Protection and Coordination

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Protection & Coordination

• Agenda
– Objectives
– Study Procedure & Required Data
– Overcurrent Protection
– Overcurrent Coordination
– STAR Overview & ETAP 14 Enhancements
• Features and Capabilities
• Protective Device & Library
• STAR Short-circuit
• PD Sequence of Operation
• Normalized TCC curves
• TCC Print and Settings Report

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 Protection & Coordination

• Objectives
– Human Safety
• Prevent injury and fatality
– Protection of Equipment
• Permit normal operation
• Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions
– Selectivity / Grading / Discrimination
• Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
• Permit normal operation for rest of electrical network
– Reliability and Cost
• Maximum achievable reliability for protection and coordination at
minimal cost

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 References

• IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection

and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
(IEEE Buff Book)
• IEEE Std. 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric
Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book)
• IEEE Std. 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (IEEE Brown Book)
• Other technical references

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 Study Procedure

• Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay

diagrams)
• Obtain the available system current spectrum
(operating load, overloads, fault kA)
• Determine the equipment protection criteria
• Select the appropriate protective devices / settings
• Plot the fixed points (operating/damage curves, FLA,
ampacity, etc.)
• Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
• Analyze the results

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 Required Data

• One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)

• Power Grid Fault Current Data and Protective Device Settings
• Generator Data
• Transformer Data
• Motor Data
• Load Data
• Fault Currents
• Cable / Conductor Data
• Bus / Switchgear Data
• Instrument Transformer Data (CT, VT)
• Protective Device (PD) Data

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 Overcurrent Protection

• Major Equipments (apparatus)

– Induction Motor
– Synchronous Motor
– Cable
– Transformer
– Generator
– Bus
– Transmission/Distribution Line

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 Excessive Currents

• Excessive currents in abnormal conditions

– Overload current
• (100-160% Full Load Amps)
– Short-time overload current
• (300-1000% Full Load Amps)
– Short-circuit current
• (300-1200% Full Load Amps)

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Capability / Damage Curves

2
It I2t I2t
t
I22t

Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen

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 Protective Devices

Overcurrent Characteristics Time-Current-Characteristics (TCC)

• Inverse Time Over Current
• Simple, cheap, and large
application in LV, and MV
• Relays (OC & OL)
• No tolerance band
• TOC, IOC
• Single / Multiple Function
• LV Breakers
• Represent tolerance band
• PCB/ACB, ICCB, MCCB, MCB
• Fuses
• Overload Heater

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Overcurrent Protection

Protection Concept Motor Protection Example

• Protective Device TCC
– To the left and below of
equipment damage curve

– To the right and above of

equipment operating curve

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 Selective Coordination

• Overcurrent Selectivity Rules

– Downstream device curve is located to the left and below
of upstream device curve for range of applicable currents
– Sufficient time margin for operation of downstream before
upstream

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 Margins for Selectivity*

• Relay - Relay
– 0.12 to 0.22 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
• Relay – Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
– 0.12 to 0.22 seconds
• Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Relay
– 0.12 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
• Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
– Clear space between curves**

* Calibrated protective devices

* *Possible adjustment for upstream fuse preloading and safety factors

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 ETAP Star Overview

• Star Mode
– Star Mode and Star View difference
– Creation of TCC and Star View
– Addition of devices to existing TCC
– Graphical and Editor adjustments
– Star View Toolbars and Plot Options

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 ETAP Star Overview

• Supported Protective Devices and Functions

– Overload - CT based & Inline (49)
– Phase, neutral, ground, and negative sequence overcurrent
(51/50)
– Voltage control and restraint overcurrent (51VC/51VR)
– Directional overcurrent (67)
– High impedance & percentage differential (87)
– Electronic & hydraulic reclosers (79)
– Relay interlock with HVCB, switch and contactor
– CT Ratio and multiple connections
– Under / Over Voltage (27/59)
*Reverse power (32) and under/over Frequency (81) are supported in
Transient Stability

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Protective Devices

• Relays
– Microprocessor/electronic
• More expensive, faster, multiple functionality

– Electromechanical
• Simple, cheap, slower, limited functionality

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 Relay ANSI Device Numbers

• 21 – Distance • P – Phase
• 27 – Under Voltage
• N – Neutral
• 32 – Directional Power
• G – Ground
• 49 – Thermal Overload
• SG – Sensitive Ground
• 50 – Instantaneous Over Current
• 51 – AC Inverse Over Current • V – Voltage
• 52 – AC Circuit Breaker • VC – Voltage Control
• 59 – Overvoltage • VR – Voltage Restrained
• 67 – AC Directional Over Current
• 79 – AC Recloser
• 81 – Frequency
• 87 – Differential

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 Relay Characteristics

Relay TOC Characteristics Relay TOC Curves

• Curve Shape Adaptation
• Equipment Protection

• Selectivity
• Time Margin at higher fault
currents

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 Fuse (Power Fuse)

• Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic)

• Continuous and Interrupting Rating
• Voltage Levels (Max kV)
• Interrupting Rating (sym, asym)
• Characteristic Curves
– Min. Melting
– Total Clearing

• Application (rating type: R, E, X, …)

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 Fuse Types

• Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF)

• Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
• Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)

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 Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)

• Limits the peak current of short-circuit

• Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)

• Reduces thermal energy

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 Current Limiting Action

Ip
Current (peak amps)

ta = tc – tm
Ip’
ta = Arcing Time
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time (cycles) Ip = Peak Current
tc
Ip’ = Peak Let-thru Current
©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
 Fuse
Generally:

• CLF is a better short-circuit protection

• Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload protection
• Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate due to the
electronic control adjustments

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 Motor Protection

• Motor Starting Curve

• Thermal Protection

• Locked Rotor Protection

• Fault Protection

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 Inrush Current

Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV, 1800 rpm Motor

First half cycle current showing
current offset.

Beginning of run up current

showing load torque pulsations.

Motor pull in current showing motor

reaching synchronous speed

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Motor Protection

LV Motor Protection MV Motor Protection

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 Motor Protection

• Standards & References

– IEEE Std 620-1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of
Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction
Machines.
– IEEE Std 1255-2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque
Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors
– ANSI/ IEEE C37.96-2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection
– NEMA MG-1 Motors and Generators
– The Art of Protective Relaying – General Electric

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 Overload Relay / Heater

• Motor overload protection is provided by a device that models

the temperature rise of the winding
• When the temperature rise reaches a point that will damage
the motor, the motor is de-energized
• Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting alloy or
electronic

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Overload Relay / Heater

• When the temperature at the combination motor starter is more than ±10
°C (±18 °F) different than the temperature at the motor, ambient
temperature correction of the motor current is required.
• An adjustment is required because the output that a motor can safely
deliver varies with temperature.
• The motor can deliver its full rated horsepower at an ambient temperature
specified by the motor manufacturers, normally + 40 °C. At high
temperatures (higher than + 40 °C) less than 100% of the normal rated
current can be drawn from the motor without shortening the insulation
life.
• At lower temperatures (less than + 40 °C) more than 100% of the normal
rated current could be drawn from the motor without shortening the
insulation life.

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 Motor Protection - Overload Pickup
(NEC Art 430.32 – Continuous-Duty Motors)
• Thermal O/L (Device 49) Pickup
– Motors with marked Service Factor ≥ 1.15
• Pickup = 125% of FLA
– Motors with temp. rise not over 40°C
• Pickup = 125% of FLA
– All other motors
• 115% of FLA

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 Fault Protection
(NEC Art / Table 430-52)
• Non-Time Delay Fuses
– 300% of FLA
• Dual Element (Time-Delay Fuses)
– 175% of FLA
• Instantaneous Trip Breaker
– 800% - 1300% of FLA*
• Inverse Time Breakers
– 250% of FLA
*can be set up to 1700% for Design B (energy efficient) Motor

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 Low Voltage Motor Protection

• Usually pre-engineered (selected from Catalogs)

• Typically, motors larger than 2 Hp are protected by
combination starters
• Overload / Short-circuit protection

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 (49)
I2T

O/L
tLR MCP

(51) 200 HP
ts

Starting Curve

MCP (50)

LRAs LRAasym

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Transformer Protection

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 Transformer Protection

• Standards & References

– National Electric Code 2011 Edition
– IEEE Std 242-1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
– C37.91-2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
Transformers
– C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault
Current Duration.
– C57.109-1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-
Fault-Current Duration
– APPLIED PROCTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse Electric
Corp; 1976
– PROTECTIVE RELAYING, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS; J.L.
Blackburn; Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1987

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Transformer Category IV

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 Transformer
FLA

200
Thermal

t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58

Frequent Fault
2
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush

2.5 Isc 25 I (pu)

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 ETAP Star Auto-Evaluation

• Automated and intelligent detection of protection zones

• Overcurrent Protection and Coordination Evaluation

• Customized evaluation criteria based on Rule Book

• Evaluation and Fault Current Type selection in Study Case

• Tabular and graphical display of evaluation results

• Graphical snapshot and evaluation report

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 Evaluation Rule Book

• Protection Rules
– Default rules based on industry practice
– Adjustable evaluation criteria based on
standards or user defined
– Support of NEC overload protection such as:
• NEC 240.101 for HV cable protection
• NEC 430.32 for motor protection
• NEC 450.3 for transformer protection

©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

 Star Auto Study Case

• Selection of rules
• Evaluation
– Protection
– Coordination
– Protection & Coordination
• Fault Type
– Phase
– Ground (Coordination)
– Phase and Ground
• Evaluation Messages
©2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
 Results Viewer

• Tabular and graphical evaluation results

• Max through fault current
• Colorful status indication
• Extensive messages
• On the spot editing capability
• Evaluation update after modification
– Dynamic
– Static
• Rule Book View

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 Results Viewer

• Graphical evaluation (Temp Star View)

– Dynamic update of view based on through fault
– Correlation between selected elements on graphical and
tabular view
– Graphical adjustment of settings
– Graphical tools
– Screen capture

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 Evaluation Report

• Excel
– Study assumptions
– Separate sheet for each protection zone
– Coordination sheet
– Extensive messages
– Option to have passed messages

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