 Exact Differential Equation: A differential equation of the form M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is

M  N . The solution is Mdx  theterms of N not containing x dy  0

said to be exact if
y x   
Solve  x 2
 y  dx   y2  x  dy  0
M N
Solution: Here M  x 2  y, N  y2 -x ;   1 and  1 Thus the given equation is exact.
y x
 Mdx   theterms of N not containing x  dy  0
x    x3 y3
2
-y dx +  y dy 0 2
  xy  c It is the general solution.
3 3
 Equation reducible to separable form (variable separation)
The differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 can be written in variable separation form as
f1  x  dx  f 2  y  dy  0 and the general solution is  f ( x)dx
1  f 2 ( y)dy  c

Solve 1  y 2 dx  1  x 2 dy  0
dx dy
Solution:   0 ; Integrating sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 c
1 x 2
1 y 2

 Homogeneous Equation: The differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is called Homogeneous

differential equation if M and N are homogeneous.
Solution procedure : i) Put y  vx then dy  v dx  x dv
ii) Separate the variables v and x and then integrate.
Solve  y 4
 2 x 3 y  dx   x 4  2 xy 3  dy  0 ... ...(1)
Solution: Here M  y 4  2 x3 y and N  x 4  2 y 3 x are homogeneous.
The substitution y  vx and dy  vdx  xdv (1) becomes
dx 1  2v 
3
 1 3v 2 
v 4
 2v  v  2v  dx  x 1  2v  dv  0
4 3
  
 v  v4   v 1  v3 
or, dv dv
x
The variables are thus separated. Integration gives
log x  log v  log 1  v3  log c ;  
or, x 1  v3  cv  
 y 
i.e., x  y  cxy  putting  v  is the required solution.
3 3

 x 
M N
 Integrating Factor (I.F.)The differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 is not exact i.e. 
y x
a) If 1 M
N y 
 Nx  f ( x) a function of x alone, then e 
f(x)dx is an I.F.

b) If 1
M  M
y  Nx   f ( y) a function of y alone, then e  f(y) is an I.F.
- dy

 Solve: (3x y 2 4
 2 xy)dx  (2 x3 y3  x2 )dy  0 . … … … (1) [MACAUT 2014]

M N
Here M  3x2 y 4  2 xy, N  2 x3 y 3  x 2 and  12 x 2 y3  2 x,  6 x2 y3  2 x
y x
Now, 1  M  N   2 , function of y.
M  y x  y

 Integrating factor I .F .  e  y  e2 ln y  2

2 1 dy 1
y
S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 1 of 10
 1
Multiplying both sides of the equation (1) with we get,
y2
3x 2 y 4  2 xy 2 x3 y 3  x 2
dx  dy  0 , It is exact differential equation.
y2 y2
 The solution is  M dx   (the terms of N not containing x) dy  0

 
  3x 2 y 2  2yx dx  0  x3 y 2 
x2
y
c  x3 y3  x2  cy

1
c) If the equation (1) is homogeneous and M x  N y  0 then is an I.F. of the equation.
M x N y
Solve x 2 ydx   x3  y 3  dy  0
M N
Solution: Here M  x 2 y and N   x3  y 3 ;  x 2 and  3x 2
y x
This equation is homogenous but not exact.
Also Mx  Ny   y 4 ;
i 1
The I.F. is  4
Mx  Ny y
1
Multiplying both sides of the given equation with I.F.  we get
y4
2  3 
 x 3 dx   x 4  1  dy  0
y y y
It is exact differential equation.
 The solution is
 M dx   (the terms of N not containing x) dy  0
   dx   dy  0
x2
y3
1
y

x3
  log y  c , which is the general solution where c is an arbitrary constant.
3 y3
d) Equation in which M and N are Linear but not homogeneous:
Let the equation  a1 x  b1 y  c1  dx   a2 x  b2 y  c2  dy  0
p  a1x dp  a1dx
i) If a1b2 – a2b1  0 , then substitute p  a1 x  b1 y  y  dy 
b1 b1
ii) If a1b2 – a2b1  0 , then substitute x  x* + h, y  y*  k ; where  h, k  is the solution of the
equations a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0

Solve  x  y  dx  dy   dx  dy
dy x  y  1
Solution:   Put x  y  V
dx x  y  1


S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 2 of 10

dy y  x  1
Solve 
dx y  x  5
… ... … (1)

Solution: The solution of the two equations y  x  1  0 and y  x  5  0 is  2, 3 .

dY Y  X
The substitution x  X  2 and y  Y  3 in (1) gives  … … … (2)
dX Y  X
dY dv
Putting Y  vX and v X the above equation (2) becomes
dX dX
dv v  1 dv v  1 v2  1
v X  X  v  
dX v  1 dX v  1 v 1
Separating the variables we get
 v  1 dv  dX 0; 
1 2vdv dv
 2 
dX
0
v 1
2
X 2 v 1 v 1 X
2

Integrating log  v  1  tan v  log X  log c

1 2 1

2
 y  3  2  1 y  3
 log    1  2 tan  2log  x  2   log c
 x  2   x2
y 3 Y y 3
 log  y  3   x  2    2 tan 1  log c ;putting v  
2 2
  x2 X x2

e) Let the equation is x a yb  mydx  nxdy   x c y d  pydx  qxdy   0

a  h 1 b  k 1 c  h 1 d  k 1
Here I.F. is x h y k , where  h, k  is the solution of  and 
m n p q
Solve x  4 ydx  2xdy   y 3  3 ydx  5xdy   0
Solution: Here a  1, b  0,-c  0, d  3, m  4, n  2, p  3, q  5
h  2 k 1 h 1 k  4
Solving these two equations  and  ,
4 2 3 5
We get h  2, k  1 Integrating factor is x h y k  x 2 y .
Introducing Integrating Factor, We have
  
4 x3 y 2 dx  2 x4 ydy  3x 2 y 5 dx  5x3 y 4 dy  0
 4x y
3 2
 3x 2 y 5  dx   2x y  5x y  dy  0
4 3 4

It is exact differential equation.

  4x y  3x y  dx   theterms of  2x 
y  5x3 y 4  not containing x dy  0
3 2 2 5 4

   4 x y  3x y  dx   0dy  0
3 2 2 5

 x4 y 2  x3 y5  c , which is the general solution.

 Py  Q , P,Q are functions of x. Here I .F .  e

dy P dx
Linear Differential Equationform is
dx
dy
Bernoulli’s Equation: The form is  yP( x )  y nQ ( x )
dx
1 dy 1 1
The equation can be written as n  n 1 P( x)  Q( x) , Here we substitute n 1  v
y dx y y

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 3 of 10

Solve dy
dx
 xy   y 3e x
2

1 dy x
 2  e  x
2
Solution: Divide by y 3 , so as to free the right hand-side from y. 3
… (1)
y dx y
1 dz 2 dy 1 dy dz
Let z   3  3  2
y2 dx y dx y dx dx
dz
 2 xz  2e x
2
The equation (1) becomes … (2)
dx
This equation is linear in z and the I.F. is e 
2 xdx
 ex
2

Multiplying equation (2) with the I.F  e x . we have e x

2 2 dz
dx
 2 xze x  2 
2 d
dx
ze x  2
2

 
1
Integrating: ze x  2 x  c    2 x  c  e x is the general solution.
2 2

2
y
tan 1 y
Solve dy 1  y 2 1  y 2
dx

x

1
 1 y2 dy 1
Solution: Here I.F. = e  etan y
tan 1 y tan1 y
 
1
tan 1 y
 Solution x etan y
 e dy  c  e tan 1 y  1  c.
1 y 2
1
 x  (tan1 y  1)  c e tan y

Equation solvable for p

We can reduces equation (1) in the form  p  r1  p  r2  ... ... p  rn   0 . Equating each of the factor to
zero, and solving each of these first order and first degree, we get the solutions
F  x, y, c1   0, F  x, y, c2   0,... ... F  x, y, cn   0
The general solution of equation (1) may be written as F  x, y, c  . F  x, y, c  ... ... F  x, y, c   0

Solve: p 2  p(e x  e x )  1  0.
Solution: The equation can be written as ( p  e x )( p  e x )  0.
dy
 p  e x  0 gives  e x  dy  e x dx  y  e x  c1  y  e x  c1  0
dx
x dy
Also p  e  0 gives  e x  dy  e x dy  y  e x  c2  y  e x  c2  0
dx
 The general solution is ( y  e x  c)( y  e x  c)  0.
Equation solvable for y
If the equation is solvable for y, it may be put in the form
y  f  x, p  . … (1)
Differentiating with respect to x,
Solve: y  px  a 2 p 2  b2 [MACAUT2005, 13]

Solution: y  px  a 2 p 2  b2
… … … (1)
2
dy dp pa dp
Differentiating w. r. to x, we get  px 
dx dx a p  b dx
2 2 2

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 4 of 10

  x   dp  0
pa2 dp
 dx  0 gives p  c
 a2 p2 b2 dx
 The general solution is y  cx  a 2c2  b2 ; putting p  c in (1)
2
pa pa 2
Another part x   0 gives x   … … … (2)
a 2 p 2  b2 a 2 p 2  b2
x pa x2 p2a2
  0  2  2 2 … … … (3)
a a 2 p 2  b2 a a p  b2
p2a2 b2
From(1) and (2) we get, y    a p b 
2 2 2

a 2 p 2  b2 a 2 p 2  b2
y b y2 b2
   2  2 2 … … … (4)
b a 2 p 2  b2 b a p  b2
x2 y 2
Adding (3) and (4) we get the singular solution  1
a 2 b2
Equation solvable for x
If the equation is solvable for x, it may be put in the form
x  f  y, p  … (1)
Differentiating with respect to y,
Solve: y 2 log y  xy p  p 2
y log y p
Solution: y 2 log y  xy p  p 2 ie. x  … … … (1)
p y
(1  log y ) y log y dp 1 dp p
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘y’ we get, dx    
dy p p 2 dy y dy y 2
y log y dp 1 dp p  dy
or , 1  1  1 log y    2 
dx  1
 p  dy
p p p p 2 dy y dy y  dx p
1 dp  y2  p y2 
or , 1  2 log y   2 1  2 log y 
y dy  p  y  p 
dp p
or ,  (Discarding the other factor)
dy y
dp dy
or ,  Integrating we get, log p  log y  log c  p  cy … … … (2)
p y
Now eliminating p between (1) and (2) the general solution is log y  cx  c 2
Clairaut’s Equation form y  px  f ( p) is called the Clairaut’s equation.
The general solution is y  cx  f (c), [replace p by c]
Elimination of p from y  px  f ( p) and x  f   p   0 gives the singular solution.

Solve ( y  px)( p  1)  p. [MACAUT 2009, 11]

p
Solution: The given equation can be written as y  px  … … … (1)
p 1
c
It is Clairaut’s equation  The general solution is y  cx 
c 1

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 5 of 10

 dp 1 dp dp  1 
p  px   x  0.
dx  ( p  1)2 

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x,
dx ( p  1) dx
2

dp c
 0 gives p  c ,  From (1) we get the general solution is y  cx 
dx c 1
1 1 x
Another part x  gives p  … … … (2)
( p  1) 2
x
Eliminating p between (1) and (2) we get, y  (1  x ) x  1  x
 ( x  y  1)2  4 x , which is the Singular solution.
Linear Differential Equations
F  D y  R … … … (1)
Let R  0 , (1) becomes F  D y  0 … … …(2)
The general solution of (1) has two parts
i) Complementary Function (C.F.) , it is the solution of (2)
ii) Particular Integral (P.I.).
Complementary Function
Let y  emx be a trial solution of (2), auxiliary equation (A.E)
F m  m n  P1 m n 1  .......  Pn 1 m  Pn  0
CASE I: F  m   0 has n distinct real roots m1 , m2 ,... ... mn . yCF  C1 e  C2 em2 x  ....  Cnemn x
m1x

CASE II. F  m   0 , has complex roots. , say   i and   i . yCF  e x C1 cos  x  C2 sin  x 
CASE III: F  m   0 has a root m, repeated p times. yCF  c1  c2 x ......... c p x p1  emx
Particular Integral
The particular solution of F  D  y  R , is called the particular integral denoted by y p .
1
To obtain a P.I of F  D  y  R , P.I .  y p  R
F  D
Rules for finding Particular Integral (PI)
1
Case(i ) PI  R   R dx, D1 means integration
D
1
Case(ii ) PI  R  eax  e  ax R dx
Da
 1 ax 
 e , F (a)  0[replace D by a]
1  F (a) 
Case(iii ) PI  eax   
F ( D)  x 1 eax , F(a)  0, F(a)  0 
 
 F ( D) 

1
Case(iv) PI  x m  [ F ( D)]1 x m  (1  a1D  a2 D 2  ...) x m
F ( D)
1 1
Case(v) PI  sin(ax  b)  sin(ax  b), F (a 2 )  0 [replace D 2 by  a 2 ]
F (D )2
F (a 2 )
1 1
Case(vi ) PI  eaxV ( x )  eax V ( x)
F ( D) F ( D  a)
1 1 F ( D)
Case(vii ) PI  xV ( x )  x V ( x)  V ( x)
F ( D) F ( D) [ F ( D)]2

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 6 of 10

The Homogeneous Linear Equation
An equation of the type
dny d n1 y d n2 y dy
x n n  p1 x n1 n1  p2 x n2 n2  ........  pn1 x  Pn y  f  x  …(5)
dx dx dx dx
In which p1 , p 2 ,...... p n1 , p n are constants, is known as Cauchy-Euler equation (or equi-
dimensional equation). It may be transformed into a linear equation with constant coefficients by
means of the substitution x  e t ,or, t  log x , so that
d
xDy  D y x 2 D 2 y  D  D  1 y x3 D3 y  D  D  1 D  2  y here D 
dt
2
Solve: x 2 dx d y
2
dy
 x  4y  x sin  log x 
dx
[MACAUT 2011]

Solution: We put x  et and xDy  D y x 2 D2 y = D  D  1 y

The given equation becomes D  D  1 y  D y  4 y  et sin t
  D 2 - 2D + 4  y  et sin t
Let y  em x be the trial solution of the equation  D 2  2D + 4  y  0
 Auxiliary equation is m2 - 2t + 4  0  m  1  3i
The C.F. is et  c1 cos 3t  c2 sin 3t   x[c1 cos( 3 log x)  c2 sin( 3 log x)]
1 1
P.I.  et sin t  et sin t
D - 2D + 4  D + 1 - 2  D + 1 + 4
2 2

1 1 1
 et sin t  et sin t  x sin(log x)
3 D 2
3 1 2
The complete solution is y  x c1 cos
  
3 log x  c2 sin   1
3 log x   x sin  log x 
 2

Method of Variation of Parameters

A more powerful Method of finding a particular solution of the equation
d2 y dy
2
+P(x) +Q(x)y= R(x) … … … (1)
dx dx
Let the C.F. of (1) is y  A y1 (x)  B y2 (x) , where A and B are constants,
y1 y2
y p  y2  
y1R y2 R
and the P.I. of (1) is dx  y1 dx , where W  /
w w y1 y2/
2
Apply the variation of parameters to solve ddxy  4 y  sin 2 x . 2
[MACAUT 2011]

d2y
Solution: The given equation is  4 y  sin 2 x
dx 2
Let y  emx be the trial solution of the given equation.
A.E. is m2 4 0  m 2i
 C.F  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x.
Let, y1  cos2 x and y2  sin 2 x and right hand side R  sin 2 x

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 7 of 10

 y1 y2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
Then W   2(cos2 2 x  sin 2 2 x)  2
y1 y2 2 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x
Let the particular integral be
y1R y2R cos 2x sin 2x sin 2 2x
yPI sin 2x 
w dx -cos 2x w dxsin 2x  dx-cos 2x  2 dx
2
1 1 sin 2x cos 4x 1
 sin 2x  sin 4xdx - cos 2x 2 sin 2 2xdx- - cos 2x 1-cos 4x dx
4 4 16 4
sin 2x cos 4x x cos 2x sin 4x cos 2x 1 1
- -   x cos 2x sin 2x
16 4 16 4 16
1 1
 The general solution is y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x  x cos 2 x  sin 2 x
4 16
1  1
 y  A cos 2 x  B1 sin 2 x  x cos 2 x.  B1  B  
4  16 

Solve the following simultaneous ODE dx

dt
 7 x  y  0,
dy
dt
 2x  5 y  0 [MACAUT 2013]

Answer: The system of differential equations are

 D  7 x  y  0 … (1)

d
 D  5 y  2 x  0 , where D … (2)
dt

(1)  2  (2)  ( D  7) gives D2  2D  33 y  0 
Let y  emx be the trial solution of the above equation

 Auxiliary equation is m2  2m  33  0  m  1  34

 y  Ae(1 34 ) t
 Be(1 34 ) t

Putting the value of y in (2) we get,

1  dy  1
x    5 y    A(6  34 )e
(1 34 ) t
 B(6  34 )e
(1 34 ) t


2  dt  2
Therefore the solution is
1  dy  1 (1 34) t (1 34) t 
x    5 y    A(6  34 )e  B(6  34 )e
2  dt  2 

and y  Ae(1 34 ) t
 Be(1 34 ) t

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 8 of 10

 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

i) The order and degree of the differential equation

d2y
dx 2
 y  
dy
dx
2 14
is [MACAUT 2011]

a) 2, 4 b) 4, 2 c) 1, 4 d) none of these Ans.(a)

dy
ii) The integrating factor of the differential equation  3 y  sin 2 x is [MACAUT 2011]
dx
a) e3x b) e3x c) e x d) none of these Ans.(b)
dy
iii) For the differential equation f  x, y   g  x, y   0 to be exact if [MACAUT 2011]
dx
f g f g 2 f 2 g
a)  b)  c)  d) none of these Ans. (b)
y x x y x 2 y 2

d2y
iv) The auxiliary equation of 2
 a 2 y  sec ax  a  0  is [MACAUT 2011]
dx
a) m2  a 2  0 b) m2  2a 2  0 c) m2  a  0 d) none of these Ans. (a)

dy
v) The general solution of y  px  a 2 p 2  b2 , where p  is [MACAUT 2011]
dx

a) y  cx  a 2c 2  b2 b) y  cx  a 2c 2  b2 c) y  c  x a 2c 2  b2 d) none of these Ans.(a)

 
vi) The integrating factor of 2 xy  3 y3 dx  4 x 2  6 xy 2 dy  0 is  [MACAUT 2012]

a) x 2 y b) x 2 y 2 c) xy 2 d) xy 3 . Ans. None of these

d2y
vii) The substitution x  e z transforms the differential equation x 2  5 y  log e x to[MACAUT 2012]
dx 2
d 2 y dy d 2 y dy d 2 y dy d 2 y dy
a)   5 y  z b)   5 y  z c)   3 y  0 d)   5 y  z Ans.(d)
dz 2 dz dz 2 dz dz 2 dz dz 2 dz

viii) If the diff. equation  y  1  12  dx   x  1  A2  dy  0 is exact, value of A is [MACAUT2012, 14]

 x x y  y xy  
a) 2 b) 1 c) –1 d) 0. Ans.(b)


ix) The particular integral of D2  4D  4 y  x3e2 x is  [MACAUT 2012]

e2 x x 4 e2 x x5 e2 x x 4 e x x5
a) b) c) d) . Ans.(b)
20 20 60 20
x) The general solution of p  loge  px  y  is [MACAUT 2012]

a) y  cx  c b) y  cx  ec c) y  c2 x  ec d) none of these. Ans.(b)

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 9 of 10

 dy
xi) The diff. equation  x sin 2 y  x3 cos 2 y can be reduced to the linear equation [MACAUT 2012]
dx
dz dz dz
a)  x sin 2 y  x3 b)  2 xz  x3 c)  2 xz  x3 d) none of these. Ans.(b)
dx dx dx
xii) The general solution of y  px  log p is [MACAUT 2013]

a) y  cx  log c b) y  1 log x c) y 1 log x  c d) none of these Ans.(a)

d2y
xiii) The particular integral of  y  cos x is [MACAUT 2013]
dx 2
1 1 1 1
a) sin x b) cos x c) x sin x d) x cos x Ans.(c)
2 2 2 2
1 2
xiv) x is equal to [MACAUT 2013]
D 1
a) x2  2 x  2 b) ( x2  2 x  2) c) 2x  x 2 d) (2 x  x 2 ) Ans.(b)

d2y
xv) The general solution of  y  0 is [MACAUT 2013]
dx 2
a) y  Ae x  Be x b) y  ( A  Bx)e x c) y  ( A  Bx)cos x d) y  A cos x  B sin x Ans.(d)

d2y
xvi) The general solution of  4 y  0 where A, B are arbitrary constants is [MACAUT 2014]
dx 2
a) Ae2 x  Be2 x b) ( A  B)e2 x c) A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x d) ( A  Bx)cos 2 x Ans.(c)
xvii) The general solution of the differential equation y  px  f ( p) is [MACAUT 2014]

a) y  c 2 x  f (c) b) y  cx  f (c 2 ) c) y  cx  f (c) d) none of these Ans.(c)

1
xviii) e3 x is equal to [MACAUT 2014]
( D  3)

a) xe3x b) 3e3 x c) x 2 e3x d) none Ans.(a)

1
dx x e tan y
xix) The integrating factor of the differential equation   is [MACAUT 2014]
dy 1  y 2 1  y 2
1 1
a) tan 1 y b) e tan y
c) ecot y
d) e y Ans.(b)

dy
i) The integrating factor of the differential equation   Py  Q is [MACAUT 2015]
dx

a) e  b) e    Pdx d) e 
Pdx Qdx Qdx
c) e Ans.(c)

d2y dy
(xx) The general solution of 2
 3  2 y  0 is [MACAUT 2015]
dx dx
a) y  Ae x  Be2 x b) y  e x  e2 x c) y  e x ( A  Bx) d) none of these Ans.(A)

S.M. Sir Ph. No - 9231693607 Page 10 of 10