International Journal of Advanced

Biotechnology and Research

Indexing: WOS, NCBI, NLM

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Vasudeo Zambare
ISSN: 0976-2612 eISSN: 2278 - 599X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
IC Impact Factor Value: 69.46
CODEN: Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Res
Catagory: Bio Sciences
License: Creative Commons 3.0
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EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Vishnu J. Gaikwad
Department of Biotechnology, TKIET, Warananagar, M.S., India.

Prof. Vasudeo Zambare (IJABR)

Research Scientist-I, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT), Centre for
Bioprocessing Research and Development (CBRD), Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

Dr. Rajee Olaganathan

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Math, Physical and Life Sciences, Embry-
Riddle Aeronautical University – Worldwide
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rajee.olaganathan@erau.edu

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Dr. Mahdi Esmaeilzadeh, Founder & Chairman of Scientific Research Publishing House
(SRPH), Mashhad, Iran

Dr. Zairi Ismael Rizman,

Faculty of Elecrical Engineering, Universit Teknologi MARA (UiTM) (Terengganu),
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Dr. Amin Hossaini Motlagh,

Assistant Professor, Ph.D in Env Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center,
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.

Co-Editor-in-Chief(s)
Prof. Kaushlendra Tripathi,
Mitchell cancer institute, USA.

Prof. PHAM VAN PHUC

Head of Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biotechnology, Deputy-Head of Laboratory
of Stem cell Research and Application
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE, VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

Prof. Sankaranarayanan Srinivasan,

7900 Cambridge St., Apt 30-2D, Houston, TX, 77054, USA

Dr. Pulavendran Sivasami

Department of physiological sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma,
USA

Prof. Gavimath Chandrakant C. (IJABR)

Department of Biotechnology, Basaveshwar engineering college, Bagalkot, Karnataka,
INDIA
Prof. S. Ramgopal Rao,
Department of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology, Hyderabad,
India

Prof. Kamble Rajashree D. (IJPA)

Tatyasaheb Kore institute of Engineering and Technology, Warananagar, Tal:Panhala,
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Prof. Patil Bhagyashree R.

Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Prof. Deshpande Sudhakar G.

Entamology Section, National Chemical Laboratory, Pashan Pune 411008

Prof. Sanjay Kumar Upadhyay,

Faculty of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan (HP), INDIA

JAYANTHI REPALLI, Ph.D.

180 Varick Street, #802, NYU Langone Medical Center, NY 10014

Mr. Jiban Shrestha, Scientist,

Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Maize Research Program, Rampur,
Chitwan, Nepal

Prof. E. S. NEHRU
Jubail University College, Jubail,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Prof. Aydin Berenjian

School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Prof. Friday E. Uboh

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CALABAR, NIGERIA.

Prof. Alicia Silvina Fernández

Director, BioNem Research Centre, Guelph, Canada

Prof. AGBOGIDI, O.M.

Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba
Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.

Dr. Moinuddin Sarker, PhD, MCIC, FICER.

Vice President (VP) of Research and Development (R & D), Head of Science Team. Natural
State Research (NSR) Inc., 37 Brown House Road, Stamford, CT 06902, USA.

Prof. Adel Gouri,

Clinical Biochemist. Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry. IBN ZOHR Hospital, Guelma,
Algeria
Dr. Sankaranarayanan Srinivasan,
lab of Dr. Florante A. Quiocho, a renowned structural biologist at Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Dr. Ong Soon-An

University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia .

Mrs. Shalini Sivadasan

AIMST University, Semeling, 08100, Kedah, Malaysia.
Email:shaliniravichandran11@gmail.com

Prof. Riti Thapar Kapoor

Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida - 201 303,
India

Prof. Bhaskar C. Behera,

Agharkar Research Institute, (DST, Govt. of INDIA), Plant Science Division, G. G. Agharkar
Road, Pune, INDIA

Prof. B.R.GURUPRASAD
Department of Biology, AET College, Kushal Nagar, Madikeri., INDIA

S. MILTON PRABU
Department of Zoology Annamalai university, India

Dr. Kirti Rani Sharma,

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, sec-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar,
Noida-201303 (UP), India.

Prof. Ali Ibrahim Ali Al-Ezzy

Head of pathology department, College of veterinary medicine, Diyala University, Diyala
–Iraq

Dr. Idress Hamad Attitilla,

Director of Research and Study at Agriculture Research Center (ARC), and Scientific
Consultant, Libya
Director of departments of microbiology, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya

Prof. Yogendra Singh,

Marker Assisted Selection Laboratory, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, College
of Agriculture, J.N.K.V.V, Jabalpur- 482004 (M.P) INDIA

Prof. P.Krishnamoorthy,
Department of Zoology, Rajah Serforji Government College, Thanjavur- 613 005, Tamil
Nadu, INDIA
Prof. Supriya Singh,
Division of Microbiology, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for AIDS &
Related Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control, 22 Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, India.
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India.

Prof. R. M. Gudmalwar
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, KITs College of Engineering, Kolhapur, India.

Dr. Masroor Ali Qureshi

Assistant Director, Scientist 4. Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, opposite
Department of Eye Byculla, Mumbai-400008

Dr. JALEEL AHMED

PROF. & H.O.D D/O KULLIYAT (BASIC PRINCIPALS OF UNANI MEDICINE) Z.V.M. UNANI
MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, AZAM CAMPUS, CAMP, PUNE

DR. AYESHA FATEMA

ASSO.PROF. D/O MOALIJAT (MEDICINE), Z.V.M. UNANI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, AZAM CAMPUS, CAMP, PUNE

Associate Editor(s)
Dr. R. SATHISHKUMAR
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore- 641 046, Tamil Nadu,
India

Legal and Media Adviser

Adv. D. C. Kolpuke
Email: submit@bipublication.com
Contents

Title Author(s) Page

Amelioration of Bio-Ethanol Production by TRICHODERMA REESEI NCIM 992 Tanuja Agarwal 1-7
using Saw Dust (An Industrial Waste) as a Carbon Source through Optimization

The Influence of Hemobalance and Mixtures of Tetravit with Asd-2f on the Semenyutin V.V. 8-16
Hemogram and Physiological and Biochemical Status of Blood of Sows in Different
Physiological State

The Dynamics of the Anthrax Vaccine in Preventing Pets Morbidity in Voronezh Zuev N. P. 17-25
Province in the Period from 1909 To 1916

The Influence of Line Accessory of Bulls on Meat Quality Kibkalo L. I. 26-32

The Conversion of Protein and Feed Energy to Protein and Energy of Meat Kibkalo L. I. 33-40
Products

The Study of the Process of Discovery of the Spores of Pathogen of Silkworm Burlakov V.S. 41-46
Nosematosis using Established technical Means

Zootechnical and Economic Efficiency of Feed Additive "Hydrolactive" in the Diets Zhabinskaya V.P. 47-53
of Pigs

Ways of Intensification of Beef Production in the Framework of Import Khokhlova A.P. 54-59
Substitution

Studying the effects of diazinon poison on some reproductive parameters in male Hadi Kord 60-66
rats

Examining the effect of Endosulfan organ chlorine venom on serum levels of Banafsheh 67-74
sexual hormones and ovarian follicles in female rats Manouchehr

Comparison of Post-Operative Pain Between Skin Staples and Polypropylene Muhammad Khalid 75-79
Suture in Patients of Inguinal Hernia for Securing Mesh

Experimental Syndrome of Systemic Inflammatory Reaction: Effectiveness of Tatyana A. Denisyuk 80-84

Concomitant use of HMG-KOA-Reductase Inhibitors and S- (2-Boro-Ethyl) -L-
Cysteine (BEC)

Evaluation of Empirical Therapy in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in ICU in a Sarwat Ali Raja 85-93
tertiary care hospital

Yield, Quantity of Steps and Photosynthetic Activity of Early-Ripe Potato Variety A.A. Skryabin 94-98

Prevalence of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare staff Sarwat Ali Raja 99-108
members in Surgical Intensive care unit of a large tertiary care hospital in Lahore

Endothelial Dysfunction Accompanying the Systemic Inflammatory Response Tatyana A. Denisyuk 109-113
Syndrome: the Effectiveness of Concomitant use of HMG-COA Reductase
Inhibitors and Endothelial Protectors

Frequency of hypocalcemia in patients undergone thyroid surgery Shahid Hussain 114-118

Tuberculosis relapse and anatomical sites involved Javed Iqbal 119-123

The artificial neural network (ANN) system for prediction of improving outcomes Yong Wang 124-134
in UUTC (upper urinary tract tumor) patients treated
with ERAS (Enhanced recovery after surgery)

Vladimir Pavlovich 135-144

Grain production in the Kurgan region in the post-war years
Motrevich

The Impact of Variables on the Yield of Cereal and Leguminous Crops Dmitriy V. Baldov 145-157

The Influence of Spring Barley Extracts On PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA PCL1760 Safin R.I. 158-164
Probabilistic and Statistical Assessment of Lethal Effect on Seeds during Sergey V. Vendin 165-172
Microwave Treatment

Population's Supply with Dairy Products in Certain Russian Regions Tatyana E. Kirilova 173-187

Comparative analysis of theoretical and legislative approaches to the definition of A. E. Shamin 188-198
"food security" notion and criteria for its estimation

Major Trends of the Development of Grain Production Inna V. Ryabova 199-211

Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Land Use by Economic Entities in The Natalia P. Sidorova 212-222
Context Of Multistructurality (in food security)

Assessment of Regional Grain Farming Development for Sustainability Generalov I G. 223-231

Strategic Parameters to Improve Dairy Production Efficiency Anatoliy E. Shamin 232-256

A cross sectional study on correlation between lipid profile and severity of liver Shahbaz Ahmed 257-262
disease Qureshi

Clinical Audit of Patients with Epistaxis Etiological Factors and Treatment Anees ur Rehman 263-269
Outcome

Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after cage fixation with anterior Faisal Ali 270-275
approach in caries spine patients

A cross sectional study on frequency of hyponatremia in patients with traumatic Faisal Ali 276-281
brain injury

Frequency of complications associated VP shunt placement at tertiary care Musadaque Hussain 282-286
hospital, Bahawalpur

Frequency of associated injuries in cases of spinal cord injury Musadaque Hussain 287-291

An assessment of IV acetaminophen in reduction of opioids in cases undergoing Md Sajjad Hussain 292-297

spinal cord surgery

A case control study on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy individuals and Shahbaz Ahmed 298-304
in patients with metabolic syndrome Qureshi

A case control study on evaluation of liver enzymes in patients of type-II diabetes Shahnaz Noor 305-309
mellitus

Antenatal outcome in obese obstetric patients presenting at tertiary care hospital Sadaf unNisa 310-316

Frequency of contributing factors (multiparity and previous caesarean section) of Nergis Taj 317-323
placenta previa in pregnant women

Relationship of the morphological with histological structure of the immunity Hassneen Ali 324-329
organs (Spleen, Thymus gland and local bursa) within mature malired duck to
disease susceptibility

Evaluation of the Activity of Spring Wheat Extracts (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) Radik I. Safin 330-335

The Analysis of Microbiome & Bacterial Endophytes in Seeds during Evaluation of Shamil Z. Validov 336-340
Spring Wheat Varieties (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

Modern Biological Products and Growth Stimulators in the Technology of Rustam M. Nizamov 341-347
Cultivation of Sunflower for Oilseeds

Formation of Agro-Industrial Clusters as a Condition of Innovation Development Nadezhda V. 348-362

of Region Agriculture Denisova

Material and Technical Base of Agricultural Organizations as the Basis for their Marina L. Nechaeva 363-371
Economic Efficiency

Numerical simulation of the subsoil condensation process and its impact on the Alexander F. Zhirkov 372-386
heat and moisture regime of the frozen soils

Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment of Oil and Gas Complex Facilities Larisa GILYOVA 387-390
Study of the environmental Pollution as Sanitary Protection Zone Parameters and Marina 391-394
Sanitary Gaps of the Land and Property Complex of the Roshchino International PODKOVYROVA
Airport in Tyumen

Environmental and Economic Zoning of Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Larisa GILYOVA 395-398
Framework of Natural Resources Rational Use

Ensuring Organization of Urban Land Rational Use in the Post-Freshet Period Ekaterina P 399-402

Study of the Level of Change in the Natural-Territorial Complex of the City of Anatoliy OLEYNIK 403-406
Tyumen

Development of a Territorial Model of Agricultural Land Use on a Landscape- Dmitriy KUCHEROV 407-410
Ecological Basis

The Investigation of Arable Acreages Classification Providing the Rational Irina KURASHKO 411-415
Organization of Land Use

Methodology for Developing a Geographic diversity Information Resource for the Marina 416-420
Purposes of a Comprehensive Assessment of Specially Protected Areas (Based on PODKOVYROVA
Materials of the Tyumensky Nature Reserve of the Nizhnetavdinsky District of the
Tyumen Region)

The Investigation of Fodder Acreages Classification for Rational Organization of Irina KURASHKO 421-425
Land Use

Analysis of the Spatial Characteristics of agricultural Land diversity Based on the Olga PASKO 426-430
Tomsky District Materials

Identification of different bacterial pathogens in acute exacerbation of COPD Anjum Naveed 431-439

Frequency of obstructive pattern of spirometry in bronchiectasis patients Muhammad Waseem 440-446

Analysis of different risk factors for complete uterine rupture in pregnancy among Bushra Begum 447-451
local female population of Pakistan

Analysis of ectopic pregnancy among local population of Pakistan Bakhtiar Ahmed B. 452-456

Assessment of mean serum calcium and lipid profile in patients with gallstone Muhammad Mushtaq 457-462
disease

Comparison of effect of intramuscular and submucosal dexamethasone on Salman Ashraf 463-469

postoperative swelling after impacted lower third molar surgery

Assessment of post-operative transient hypocalcemia in cases undergone Karim Shah Faizi 470-475
thyroidectomy

Management of scarred palatal fistula using buccal myomucosal flap: Our Farhat ul Ann 476-480
Experience Tayyaba

Efficacy and safety of dose comparison (60mg/30mg) response of intravenous Tania Sultana 481-486
(IV) pulse pamidronate therapy in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) refractory ankylosing spondylitis

Analysis of gestational diabeties and its related factors in Pakistani local female Kashif Aziz Ahmad 487-491
population

Reliability of diagnostic performance of Alvarado score and ultrasound in patients Junaid Khan Lodhi 492-498
suspected of having Acute appendicitis

Frequency of methotrexate intolerance in rheumatoid arthritis patients presented Alam Zeb 499-504
to department of rheumatology PIMS hospital Islamabad

The Metabolic and Psychological Correction of Psychosomatic Pathology for Halyna Mozghova 505-513
Children and Adolescents

Biological activities of Curcuma longa Saifullah Mehsud 514-518

Severity and Mortality Prediction in Chronic Liver Disease using Child PUGH and Musarrat Rauf 519-524
MELD scales
Prevalence of allergic fungal rhino-sinusitis among patients with nasal polyps Md Wahid Saleem 525-531

Analysis of removal of drains and discharge of breast cancer surgery patients in Mumtaz Ahmad Khan 532-536
Pakistan

A comprehensive study on incidence and risk factors of seroma formation in Shaista Zafar 537-541
breast cancer surgery patients

Comparison of Ovulation Induction with Letrozole with metformin versus Zubda Aiman 542-547
Letrozole alone in females presenting with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Use of wide bore bougie (36fr) and small distance of staple line from pylorus ( Junaid Khan Lodhi 548-554
4cm)as predictor of success of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

A cross sectional study on correlation of serum TSH with serum ferritin in children Muhammad Uzair 555-560
with beta thalassemia major

Growth and development of replacement "Rodonit-2" hybrid chickens when Akulina Vasilevna 561-570
feeding with "Lesnov`s ferment" Popova

Comparative evaluation of use of Diathermy versus scalpel for incision making in Junaid Khan Lodhi 571-574
midline laparotomy with respect to incision time and blood loss

Analysis of different types of manifestations of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis Musarat Jehan 575-577
patients Baloch

Analysis of frequency of factors leading to required Hospital acquired acute Md Nadeem Ahmed 578-583
kidney injury in patients presenting through a tertiary care hospital Khan

Frequency of Pulmonarymanifestations of in patients with Gastroesophageal Hafsa Farooq 584-587

Reflux Disease

Influence of Rice Straw Utilization Methods and Biological Humifiers on Nutrient Valeriy A. Ladatko 588-595
Status of Soil

Michail A. 596-603
Formation of Grain of Intensive and Extensive Rice Varieties
Skazhennik

The Characteristics of the Russian Varieties of Rice by the Content of Amylose in Natalia G. Tumanyan 604-612
Starch

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Defect in Population of Abbottabad District Nazish Waheed 613-619
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Shumaila Najeeb 616-620

Analysis of utility of frozen section in ovarian cancers
Piracha

Momina Khadija 621-625

Analysis of clinico pathological features of Hodgkin lymphoma in Pakistan
Abbasi

Analysis of incidence of multinodular goiter and follicular carcinoma of thyroid in Shumaila Najeeb 626-629
Pakistan Piracha

Analysis of effect of Levocarnitine on Muscle Glycogen Content in Type 2 Diabetes Yasmeen Bibi 630-634
in Pakistan

Functional State of Athletes-Wrestlers in Yakutia Konstantinova 635-641

Frequency of various complications after prolonged use of steroids in paediatric Aneeqa Zia 642-647
patients with nephrotic syndrome

Analysis of effect of blood pressure on intraocular pressure in primary open angle Arif Hussain 648-451
glaucoma patients

LYE-Peeling of Cassava Roots. I. Process Optimization of Lye-digestion of G.R. Tsekwi 652-664

Cassava Peel-specimens

Experimental and modelling study of PAM aqueous solution flow to enhance oil Nizar Jawad Hadi 665-676
recovery
To conduct a comparative assessment of the morphometric parameters of chicken A. Norezzine 677-686
embryos of egg crosses with different egg shell color during the incubation period.

A study on various types and modes of burn injuries and mortality rate at tertiary Kashif Ali 687-692
care hospital

Clinical and Socio demographic profile of burn patients Kashif Ali 693-697

Correlation of the Cellular Composition of the Epithelial Layer and Its own Plastics Svetlana A. 698-703
of Muscular Shell of Body of the Stomach of Rabbits Veremeeva

Physico-chemical Properties, Microbial Analyses and Acceptability of Fern Sofia C. Naelga 704-711
(Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Pesto

Amino acid Profile of Porcine Lean Tissue in the Context of Man-Made Pollution Irina Donnik 712-718

Role of Evacuation via Diaphoresis in the management of Chronic Renal Failure: Nazmeen 719-722
An Appraisal

Frequency of malignant solitary nodule thyroid in relation to age and sex at Bushra Nisar 723-728
territory care hospital

An assessment of helicobacter pylori infection in cases of dyspepsia Sumbal Rani 729-730

Assessment of Hematological Findings of Patients with Thalassemia in the North Ahmed Saber Abu- 731-740
of Jordan Zaiton

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in domestic ruminants in Sudan Intisar K.S. 741-744

A study on distribution of cervical lymph node metastases in oral squamous cell Gulraiz Zulfiqar 745-750
carcinoma (OSCC)

Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid Application for Dry Socket Prevention M. Asim Naqash 751-757

A study on Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An overview Muhammad Ilyas 758-765

A cross sectional study on subclinical hypothyroidism at tertiary care hospital Arfa Jabeen 766-770

"Botanical Pesticides in Modern Agriculture" A Review Maqsood Ahmed 771-784

Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose Acetate based Sago Angela Myrra Puspita 785-791
"hampas" Dewi
 International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJABR)
ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X,
Vol-10, Issue-1, 2019, pp785-791
http://www.bipublication.com

Research Article

Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose

Acetate based Sago “hampas”

Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi1, Yudi Pranoto2,

Desi Natalia Edowai1 and Eduard F. Tethool1
1
Department of Agricultural Technology, Papua University, Manokwari,
West Papua, Indonesia
2
Department of Food and Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding author : a.puspita@unipa.ac.id

[Received: 23/02/2019; Accepted: 28/03/2019; Published: 31/03/2019]

ABSTRACT
Sago waste is a potential source of cellulose but it has not been utilized properly. To improve the properties of
cellulose based sago waste, it can be done by acetylation process. The objective of this research was to
createcellulose acetate from sago waste with variation of acetic anhidride concentration. Microcrystalline cellulose
could be prepared from sago waste resulted in yield around 43% with 59% cellulose content. Acetylation process
was done to microcrystalline cellulose from sago waste. FTIR profiling showed thatthe replacement of the acetyl
groups on hydroxyl groups was done with acetate anhydride addition. Acetate anhydride concentration was
affected yield, acetyl group and degree of substitution. The suitable acetic anhydride volume of acetylation
process was 66 ml produced cellulose acetate with yield 85.33%, degree substitution2.16, and acetyl content
36.87%.

Keywords: sago waste, cellulose acetate, Acetate anhydride

INTRODUCTION
Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharides
on earth. It is an important structural component
of plants, many forms of algae, and oomycetes
[1].Because of its biodegradability and chemical
stability, cellulose has been used for more than
150 years for paper, pharmaceutical compounds,
and textiles [2]. In recent years, scientists also
have been trying to maximize its potential as
packaging materials. However, the application
of this cellulose-based packaging is still not
widely used. Several problems regarding its
poor mechanical and barrier properties still need
to be solved by chemical and physical treatment
[3]. One of the chemical treatment that has been
widely used is acetylation to improve cellulose
compatibility and dispersion on solvent [4].
Sago is a native plant of South East Asia.
Around 50% of the world sago plants grow in
Indonesia [5] and 90% of that number grows in
Papua and Maluku Province of Indonesia [6].
The commercial utilization of sago plant only
focused on the extraction of its starch with yield
only around 18.8 – 38.8% [7], whereas the waste
can be processed to other products.The
utilization of sago waste or ‘hampas’ has been
reported to produce biethanol [8], as biomass
source to produce biohydrogen [23] and oil spill
removal [24]. Sago ‘hampas’ is a lignocellulosic
 Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose Acetate based Sago “hampas”
by-product produced from sago palm pith after
starch extraction. Sago ‘hampas’ contains
cellulose which has potentially as material to
produce bioplastic and other products. Cellulose
fibers have relatively high strength, high
stiffness, and low density but unsoluble in
organic or incorganic solvent, so it has
limitation to utilize cellulose as material of
product like bioplastic.To improve cellulose
solubility, it can be done by acetylation.
Solubility of cellulose acetate was influenced by
degree of substitution. A study on the synthesis
of cellulose acetate based on sago ‘hampas’ has
not been done. This research was studied about
effect of acetate anhidride concentration on
cellulose acetate based sago ‘hampas’
characteristics..
MATERIALS AND METHOD
MATERIALS
The sago ‘hampas’was obtained from local
farmer in Sorong Selatan, West Papua.
Chemical reagents p.a. qualified NaOH, HCl,
NaOCl, acetic acid glacial, H2SO4, acetate
anhydride and aquadest to produce
microcrystalline cellulose and acetylation
process.
METHODS
Preparation Microcrystalline Cellulose based
Sago ‘hampas’
Microcrystalline cellulose based sago
‘hampas’was conducted following the method
obtained from Ahmad et al. method [9]. 24 g of
dried sago ‘hampas’ were refluxed with 240 mL
of 1M NaOH at 80°C for 1h and 36 mins to
solubilize the lignin and hemicellulose.
Following alkali treatment, the alkaline treated
sago waste was washed and filtered until the
liquid was clear. The filtrate was then refluxed
with 240 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite
(NaOCl) at 80°C for 18 min for the bleaching
process. After another washing and filtration
step, it then was hydrolyzed with 122 mL of 2 M
HCl at room temperature for 30 min under
continuous stirring. It was repeatedly washed
with distilled water until pH sevenis achieved.
The cellulose was dried in an oven at 50°C for
24h. The mass of dried cellulose was recorded to
Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi, et al.
calculate the yield, water content, and cellulose
content.
Cellulose Acetate Synthesis
Cellulose acetate synthesis was conducted
following Bahmid et al.method [10] with some
modification. 10 gram of cellulose based sago
‘hampas’and 100 ml glacial acetic acid were
mixed and stirred at 38°C for one hour. The
mixture was added by 2 ml of H2SO4 and was
stirred for 45 min at 38°C. The variation volume
of acetic anhydride 0, 30, 60 and 66 ml were
added to the mixture, and the mixture were
continuousle stirred at 38oC for one hour. After
that, 25 ml of distilled water and 50 ml of glacial
acetic acid were added in several portions for 30
minutes under stirring. The mixture was washed
with distilled water until the liquid became clear
using centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes
for each washing. The sediment than was dried
at 50°C for 48 hours and grounded and sieved
using 50 mesh sieve.
Characterization of Cellulose Acetate
Cellulose acetate was measured its yield, water
content, degree of acetylation, and the
characteristic of the profile. Yieldwas calculated
by the weight recorded before and after the
treatment. Water content was measured using
AOAC method [11]. FTIR spectra profilanalysis
using Shimadzu IR Prestige 21 on scanning
range 400 to 4000 nm was done to obtain the
profile of the materials.
Determination of acetyl content was followed
based on Candido and Gonçalves method [12].
0.1 g cellulose acetate was soaked with 5 ml of
0.25 NaOH and 5 ml of ethanol for 24 h.
Following the soaking, 10 ml of 0.25 M HCl
was added into the mixture and was left for 30
min. This mixture was then titrated by a
standard 0.25 M NaOH solution, using
phenolphthalein as indicator. The percentage of
acetyl groups (%AG) was calculated by
following equation:
%AG = {[(Vbi + Vbt) * µb – (Va * µa)] * M *
100}/mac
Where:
Vbi; volume of NaOH added to the system (L)
Vbt: volume of NaOH spent in titration (L)
µb: NaOH concentration (M)
786
 Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose Acetate based Sago “hampas”
Va: volume of HCl added to the system (L)
µa: HCl concentration (M)
M: molar weight of acetyl group (43 g/mol)
mac: weight of cellulose acetate sample (g)
Meanwhile, the degree of substitution was
calculated using following equation from
Elomaa et al. [13].
DS = 162* %AG/[4300– (42 * %AG)]
RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
Microcrystalline Cellulose based Sago
‘hampas’
Characteristics of dried sago ‘hampas’ and
microcrystalline cellulose based sago ‘hampas’
can be seen from Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of sago ‘hampas’ and
microcrystalline cellulose based sago ‘hampas’
Water content Cellulose
Yield (%)
(% db) content (%)
Sago
16.38±0.84 35.47±0.17 -
waste
MCC 11.29±0.08 58.83±0.12 42.91±1.12
From the result, it shows that sago ‘hampas’ still
has relatively high cellulose content, around
35%. The remaining composition of that could
be the starch, hemicellulose, and lignin. Sago
waste or hampascontains 58% starch, 23%
cellulose, 9.2% hemicellulose, and 4% lignin
[14]. According to Chew and Shim [15],
microscopic examination showed that a large
amount of starch granules were trapped within
the lignocellulosic matrix of sago waste. The
relatively high cellulose content on this
experiment most likely caused by soaking as
pretreatment which was done before the
cellulose extraction. Some amount of starch
which is a soluble carbohydrate were already
dissolved in the soaking process, making the
sago waste cellulose more concentrated.
After the cellulose extraction, the cellulose
content increased to approximately 59%. The
alkali treatment solubilized lignin and
Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi, et al.
hemicellulose [9]. Since some of other fibers
have degraded, the cellulose content increased.
The yield of the extraction process was around
43%. The MCC was made by hydrolysis of
cellulose on its glycosidic bond [16].
FT-IR spectra of MCC and cellulose acetate
based Sago ‘hampas’
Figure 1 showed FT-IR spectrum of cellulose
acetate produced by various volume of acetic
anhydride.There are cellulose-specific groups in
standard cellulose (-OH, -CH2, -O- groups) that
appear repeatedly. The -OH group appears at
wave number 3348,42 cm-1, while wave number
2900,94 cm-1 shows vibration CH2 which is the
main frame builder of cellulose compound
reinforced with vibration at wave number
2366,59 cm-1. The -O- group that assembles
cellulose appears at wave numbers 1319.31 and
1373.32 cm-1 [25].The absence of vibration in
the wave number1509-1609 cm-1 and 1700-1740
cm-1 on the FT-IR cellulose spectral profile of
MCC showed no presence of lignin and
hemicellulose compounds in the MCC based
sago ‘hampas’[26]. From Fig 1, It can be seen
that there isan alterationof intensity band at
~3400 cm-1. On the control, the intensity is
around 4.3%T, while the cellulose acetate had
the intensity of peak around 12.9%T. This
conversion means that there is a modification of
hydroxyl groups to acetyl groups [12]. On
Figure 1, it was also shown an adsorption peak
at 1242 cm-1 which assigned for C-O stretching
of acetyl group, which wasn’t observed on MCC
sago waste and treatment 0 ml acetic anhydride
[17]. The strong intensity band presented at
1751 cm-1of acetic anhydride addition is
assigned to symmetric carbonyl group (C=O) of
acetyl group [18]. This figure confirm that there
wasn’t acetic acid and acetate anhydride residue
by the absence of band at 1760-1840 cm-1 [19].
There is a noticable peak at 902 cm-1 of
cellulose acetate which indicated the
degradation of cellulose due to acetylation
process [20].
787
 Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose Acetate based Sago “hampas”

Fig 1. FT-IR spectra of cellulose standard (A); MCC sago ‘hampas’ (B); cellulose acetate treatment 0 ml acetate
anhydride (C); 30 ml acetate anhydride (D); 60 ml acetate anhydride (E); 66 ml acetate anhydride (F)

Characteristic of cellulose acetate

Cellulose acetate was produced in several stages namely activation, acetylation, hydrolysis,
sedimentation and drying. Before the acetylation process, the activation process was done to expand the
surface area of cellulose fibers [10] and to disrupt the intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and
degrades the crystalline regions of fiber, raising the accessibility to the OH groups for acetyl
substitution [12].Activation was done by using glacial acetic acid as activator and sulfate acid as
catalyst.There were some trials done using different volume of acetic anhydride. The result was givenat
Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristics of cellulose acetate produced by different volume of acetate anhydride

Acetic Anhydride Water content (% Yield (%) Acetyl Groups Degree of
Added (ml) db) (%) Substitution
0 ml 4.46a 76.46a 8,49a 0,89a
b a b
30 ml 8.46 81.89 33,74 1,90b
c ab c
60 ml 13.46 85.33 36,56 2,14b
c b c
66 ml 15.65 90,05 36,87 2,17b
Means of triplicate determination ± S.D. with the same letter in a column within each property are not
significantly different (p < 0.05)

Water content of the cellulose acetate appeared OH groups to the environment as a result from
to increase with the addition of acetic acetyl groups substitution. Those OH groups
anhydride. This might be caused by release of formed free water molecules and thus increased

Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi, et al. 788

 Effect of Acetylation Method on Characterization of Cellulose Acetate based Sago “hampas”
the water content of the materials. The yield was
also increased proportionally to water content.
This is might be due to water molecules will add
more weight to the material itself. The more
acetic anhydride used for acetylation, the more
acetyl groups formed on the cellulose, but the
increase was not linear, since acetylation as
chemical reaction process also depends on some
other factors like the availability of substrate,
the efficiency of the reactant, surface contact,
etc.
Fischer et al. [21] used cellulose acetate with DS
between 2 to 2.5 to see the solubility in several
organic solvents. Barud et al.[17] managed to
produce cellulose acetate within range 2.30 to
2.77. Candido et al., [12] succeeded in obtaining
cellulose acetate with DS 2.72.
MeanwhileBahmidet al. [10] produced cellulose
acetate with DS ranging between 2.3 to 2.8 to be
used as source material for nanocellulose acetate
production on electrospinner. Treatment of
acetate anhydride addition on acetylation
process affect the degree of substitution and
acetyl content of celullose acetate. More acetate
anhydride were added, more acetyl content and
the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate.
Acetylation by using only glacial acetic acid
produce cellulose acetate with low DS. It might
be due to glacial acetic acid just play in role of
activation only, it was not sufficient to destroy
the hydrogen bonds [18]. Acetylation process
using 60 ml acetic anhydride is suitable which
resulted on 36,56% acetyl group which has high
degree of substitution (DS) 2.14.Therefore,
acetic anhydride has a good accesibility to
destroy the hydroxyl groups of cellulose.
Based on Kamide et al. [22], cellulose acetate
with DS between 0.39 and 0.81 is soluble in
water. The polymer with DS 0.49 is insoluble in
less polar solvents such as hydrocarbons,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, amines, and esters.
Cellulose acetate is soluble in very polar organic
solvent such as formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,
dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, water,
and formamide. The solubility of it is controlled
primarily by the dielectric constant of the
solvent.
Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi, et al.
CONCLUSION
Sago waste is a potential source for the
cellulosic material since it contains relatively
high cellulose. Cellulose conversion to Cellulose
acetate can be produced by acetate anhydride
addition. The effectiveness of the acetylation
depends also on the concentration of acetate
anhydride. FTIR profiling showed thatcellulose
based sago waste conversion to CA is clearly
confirmed through formation of strong intensity
bands at 1751, 1242 and 902 cm-1. In addition,
the results of FT-IR analysis indicated that there
is no free acetic acid and/or acetic anhydride
residue. The suitable acetylation process is
treatment of 66 ml acetate anhydride which
produced cellulose acetate with yield 85.33%,
degree substitution 2.16, and acetyl content
36.87%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Ministry of Research,
Technology and Higher Education Republic of
Indonesia for the financial support by Research
Cooperation between Universities Programme
2017.
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