0.1
Max P= -1.45kN/m²
P= 1.11kN/m²

Total load on half span area: 56.329kN

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Panel Point:18.776kN
End Panel Point:9.388kN

4.3 Member Force Calculation

Member forces are first calculated for unit Dead load Live load and wind load and member force is
calculated by multiplying with actual value.
Graphical method is used for analysis.
Following load combinations are applied :
 1.5 ( D.L. +L.L)
 1.5 ( D.L. +W.L)
 1.2 ( D.L. +L.L+ W.L.)
For dead load and live load

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For wind load

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3.729 kN 3.729 kN

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Table 1: Member Forces
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4.4 Design of Member Section

4.4.1 Design of Principal Rafter
Design load: -125.731kN
Check load: 95.091kN
Now, Tdg = 126 kN
𝑇𝑑𝑔 ×1.1
𝐴𝑔 =
𝑓𝑦

= 532.4mm2 (2ISA)
For section ISA Ag = 266.2mm2
Based on area, take 2ISA 65×45×6,
Ag = 6.25cm2
Total Ag = 12.5cm2
Check for yielding of gross section,
𝐴𝑔 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑔 =
𝛾𝑚0
= 284kN > 125kN ∴ OK

Check for rupture of net section,

Anc = (65-3-18)×6×2
= 528mm2
Ago = (45-3)×6×2
= 504mm
An = An + Ago = 1032mm2

𝛼 = 0.7
𝛼𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚1
= 242kN >125kN ∴ OK

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Check for block shear,

Avg =( 2×50 +40) × 6 = 840 mm2
Avn=( 2×50 +40 – 2.5×18) × 6 = 570 mm2
Atg =30 × 6 = 180 mm2
Atn =(30 – 0.5×18) × 6 = 126 mm2
Avg fy 0.9Atn fu
Tdb1 = ( + )
√3 γm0 γm1

0.9Avn fu Atg fy
Tdb2 = ( + )
√3 γm1 γm0

Tdb1 = 143.762 kN
Tdb2 = 138.047 kN
Smaller of Tdb1 & Tdb2 is Tdb2
Block shear strength of 2ISA

Tdb = 2× 138.047 =276.094 >126 kN ∴ OK

 Check for compression

Assume Slenderness ratio=100
Fcd =107 N/mm2
95×1000
Ag = = 887 mm2
107

The selected angle is 65×45×6,

Rxx =20.4mm
Iyy ‘ =2 x [ Iyy+A(Cyy+h)2]
=2[10100+1250×(11.2+4)2]
=774600mm4

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𝑰𝒚𝒚
𝒓𝒚𝒚 = √ 𝑨𝒚

=24.9mm
Therfore rmin=20.4mm
𝐾𝐿 0.85×2870
=
𝑟 20.4

= 123.72<180. Hence, it is not slender.

Local Buckling
B/t =65/6=10.83<15.7
D/t =45/6=7.5<15.7
(b+d)/t =18.33<25
Hence, the section is safe against local buckling.

𝐾𝐿
Now for = 123.72, Fcd=80.20N/mm2
𝑟

Pd=Fcd×Ag
=100.25> 95kN. Hence, it is safe

So provide 2ISA 65×45×6 as principal rafter with longer lag connected to 8mm gusset

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4.4.2 Design of Tie Member

Design force: 112kN( Compression)
Check force: -88.4kN(Assume 90kN)(Tensile)

Design for Compression:

Tdg =112kN
Assume slenderness ratio=100
Fcd=107N/mm
112×1000
Ag required = 107

=1046 mm2
Based on required area, taking 2ISA70x45x6
Ag=2×656=1432 mm2
Local Buckling
B/t =70/6=11.6<15.7
D/t =45/6=7.5<15.7

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(b+d)/t =19.17<25
Hence, the section is safe against local buckling.
Calculation for ryy,
Rxx = 22.1mm

Iyy = 2[𝐼𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴(𝐶𝑦𝑦 + ℎ)2 ]

= 2[143000+1432×(120+4)2]
= 788554mm4

𝑰𝒚𝒚 ′
𝒓𝒚𝒚 ′ = √ 𝑨

= 22.1mm
Now ,
𝐾𝐿 0.85×2.667
=
𝑟 22.1

= 95.65<180 . ∴ OK
𝐾𝐿
Now for = 95.65, Fcd=114N/mm
𝑟

P=Fcd×Ag
=1432×114
=163.2kN>111.44kN. Hence, it is safe

 Check for tension

Check for yielding of gross section,
Ag=2×656=1432 mm2
𝐴𝑔 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑔 =
𝛾𝑚0

= 325kN > 90kN ∴OK

Check for rupture of net section,
Anc = (75-3-18)×6×2

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= 648 mm2
Ago = (50-3)×6×2
= 564mm
An = An + Ago = 1212mm2

𝛼 = 0.7
𝛼𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚1
= 278.27kN >90Kn ∴OK

Check for block shear,

Avg =( 1×50 +40) × 6 =540 mm2
Avn=( 1×50 +40 – 1.5×18) × 6 =378 mm2
Atg =35 × 6 = 210 mm2
Atn =(35 – 0.5×18) × 6 = 156 mm2

Avg fy 0.9Atn fu
Tdb1 = ( + )
√3 γm0 γm1

0.9Avn fu Atg fy
Tdb2 = ( + )
√3 γm1 γm0

Tdb1 = 116.937 kN
Tdb2 = 99.874 kN
Smaller of Tdb1 & Tdb2 is Tdb2
Block shear strength of 2ISA

Tdb = 2× 99.874 =199.74 >90 kN ∴OK

So provide 2ISA 70×50×6 as bottom tie member with longer lag connected to 8mm gusset.

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4.4.3 Design of Vertical Members

Design Load=46 kN( Compression)
Check Load= -30 kN(Tensile)

 Design for compression

Ag=46/83.7×1000
=573.34 mm2
Assume Slenderness ratio=120
fcd=83.7 N/ mm2
Take ISA 90×90×6 Ag=1047mm2
Ag=1047 mm2

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L=3200 mm
rmin=17.5mm
As, per IS-800 :2007 , for single angle
𝐿 (𝑏1+𝑏2)
( )
rvv 2𝑡
λvv = 2
and λφ =
𝜋 𝐸 𝜋2 𝐸
𝜀√ 𝜀√
250 250

λvv=2.05
λφ=0.112
Assume both end hinged with 2 bolts

λ = √𝑘1 + 𝑘2λvv 2 + 𝑘3λφ2

K1=0.7, K2=0.6, K3=5

λ=1.833
1
𝜑 = 0.5 [1 + α( λ − 0.2) + λ2 ] and χ = 𝜑+ (𝜑2 −λ2 )0.5

𝜑 = 2.58 , χ =0.227
χ × fy
fcd= 𝛾𝑚𝑜

fcd=51.70 N/mm2
Design load=51.70×1047

=54.33KN >46kN ∴OK

 Check for tension

Check for yielding of gross section,

𝐴𝑔 ×𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑 = 1.1

250×1047
= 1.1

= 237.4kN > 30 kN ∴OK

Check for rupture of net section

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Assuming two bolts,

Anc = (90-3-16)×6
= 426mm2
Ago = (90-3)×6
= 522mm
An = An + Ago = 948mm2
𝛼 × 𝐴𝑛 × 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑛 =
1.25
0.8×948×410
= 1.25

= 248.75 kN ∴OK

Check for block shear,

Avg =( 1×50 +40) × 6 =540 mm2
Avn=( 1×50 +40 – 1.5×18) × 6 =378 mm2
Atg =40 × 6 = 240 mm2
Atn =(40 – 0.5×18) × 6 = 186 mm2

Avg fy 0.9Atn fu
Tdb1 = ( + )
√3 γm0 γm1

0.9Avn fu Atg fy
Tdb2 = ( + )
√3 γm1 γm0

Tdb1 = 138.63 kN
Tdb2 = 118.93 kN
Smaller of Tdb1 & Tdb2 is Tdb2
Block shear strength of 2ISA

Tdb = 118.93 >30 kN ∴OK

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So provide ISA 90×90×6 as vertical member connected to 8mm gusset.

4.4.4 Design of Inclined Members

Design Load=60.28 kN (Compressive)
Design Load=60.28 kN (Tensile)

 Design for compression

Assume Slenderness ratio=120
fcd =83.7 N/mm
Ag=60.28/83.7×1000
Ag required = 716.846 mm2
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Based on area, assuming ISA 100×100×8

Ag=1539 mm2
L=3451mm
rmin=19.5mm
Local Buckling
B/t =100/6=11.6<15.7
D/t =100/8=7.5<15.7

(b+d)/t =25 ≤ 25
Hence, the section is safe against local buckling.
As, per IS-800 :2007 , for single angle
𝐿 (𝑏1+𝑏2)
( )
rvv 2𝑡
λvv = 2
and λφ =
𝜋 𝐸 𝜋2 𝐸
𝜀√ 𝜀√
250 250

λvv=1.991
λφ=0.141
Assume both end hinged with 2 bolts as per IS 800-2007
K1=0.7, K2=0.6, K3=5

λ = √𝑘1 + 𝑘2λvv 2 + 𝑘3λφ2

λ=1.782
1
𝜑 = 0.5 [1 + α( λ − 0.2) + λ2 ] and χ = 𝜑+ (𝜑2 −λ2 )0.5

𝜑 = 2.47 , χ =0.239
χ × fy
fcd= 𝛾𝑚𝑜

fcd=54.339 kN/mm2
Design load=54.339×1532

=83.247kN > 60 kN ∴OK

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 Check for tension

Check for yielding of gross section,
Ag=1167mm2
𝐴𝑔 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑔 =
𝛾𝑚0

= 265.22325kN > 60kN ∴OK

Check for rupture of net section,

Anc = (100- 3-18)×6
= 474 mm2
Ago = (100-3)×6
= 582 mm2
An = An + Ago = 1530mm2

𝛼 = 0.7
𝛼𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚1
= 351.27kN >60kN ∴OK

Check for block shear,

Avg =( 1×50 +40) × 6 =540 mm2
Avn=( 1×50 +40 – 1.5×18) × 6 =378 mm2
Atg =40 × 6 = 240 mm2
Atn =(40 – 0.5×18) × 6 = 186 mm2

Avg fy 0.9Atn fu
Tdb1 = ( + )
√3 γm0 γm1

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0.9Avn fu Atg fy
Tdb2 = ( + )
√3 γm1 γm0

Tdb1 = 138.63 kN
Tdb2 = 118.93 kN
Smaller of Tdb1 & Tdb2 is Tdb2
Block shear strength of 2ISA
Tdb = 118.93 >60.28 kN

So provide ISA 100×100×8 as inclined member connected to 8mm gusset.

4.5 Design of Connection

For Principal Rafter,

Maximum Load: 125.731kN
For Main Tie,
Maximum Load: 111.44kN
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For Vertical Member,

Maximum Load: 45.724kN
For Inclined Member,
Maximum Load: 60.519kN

Assuming M16 bolt, fub: 400N/mm2

Strength in single shear: 29kN
Strength in double shear: 58kN

Assuming 8mm gusset plate, fu: 410N/mm2

End Distance: 40mm
Pitch: 50mm

𝑒
= 0.74
3𝑑0
𝑝
− 0.25 = 0.65
3𝑑0
𝑓.𝑢𝑏
= 0.975
𝑓𝑢
Hence, kb : 0.65 for each case.

4.5.1 Principal Rafter and Main Tie Connection:

As the bolt is in double shear,

Assuming section to be large and thickNess more than 4mm and angle is double, so strength is
governed by gusset.
Now, bearing strength of bolt is given as,

𝑉𝐵 = 2𝑘𝑏 𝑑𝑡

𝑉𝐵 = 2 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 16 ∗ 8
VB = 68.22kN
As min of Shearing and Bearing strength is to be considered,
V = 58kN
Now, No of bolts required,

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In Principal Rafter: 126/58

= 2.17 ⁓ 3 bolts

In Main Tie: 112/58

= 1.93 ⁓ 2 bolts

4.5.2 Connection of Vertical Member and Main Tie:

As the vertical member is assumed to be single angle, so bolts in it are in single shear.
Assuming thickness of ISA to be 6mm,
Shearing strength of bolt: 29kN
Bearing strength,

𝑉𝐵 = 2 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 16 ∗ 6 ∗ 410
= 57.56kN > 29kN
No of bolts in vertical member: 46/29

= 1.58 ⁓ 2 bolts

4.5.3 Connection of Inclined Members:

As the inclined member is assumed to be single angle, so bolts in it are in single shear.
Assuming thickness of ISA to be 6mm,
Shearing strength of bolt: 29kN
Bearing strength,

𝑉𝐵 = 2 ∗ 0.65 ∗ 16 ∗ 6 ∗ 410
= 57.56kN > 29kN
No of bolts in vertical member: 60/29

= 2.06 ⁓ 2 bolt

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Principal Rafter and Main Tie Connection

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Main tie, vertical member and inclined member Connection

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Main Tie and vertical member Connection

Principal Rafter , vertical member Connection

Principal Rafter , vertical member and inclined member Connection

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Main tie, vertical member and inclined member Connection

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Principal Rafter , vertical member and inclined member Connection

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4.6 Design of Purlin

Self-weight of purlin: 170×1.45×4.5 = 1109.85N
Weight of purlin: 100×1.45×4.5 = 652.5N
Dead load on purlin:
𝐷𝐿
Cos𝞱 = (𝑀𝑎𝑡.𝑤𝑡+𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑡).

DL = 1635.35N
Now, Live Load = 514 N/mm2
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Sec𝞱 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Plan length = 1.45× Cos𝞱

= 1.346m/
Live Load = 514×1.3465×4.5
= 3114 N
Component perpendicular to P.R
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Cos𝞱 = 3114

= 2891.31N
Wind Load = -1450×1.45×4.5
= -9461.25N (inclined)

Load Combination

 DL + LL = 4576.66N
 DL + WL = -7825.9N
 DL + WL+ LL = -4939.59N
Now, for Angle purlin working loads are used,
W = -7825.9/4.5 = 1739.1N/m
= 1.739kN/m
𝑤𝑙2 1.739×45002
M= = = 3.522×106N.mm
10 10

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𝑀𝑧
˗> Ze = = 14085.9 mm3 = 14.085cm3
𝑓𝑦

˗>Now, D = L/45 = 100mm

W = B =L/60 = 75mm
˗> Now, δ = L/180 = 25mm

5𝑤𝑙 4
= 25
384𝐸𝐼
5×1.739×45004
= 25
384×2×105 ×𝐼𝑧𝑧

Izz = 1.857×106mm4
= 1.857×102cm4
Select unequal angle section, ISA 125×75× 6having following property
Ze = 22.2 cm3
B = 75mm
D = 125mm
Izz = 187.8 cm4

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4.7 Connection between Roofing Material and Purlin

The sheets are fixed to the purlin by means of 8mm diameter galvanized J or H hook bolts and
nuts providing a galvanized iron washer for each bolt and nut before the bolt os screwed down
from above.The hole for hook bolt shall be drilled not punched in the ridge of the corrugation in
their exact positions. The diameter of the hoe is 1.5mm more than the diameter of the bolt. During
fixing of any sheet gets damaged this shall be rejected and replaced by another good sheet. The
finished surface shall be straight and parallel.

For CGI sheets the end or heap lap is 150mm and the side lap is equal to approximately 1.5
corrugation or 100mm. Trafford sheets are of large 1.09m standard width.
For AC sheets end lap should not less than 15cm and side lap varies 1.5 to 2 cm

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4.8
Design of Column
Reaction due to wind load = 7.458/2 = 3.729kN
Factored Load on column = 67.53kN
fcd = 0.6 fy = 150N/mm2
67.53×1000
Ag = = 450.21mm2
150

Based on required gross area, selecting ISHB 200 @ 0.87kN/m with cover plate 250×12mm.
Fy = 250mpa
Properties of ISHB 200:

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A = 1109.4mm2
Bf = 250 mm
Tf = 9.1mm
Tw = 6.1 mm
H = 224 mm
Zzz = 934.9cm3
Zyy =327.4 cm
Rzz = 9.81 cm
Ryy =6.17 cm

Effective Length
For one end fixed and other pinned,
Kl = 0.8 × L
= 0.8 × 10000
Kl = 8000 mm
Buckling class = ‘c’
𝑘𝐿
= 129.65 < 180 ∴ 𝑂. 𝐾.
𝑟𝑦𝑦

Based on above values, fcd = 74.3 N/mm2

Now, design compressive strength,
Pd = Ae × fcd
= 1109.4 × 74.3
Pd = 824.28 kN > 67.53 kN

Provide ISHB 200 as column .

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4.9 Design of base plate and sole plate

For ISHB 200
Bf=250mm
N=224mm
Moment generated = moment resisted
WBf2/8 = 2×fy (Nt2/6)
(W=R/bf)

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52.28×103×250×6/8×250×224 = Fy×410×t2/6
t=13.23mm=14mm
→ use 14mm two plate at both ends
→ now , use 100×100×6 as shoe angle at 150 length,
→ now uplift reaction = 52.28kN
Use M20 bolts angle bolt
Bolt value = 45.3
→ no. of bolts = 52.48/45.3 = 1.1
=2 bolts,

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Shoe Angle

ISA 100 × 100 × 6

[Type a quote from the document or

Base Plate
the summary of an interesting point.
Sole Plate You can position the text box
anywhere in the document. Use the
4.10 Design side Bracing
Drawing Tools tab to change the
Self weight of.bracing formatting of the pull quote text box.]
A=16.19 cm2
Self- weight =12.7kg/m
Depth=125 mm
Bf=68mm
Ew= 5mm
Izz= 416.4cm4bracing
L= 66.6cm³
Z=13.1cm³
Assume, that side sheets are provide at 1.25m
Span of side runner=4.5m
Calculation of load
Assume ISMC125
Self-wt.=12.7kg/m
Wt. Of story=5kg/m²
Wt. Of GI sheet=6.25kg/m
Total wt.=18.95kg/m
Wind load factor = 1.3
Wind load UDL=1.81kN/m
 Factored load
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Wy=1.5 × 0.185 = 0.2275 kN

Wz=1.5 × 1.81=2.715 kN

 Assuming continuity side bracing

𝐵𝑀𝑧 = 𝑤𝑙²/8
=2.715×4.5×4.5/8
=6.874 kN.m

BMy=wl²/8
=0.2775×4.5×4.5/8
=0.76 kN.m
 Shear capacity
Av = 125×5 = 625
Shear capacity = Av×Fy/√3γm
= 625×250/√3×1.1
= 82.11kN
V=2.715×4.51/2=6.1 kN

 Moment capacity= Mdz = βZFy/γm

=1×250×66.6/1.1
=15.14kNm > 6.84
 Mdy =1×13.1×250/1.1
=2.98kNm

 Check for biaxial Bending

6.871/15.4 +0.7/2.68 =0.707 < 1

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So, provide ISMC125 as side bracing.

4.11 Design of Rafter Bracing Member

Design wind pressure =1.45kN/m²
Max. Coefficient = -1.3
=1.5×1.45×1.3×1.3×4.35×4.5/2×Sec (21.8)
=29.77kN
 Length of Bracing = √(4350²+4500²)
=6258.9mm
Try ISA 90×90×6 , A=1050 , r=17.5
Ur = 6259.29/17.5=359.7 < 400 Ok.
In the X bracing system, as shown in fig the compression bracing will buckle and only the
tension bracing will be effective. Also, the bracing members Tdy=Ay×fy/γm0
=1050×250/1.1×100
=238.64 kN >29.77kN
Design strength due to rupture
α=0.6 (assume two bolts of 16mm dia at each ends)
An=1050-18×6=942mm2
Tdn=0.6×942×(410/1.25)×1000
=185kN > 37.8 kN
Provide

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So, provide ISA 90×90×6 as rafter bracing member

4.12 Design of base plate ( slab base)

For ISHB 200 , with plate 250×12mm
h=224
→ bearing strength of concrete
=0.45×Fbe
=0.45×25
=11.25 N/mm2
→ Required area of base plate
=52.28×103/11.25
=4647.11mm2
Try 50mm offset
Autoplate =300×350
=105000mm2
Wp=52.25×103/105000
=0.497
tbp=√(25×W×(a2-0.3b2)×γm0)/Fy
=√(25×0.497×(502-0.3×502)×1.1)/250
=3.09mm
So, provide plate of thickness of the flange thickness
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t= tf = 9mm
Provide L anchor bolt for fixing

5. Conclusion
Thus the warehouse is designed completely with the design of the structural elements such as
Purlins, Member of roof truss, Design of each joint, steel columns and column base (Slab
base).The analysis is done with manual calculations and proof checking is done with the use of
computer software ( Staad Pro). As of loads for the analysis Dead, Live and wind loads are
considered. Appropriate combination were taken for the mentioned loads and the net load on the
members of the truss, purlin and columns were calculated.

This project has given insight of actual design procedure of steel structure . it was

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