r3 Foundation

Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Materials and Properties for Abutment

Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress σco 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress σc 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress σt 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress τmax 1.9 MPa
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress σst 240 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress σco 205 MPa
Modular Ratio m 10
Horizontal Seismic Coefficient AH 0.180
Response reduction Factor, R 3.000
Importance Factor, i 1.200
Zone Factor, Z 0.360
Average Response Acceleration Coefficient, Sa/g 2.500
Time Period, T 0.200
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014
Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 2500 Kg/m³ (Assumed)
Macadam (Binder Premix) 2200 Kg/m³ (Assumed)
Self Weight of Railing 500 Kg/m
Revised Pedestrian LoadingRate(Cl.209.4) 400.00 Kg/m²
Pedestrian LoadingRate of 400 Kg/m²
Water 1000 Kg/m³
Backfill 1800 Kg/m³
Saturated unit weight 1800 Kg/m³
Utility loading Rate 100 Kg/m
Materials and Properties for Abutment

Angle of internal friction of backfill 32.000 degree
Return wall thickness 0.400 m
Approach slab
Length, L 3.500 m
Width, B 7.500 m
Depth, D 0.300 m
Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Size of bearing
Elastomeric Length 0.500 m
Width 0.400 m
Thickness of bearing 0.100 m
POT Length 0.800 m
Width 0.800 m
Thickness of bearing including pedestal 0.500 m
Hydrological Data
Parameters
Scour Depth from HFL (for ABUT) d 6.860 m
Freeboard(min) Fb 1.20 m
Avg. Velocity of water current 5.63 m/s
Level of Bridge Components

Effective Span of Bridge, S1 50.0 m
Numbers of Span 1.0 Nos
Width of Expantion Joint 0.050 m
Nos. of trusses 2.0 Nos
Spacing of truss (B3) 4.500 m
Rib Width of bottom chord at bottom bulb (B4) 0.600 m
Thickness of Wearing Coat (H4) 0.075 m
Proposed depth of the bottom chord towards Abutment 0.620 m
Depth of Kerb above Deck Slab (H3) 0.200 m
Width of kerb(Footpath) 0.925 m
Minimum Bed Level 69.330 m
HFL Q100 74.520 m
Lowest Water Level (LWL) 69.330 m
Scour Level for Abutment (MSLa) 67.660 m
Thickness of Leveling Course 0.100 m
Current maximum depth of flood 5.190 m
Proposed clearance under the truss 1.280 m
Height of Abut 8.660 m
Level of the maximum scour near Abut 67.660 m
Bottom of the bridge 75.800 m
Abutment Foundation Level (Top) 67.660 m
Abutment Foundation Level (Bottom) 65.660 m
Road Level(Top) 76.620 m
Pile Foundation (Abutment)

Concrete M35
Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Level at top of the Pile Cap 67.660 m

Level at bottom of the Pile Cap 65.660 m
Level at the bottom of pile 46.160
Depth of Pile Cap 2.00 m
Total length of pile 19.50 m
length of pile below Scour Level 21.500 m
Adopted dia. Of Pile 1.200 m
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Individual) 1488.0 KN
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Group) 1488.0 KN
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
1.0 Design Data

1.1 Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress(σco) 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σc) 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σt) 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τmax) 1.90 MPa
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σst) 240.00 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σco) 205.00 MPa
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014

Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 25.00 KN/m3
Macadam (Binder Premix) 22.00 KN/m3
Water 10.00 KN/m3
Backfill 18.00 KN/m3
Design of Data:
Modular Ratio (m) 10.000
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) 0.258
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) 0.914
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σc 0.981 Mpa
Left Bank foundation on Rock, Right Bank foundation on soil
Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according

0.180
to IRC: 6-2014
1.2 Dimension Parameters

Effective Span of Bridge 50.00 m
Number of spans 1.00 Nos.
Width of Expantion Joint 0.05 m
Total Length of Bridge 51.20 m
Angle of internal friction of backfill 32.00 degree
Return wall thickness 0.40 m
Approach slab
Length, L 3.50 m
Width, B 7.50 m
Depth, D 0.30 m
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Size of bearing
Length 0.80 m
Width 0.80 m
Thickness 0.50 m
High Flood Level, HFL 74.520 m
Lowest Bed Level, LBL 69.330 m
Bottom level of abutment 67.660 m
Minimum Clearance above HFL 1.28 m
Top level of abutment 75.30 m
Depth of superstructure 0.62 m
h1 = 8.660 m
h2 = 0.300 m
h3 = 1.320 m 78.290
h4 = 6.640 m
h5 = 0.500 m
h6 = 1.000 m
h7 = 0.000 m
b1 = 1.800 m
b2 = 0.400 m
b3 = 0.600 m
b4 = 1.700 m
b5 = 1.100 m
b6 = 1.700 m
b7 = 0.000 m
Length of abutment shaft = 11.00 m
1.3 Calculation of weight and C.G. of the abutment stem
Xi (m) Yi (m)
Eleme Area, Ai
Weight (KN) from back from AiXi AiYi
nts (m2)
A-A bottom
P1 11.29 3104.20 0.850 3.320 9.595 37.476
P2 0.33 91.30 1.733 2.213 0.575 0.735
P3 1.70 467.50 0.850 7.140 1.445 12.138
P4 0.53 145.20 0.200 7.800 0.106 4.118
P5 0.00 0.00 0.000 6.373 0.000 0.000
R.W.W 3.00 150.00 -1.000 3.973 -3.000 11.920
.
Railing 0.30 16.00 -1.500 6.765 -0.450 2.030
13.85 3974.20 11.721 68.417
17.15 C.G. from back of total abutment A-A , x = 0.680 m
C.G. from back of abutment stem A-A , x = 0.850 m
from bottom of abutment, y = 3.990 m
Eccentricity for Superstructure, e = 1.1-0.85= 0.250 m
which is <1.8/6= 0.3, Hence there will be no tension force.
Moment about CG of abutment = -675.61 KN-m
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
1.4 Calculation of Loads and Moments

Due to Dead Load
Weight of truss bridge 6236.000 KN
Weight of Railing 60.000 KN
Weight of Footpath 1041.250 KN
7337.25 KN
Dead load from superstructure= 3668.63 KN

Weight of bearings, expansion joint etc.= 100.00 KN
Total dead load from superstructure on each abutment, PDL= 3768.63 KN
Distance of C.G. of abutment from back of abutment= 0.850 m
Eccentricity of DL+LL acting through bearing after 0.05m movement, e= 0.300 m
Moment due to DL of superstructure about CG of abutment = 1130.588 KN-m
Due to Pedestrian Loading

2
Intensity of pedestrian loading = 4.00 KN/m
Load on one abutment = 185.00 KN
Due to Utility Loading
Intensity of Utility loading = 1.00 KN/m
Load on one abutment = 50.00 KN
Due to Live Load (Class A Two Lane)

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class A wheel load, in longitudinal direction,
Max. LL on abutment from right side

(11.4x50+11.4x48.8+6.8x44.5+6.8x41.5+6.8x38.5+6.8x35.5)/50
= 51877.00 Kg = 518.770 KN
Impact factor= 9/(13.5+50)
= 1.142
Max LL including Impact for two lane Class A vehicles, PLL = 1184.59 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1369.6*(0.3) 410.88 KN-m
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Due to Live Load (class 70R Wheel One Lane)

Due to IRC Class 70R wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

(17x50+17x48.63+17x45.58+17x44.21+17x42.08+12x40.56+8x36.6)/50
= 94791.200 Kg
= 947.912 KN
Impact factor 1.154
Max LL including Impact for one 70R identical vehicles, PLL = 1093.890 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1278.9*(0.3)= 383.667 KNm

Due to IRC Class 70R wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

(12x50+12x48.48+17x46.35+17x44.98+17x41.93+17x40.56)/50
= 82734.000 Kg
= 827.340 KN
Impact factor 1.154
Max LL including Impact for one 70R identical vehicles, PLL = 954.750 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1139.76*(0.3)= 341.925 KNm
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Due to Earth Pressure

Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5 × ϒs × h12 × tan2(45⁰-Ф/2) × t
=0.5*18*8.66*8.66*tan(29)*tan(29)*11
= 2281.26 KN
Which acts at a distance from abutment base= 0.42xh1
= 3.637 m
Magnitude of surcharge, q= 1.2 × ϒs
21.600 KN/m²
Horizontal force due to surcharge= qxh1xtan²(45-Ф/2)xt
= 632.220 KN
Which acts at a distance h1/2 from abutment base= 4.330 m
Moment due to earth pressure about abutment base= 2281.26x3.6372+632.22x4.33 KN-m
= 11034.914 KN-m
Due to Temperature Variation
o
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25.00 C
o
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.2E-05 /m/ C
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 0.0002
Total Strain due to temp = 1.5E-02 m
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one abutment
= 0.0148 m
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level

= Bl 388 mm
= Bw 288 mm
= G 12 N/mm2
For Elastomer Bearings Fh=Vr*ltc = Fh 19.87926 kN
Hori. force due to deformation at bearing level on abutment = 39.76 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
= 7.64 m
Moment due to temperature variation = 303.755 kN.m
μ = 0.050
For POT Bearings Fh=μ *Vr Fh = 247.6609 kN
Hori. force due to deformation at bearing level on abutment = 247.66 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
= 7.64 m
Moment due to temperature variation = 1892.129 kN.m
Design Moment due to temperature variation = 1892.129 kN.m
Due to Braking Effect

Effect due to class 70R loading = 0.2x1000 200 KN
This acts at distance above deck level 1.2 m
And at a distance from abutment base 8.84 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base 1768.00 KN-m
Due to Seismic force

Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (KN-m)
(KN) Load (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 3818.63 687.35 7.64 5251.37
Abutment shaft P₁ 3104.20 558.76 3.32 1855.07
Abutment shaft P2 91.30 16.43 2.21 36.37
Abutment shaft P3 467.50 84.15 7.14 600.83
Abutment shaft P4 145.20 26.14 7.80 203.86
Approach slab 196.88 35.44 8.81 312.20
Backfill 2281.26 410.63 4.33 1778.01
Total 10104.96 1818.89 10037.73
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Summary of Loads and Moments

The summary of loads and moments are tabulated below. The transverse forces and moments are
not considered, since it would not be critical due to high moment of inertia of abutment.
Therefore stresses are checked in longitudinal direction only.
Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Superstructure DL 3818.63 1130.59
LL incl. Impact 1369.59 410.88
Self wt. of
3974.20 0.00
abutment
Braking effect 200 1768.00
Temperature 247.66 1892.13
Earth Pressure 2913.48 11034.91
Sub Total 9162.42 3361.14 16236.51
Seismic Force 1818.89 10037.73
Total 9162.42 5180.03 26274.24
As per standard design practice, design of abutment would be carried out for case A, and checked
for case B, as given below.
Case A: (N+T) B: (N+T+S)
Vertical load (KN) 9162.42 9162.42
Horizontal force (KN) 3361.14 5180.03
Moment (KN-m) 16236.51 26274.24
Design of abutment stem section
Abutment section will be designed for case A and the section adequacy will be checked for case B.
Design vertical load 9162.42 KN
Design moment 16236.51 KN-m
Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

= 1226.66 mm
< 1800-75-12.5 = 1712.5 mm, OK
Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Effective depth provided= 1712.5 mm
Area of steel required for tension, Ast= M/(σst x j x d)

= 43216.55 mm²
Thus provide 100 Nos. Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 110 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 49087.39 mm²
At the front side of the abutment,

Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 150 mm
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Percentage area of compression steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.19 %

ok
Design horizontal force = 3361.14 KN
Shear stress, τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.26 %
Shear strength increment factor = 1+5P/(Ag x fck) = 1.00
< 1.5, OK
Design shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.28 N/mm²
> 0.18, OK
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Check for shear at the bottom of the abutment cap.

Total horizontal force at the bottom of the cap = 447.66 KN
Width of abutment= 1800 mm
Effective depth, d= 1737.5 mm
Corresponding shear stress, τv= 0.023 N/mm²
< 0.28, OK
Tension reinforcement required at different level along the height of abutments.

At 3.32 m above base of abutment
Description Load (KN) Lever Arm (m) Moment (KN-m)
Superstructure DL 3818.63 0.30 1145.59
Live load (LL) 1369.59 0.30 410.88
Braking load 200.00 5.52 1104.00
Temperature load 39.76 4.32 171.76
Earth Pressure 874.57 2.24 1961.49
Surcharge 240.39 2.67 641.84
Total 5435.55
Overall depth of abutment = 1750.00 mm
Effective depth of abutment = 1688.00 mm
Area of tension reinforcement req. = M/(σst x j x d)
14677.73 mm²
Provide 50 Nos. of Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 220 mm

Actual point of curtailment is 4.82 m from base of abutment.
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement req. = 0.12% of Area
1080.00 mm²
Provide 9 Nos. of Ф 16.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 125 mm

Check for stresses for case B

Bending Moment = 26274.24 KN-m
Stress in steel = 341.92 Mpa
< 360 Mpa, OK
Horizontal force = 5180.03 KN
Corresponding shear stress = 0.27 N/mm²
< 0.42 N/mm², OK
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Design of abutment cap:

Vertical reaction due to Dead load, PDL= 3818.63 KN
Live load including impact, PLL= 1369.59 KN
Total vertical reaction= 5188.22 KN
Assume Cap thickness= 1000.00 mm

Providing min. area of steel @1%, area of steel required = 17000.00 mm²
Thus Provide, on top and bottom, Ф 25.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c
Check for bearing stresses in cap:

Grade of concerete = M35
The allowable bearing pressure with nearly uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing or
base under a bearing or column shall be given by following equation,
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
Permissible direct compressive stress in concrete,C0= 8.75 MPa
Dispersed largest concentric area similar to A2, A1= 7.930 m²
Loaded area, A2= 0.630 m²
Therefore, C= 17.50 MPa
Actual compressive stress= 4.12 MPa
< 17.5 MPa, OK
Check for bearing stresses in pedestal:

Length of pedestal = 1.05 m
Width of pedestal = 0.60 m
Thickness of pedestal = 0.00 m
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
< 8.75 MPa, OK
Design of Backwall:
Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5γs×(h3- h2)²×tan²(45o-Ф/2)
= 2.88 KN/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base= 0.4284 m
Magnitude of surcharge, q= 21.6 KN/m²

Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan2(45o-Ф/2)

= 6.77 KN/m
Self weight of backwall /m width= 13.2 KN/m

Live load on back wall considering class A loading= 57 KN
This acts at a distance from backwall toe= 0.200 m
Moment due to earth pressure about backwall base= 4.68 KN-m/m

Moment due to self weight and LL= 14.04 KN-m/m
Total Moment= 18.72 KN-m/m
Effective depth of backwall= 342 mm
Area of steel required, Ast= 249.56 mm²
Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 250.00 mm c/c

240.00 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c
Design of Approach Slab:
The dimensions and reinforcement of approach slab is provided as per the standard design practice.
thickness= 0.3 m Self weight /m width= 7.50 KN/m
Weight of pavement= 1.65 KN/m
Total udl= 9.15 KN/m
Maximum live load= 2×114 KN at 1.2m spacing

Max moment in longitudinal Direction (from SAP analysis)= 20.10 KN-m/m
Effective depth of slab required= 143.14 mm

Area of steel required= 360.70 mm²
Provide at top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Max moment transverse Direction (from SAP analysis)= 15.90 Kg-m

Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Summary of Loads and Moments

The summary of loads and moments are tabulated below. The transverse forces and moments are
not considered, since it would not be critical due to high moment of inertia of abutment.
Therefore stresses are checked in longitudinal direction only.
Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Superstructure DL 3818.63 1130.59
LL incl. Impact 1369.59 410.88
Self wt. of
3974.20 0.00
abutment
Braking effect 200 1768.00
Temperature 247.66 1892.13
Earth Pressure 2913.48 11034.91
Sub Total 9162.42 3361.14 16236.51
Seismic Force 1818.89 10037.73
Total 9162.42 5180.03 26274.24
As per standard design practice, design of abutment would be carried out for case A, and checked
for case B, as given below.
Case A: (N+T) B: (N+T+S)
Vertical load (KN) 9162.42 9162.42
Horizontal force (KN) 3361.14 5180.03
Moment (KN-m) 16236.51 26274.24
Design of abutment stem section
Abutment section will be designed for case A and the section adequacy will be checked for case B.
Design vertical load 9162.42 KN
Design moment 16236.51 KN-m
Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

= 1226.66 mm
< 1800-75-12.5 = 1712.5 mm, OK
Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Area of steel required for tension, Ast= M/(σst x j x d)

= 43216.55 mm²
Thus provide 100 Nos. Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 110 mm

At the front side of the abutment,

Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 150 mm
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Percentage area of compression steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.19 %

ok
Design horizontal force = 3361.14 KN
Shear stress, τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.26 %
Shear strength increment factor = 1+5P/(Ag x fck) = 1.00
< 1.5, OK
Design shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.28 N/mm²
> 0.18, OK
Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Design of abutment cap:

Vertical reaction due to Dead load, PDL= 3818.63 KN
Live load including impact, PLL= 1369.59 KN
Total vertical reaction= 5188.22 KN
Assume Cap thickness= 1000.00 mm

Providing min. area of steel @1%, area of steel required = 17000.00 mm²
Thus Provide, on top and bottom, Ф 25.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c
Check for bearing stresses in cap:

Grade of concerete = M35
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
< 17.5 MPa, OK
Check for bearing stresses in pedestal:

Length of pedestal = 1.05 m
Width of pedestal = 0.60 m
Thickness of pedestal = 0.00 m
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
< 8.75 MPa, OK
Design of Backwall:
Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5γs×(h3- h2)²×tan²(45o-Ф/2)
= 2.88 KN/m
Magnitude of surcharge, q= 21.6 KN/m²

Bridge Design
Abutment
Koshi Nahar Bridge
Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan2(45o-Ф/2)

= 6.77 KN/m
Self weight of backwall /m width= 13.2 KN/m

Live load on back wall considering class A loading= 57 KN
This acts at a distance from backwall toe= 0.200 m
Moment due to earth pressure about backwall base= 4.68 KN-m/m

Moment due to self weight and LL= 14.04 KN-m/m
Total Moment= 18.72 KN-m/m
Effective depth of backwall= 342 mm
Area of steel required, Ast= 249.56 mm²
Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 250.00 mm c/c

240.00 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c
Design of Approach Slab:
The dimensions and reinforcement of approach slab is provided as per the standard design practice.
thickness= 0.3 m Self weight /m width= 7.50 KN/m
Weight of pavement= 1.65 KN/m
Total udl= 9.15 KN/m
Maximum live load= 2×114 KN at 1.2m spacing

Max moment in longitudinal Direction (from SAP analysis)= 20.10 KN-m/m

Provide at top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Max moment transverse Direction (from SAP analysis)= 15.90 Kg-m

Soil behind abutment below HFL = 1871.41 kN
Soil in front of abutment below HFL = 0.00 kN
Total buoyant force on abutment = 5663.66 kN
Buoyant weight on foundation base = 5520.00 kN
Total = 11183.66 kN
Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base level (about end of toe)
Due to Abutment + Soil Filling DL
a) Maximum Load Condition
Eccentricity of pile group CG to abutment CG e = 0.25
Due to Superstructure LL
Load = 1093.890 kN
Lever arm = -5.000 m
Moment = -5469.452 kN-m
Due to Superstructure DL
Load = 3768.625 kN
Moment = -18843.125 kN-m
Due to abutment body
Load = 4140.800 kN
Moment = -21739.200 kN-m
Due to backfill and approach slab
Load = 5512.38 kN
Lever arm = -7.65 m
Moment = -42169.73 kN-m
Due to soil filling in front of abutment
Load = 0.000 kN
Lever arm = 2.150 m
Moment = 0.000 kN-m
Total moment due to abutment + Soil Filling DL = -88221.507 kN-m
b) No LL + Buoyancy Condition
Load = 3768.625 kN/m
Moment = -18843.125 kN-m/m
Load = 2219.910 kN
Lever arm (approx.) = -5.250 m
Moment = -11654.528 kN-m
Load = 2976.25 kN
Lever arm = -7.65 m
Moment = -22768.30 kN-m
Load = 0.00 kN
Lever arm = 2.15 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Total moment due to eccentricity of DL = -53265.95 kN-m
Due to Foundation Base DL

Load (max. load condition) = 9200.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Load (Buoyancy + No LL) = 5520.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m

h1 = 10.660 m
ka = 0.307
Active earth pressure p1 = 3456.64 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of 0.42h = 4.48 m
Moment due to active earth pressure about abutment base = 15476.05 kN-m
Surcharge earth pressure p2 = 778.23 kN
Total earth pressure = 4234.86 kN
Resulting overturning moment = 19624.01 kN-m
Load (Buoyancy + No LL)

Total earth pressure buyant condition = 1920.35 kN
which acts at a distance above foundation bottom of = 4.48 m
Due to Superstructure
o
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a
o
= 1.2E-05 /m/ C
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one pier
= 0.0148 m
E = 33.5 Mpa
4
I = 6.3385E+12 mm
Fh = 3.1E+03 kN
μ = 0.05
1/2*(Rq+Rd) = 243.13 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 9.640 m
Moment due to temperature variation about abutment base = 2343.73 kN-m
The longitudinal force for braking Class A wheel vehicle is maximum,
HBr = 0.20 Wt +0.10 Wt
where 0.20 is the co-efficient,
and Wt is the weight of the vehicle Wt = 1000.00 kN
HBr = 200.00 kN
Therefore, 1/2*HBr = 100.00 kN
which acts at 1.20 m above deck level
i.e. at a distance from abutment base of due to bearing = 10.840 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base = 1084.000 kN-m
Due to Resistance of Bearing
Given by 0.15 DL from superstructure = 164.08 kN
Therefore, 1/2*HBear = 82.04 kN
which acts at a distance = 9.640 m
Moment due to resistance of bearing about abutment base = 790.88 kN-m
Due to Seismic Forces
a) Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition. 0.180
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)
Abut shaft, P1 Rect 3286.80 591.62 5.32 3147.44
Abut Shaft, P2 Triang 91.30 16.43 4.21 69.24
Abut Shaft, P3 Cap 467.50 84.15 9.14 769.13
Abutment, P4 Back 145.20 26.14 9.80 256.13
Abutment, P5 Back 0.00 0.00 8.64 0.00
Approach Slab 98.44 17.72 10.76 190.65
Return WW 150.00 27.00 10.52 284.04
Backfill 5315.51 956.79 6.33 6056.49
Foundation base 9200.00 1656.00 1.00 1656.00
Total 22523.37 4054.21 18968.45
b) Case of Buoyancy and no LL
The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the substructure which will be
under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)
Abut Rect P1 > HFL 0.00 0.00 8.75 0.00
Abut Rect P1 < HFL 2085.27 375.35 5.43 2038.14
Abut Triang P2 > HFL 21.45 3.86 8.79 33.93
Abut Triang P2 < HFL 113.19 20.37 4.29 87.34
Abutment cap P3 467.50 84.15 9.14 769.13
Abut back P4 145.20 26.14 9.80 256.13
Abut back P5 0.00 0.00 8.64 0.00
Approach Slab 98.44 17.72 10.76 190.65
Return WW 150.00 27.00 10.52 284.04
Backfill > HFL 1104.84 198.87 9.76 1940.98
Backfill < HFL 1871.41 336.85 5.43 1829.11
Foundation base 5520.00 993.60 1.00 993.60
Total 15345.92 2762.27 14962.38
Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description
No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
DL from superstructure +
Abutment 13,421.81 5,663.66 13421.81
DL of foundation base 9,200.00 5,520.00 9200.00
LL Superstructure 1,093.89 - 1093.89
Seismicity
(0.5 x Total Seismic Load) 2027.10
Total 23,715.70 11,183.66 25742.80
Horizontal Forces

Description
No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
Earth pressure 4,234.86 1,882.16 4234.86
Temperature Variation 243.13 243.13 243.13
Tractive/Braking 100.00 - 100.00
Seismicity 4054.21
Total 4,577.99 2,125.29 8632.20
Resisting Moments
Description
No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Superstructure DL+ Abutment 88221.51 53265.95 88221.51
+Earth
Seismicity 0.00
Total 88221.51 53265.95 88221.51
Over Turning Moments
Description
No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Earthpressure 19624.01 8597.80 19624.01
Temperature Variation 2343.73 2343.73 2343.73
Braking 1084.00 0.00 1084.00
Seismicity 0.00 14962.38 18968.45
Total 23051.74 25903.91 42020.19
Summary
Loads and moments per meter width (/m)of the foundation base will be as follows:
Description Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I+Seismicity
No LL
SP (kN) 23715.70 11183.66 25742.80
SH (kN) 4577.99 2125.29 8632.20
SMR (kN-m) 88221.51 53265.95 88221.51
SMo (kN-m) 23051.74 25903.91 42020.19
Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

N+T Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = -3429.45 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 23715.70 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 4577.99 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN
Soil behind abutment below HFL = 1871.41 kN
Soil in front of abutment below HFL = 0.00 kN
Total buoyant force on abutment = 5663.66 kN
Buoyant weight on foundation base = 5520.00 kN
Total = 11183.66 kN
Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base level (about end of toe)
Due to Abutment + Soil Filling DL
a) Maximum Load Condition
Eccentricity of pile group CG to abutment CG e = 0.25
Due to Superstructure LL
Load = 1093.890 kN
Moment = -5469.452 kN-m
Load = 3768.625 kN
Moment = -18843.125 kN-m
Load = 4140.800 kN
Moment = -21739.200 kN-m
Load = 5512.38 kN
Lever arm = -7.65 m
Moment = -42169.73 kN-m
Load = 0.000 kN
Lever arm = 2.150 m
Moment = 0.000 kN-m
Total moment due to abutment + Soil Filling DL = -88221.507 kN-m
b) No LL + Buoyancy Condition
Load = 3768.625 kN/m
Moment = -18843.125 kN-m/m
Load = 2219.910 kN
Lever arm (approx.) = -5.250 m
Moment = -11654.528 kN-m
Load = 2976.25 kN
Lever arm = -7.65 m
Moment = -22768.30 kN-m
Load = 0.00 kN
Lever arm = 2.15 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Total moment due to eccentricity of DL = -53265.95 kN-m
Due to Foundation Base DL

Load (max. load condition) = 9200.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Load (Buoyancy + No LL) = 5520.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m

h1 = 10.660 m
ka = 0.307
Active earth pressure p1 = 3456.64 kN
Surcharge earth pressure p2 = 778.23 kN
Total earth pressure = 4234.86 kN
Load (Buoyancy + No LL)

Total earth pressure buyant condition = 1920.35 kN
which acts at a distance above foundation bottom of = 4.48 m
Due to Superstructure
o
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a
o
= 1.2E-05 /m/ C
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one pier
= 0.0148 m
E = 33.5 Mpa
4
I = 6.3385E+12 mm
Fh = 3.1E+03 kN
μ = 0.05
1/2*(Rq+Rd) = 243.13 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 9.640 m
Moment due to temperature variation about abutment base = 2343.73 kN-m
The longitudinal force for braking Class A wheel vehicle is maximum,
HBr = 0.20 Wt +0.10 Wt
where 0.20 is the co-efficient,
and Wt is the weight of the vehicle Wt = 1000.00 kN
HBr = 200.00 kN
Therefore, 1/2*HBr = 100.00 kN
which acts at 1.20 m above deck level
i.e. at a distance from abutment base of due to bearing = 10.840 m
Design of Pile Cap
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 2000:
For Concrete Grade, M35 fck = 35.000 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 6.250 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 8.330 N/mm²
Tensile stress st = 0.610 N/mm²
Maximum shear stress tcmax = 1.900 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe500 fy = 500.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 240.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 205.000 N/mm²
Modular ratio m = 10.000
Neutral axis factor k = 0.258
Lever arm constant j = 0.914
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.981
Base width of pile-cap provided bb = 9.20 m
Base length of pile-cap provided b1 = 20.00 m
Depth of foundation base db = 2.00 m
Diameter of Pile db = 1.20 m
wp1 = 3.60 m
Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile
No. of piles n = 18.00 Nos
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.600 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 9.000 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 1390.82 kN
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 1244.26 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 4577.99 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 0.00 kN
Calculation of Moment
Due to pile body
Transv. 1 Load on the extreme piles = 8344.91 kN
Transv. 2 Load on the intermidiate piles = 6514.42 kN
Transv. 3 Load on the intermidiate piles = 6221.30 kN
Eccentricity of load centre & pile group centre Pe = 0.250 m
Lever arm of Transv. 1 Piles = 2.950 m
Lever arm of intermidiate piles = -0.650 m
Moment about abutment face = 20383.10 kN-m
Moment about pile cap centre = 15242.18 kN-m
Design of Section
Depth from consideration of Maximum Moment
Moment about abutment stem edge BM = 20383.10 kN-m
d =  (BM/Qb)
Effective depth of section required d = 1502.84 mm
Effective depth of section required d > 600.00 mm
Effective depth of section required 1.5* dia. of pile d > 1800.00 mm
Overall depth provided D = 2000.00 mm

Effective depth provided d = 1909.00 mm
Effective span
c/c of support l = 2950.00 mm
1.15 * clear span l = 2702.50 mm
leff = 2702.50 mm
l/D = 1.3513
< 2.50
Pile cap is designed as deep beem , since l/D < 2.5
Lever arm z = 1,140.50 mm
2
Area of steel required M/(fy.z)= Ast = 35,744.15 mm
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.2%
2
Av = 36,800.00 mm
Provide steel bars of dia. f = 32.00 mm
2
ast = 804.25 mm
No. of bars required N = 45.76 nos.
No. of bars provided N = 60.00 nos.
Spacing of bars s = 153.33 mm
Area of steel provided ast = 48254.86 mm2
Provide f 32 mm @150mm c/c Fe500 bars at bottom layer in both direction layer of the cap.
Distribution Reinforcements
Minimum distribution reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.12%
2
Av = 2,290.80 mm /m
Provide ……. Ø distributions f = 25.00 mm
2
Area of bar top & bottom asv = 981.75 mm
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 428.56 mm
Provide f 25 mm @ 150mm c/c Fe500 bars at top layer in both direction layer of the cap.
Depth from consideration of Shear

2
Shear stress developed tv = 0.219 N/mm
Percentage of tensile steel pt = 0.121 %
2
tco for M35 tco = 0.191 N/mm
2
Enchanced shear strength= 0.2212024 N/mm
Permissible stress (IRC: 21-2000)
tc = k1.tco, where
k1 = 1. for d  0.5 (d in m) k1 = 1.00
2
Permissible Shear Stress tc = 0.221 N/mm
Permissible stress < tv OK
Since actual shear stress is greater than permissible shear stress,
hence shear reinforcement is provided.
2
Net shear stress = 0.00 N/mm
Provide f 12 mm 10-legged Fe500 stirrups. f = 12.00 mm
2
Area of stirrup asv = 3392.92 mm
Spacing of stirrup Sv = -13198.76 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0012
Area of fAsv= 3393 Sv = 5,654.87 mm
Provide f 12 mm 10-legged Fe500 stirrups @500 mm c/c.
Depth from consideration of Punching Shear
Permissible punching stress
where ks is the minimum of 1 and (0.5 + bc)
bc = short side/long side ratio bc = 0.46 m
ks = 1.00
2
Punching shear stress tc,punch = 0.95 N/mm
tc= ks (0.16fck)
Effective depth required d = 389.75 mm
< 1909.00 mm
hence OK.

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Basic Parameters

Materials and Properties for Abutment

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Materials and Properties for Abutment

Level of Bridge Components

Pile Foundation (Abutment)

Level at top of the Pile Cap 67.660 m

1.0 Design Data

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014

Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according

1.2 Dimension Parameters

1.4 Calculation of Loads and Moments

Dead load from superstructure= 3668.63 KN

Due to Pedestrian Loading

Due to Live Load (Class A Two Lane)

Max. LL on abutment from right side

Due to Live Load (class 70R Wheel One Lane)

Max. LL on abutment from right side

Live load from superstructure:

Max. LL on abutment from right side

Due to Earth Pressure

Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level

Due to Braking Effect

Due to Seismic force

Summary of Loads and Moments

Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Design of abutment stem section

Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Area of steel required for tension, Ast= M/(σst x j x d)

Thus provide 100 Nos. Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 110 mm

At the front side of the abutment,

Percentage area of compression steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.19 %

Check for shear at the bottom of the abutment cap.

Tension reinforcement required at different level along the height of abutments.

Provide 50 Nos. of Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 220 mm

Provide 9 Nos. of Ф 16.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 125 mm

Check for stresses for case B

Design of abutment cap:

Assume Cap thickness= 1000.00 mm

Check for bearing stresses in cap:

Check for bearing stresses in pedestal:

Magnitude of surcharge, q= 21.6 KN/m²

Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan2(45o-Ф/2)

Self weight of backwall /m width= 13.2 KN/m

Moment due to earth pressure about backwall base= 4.68 KN-m/m

Effective depth of backwall= 342 mm

Area of steel required, Ast= 249.56 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 250.00 mm c/c

Design of Approach Slab:

Maximum live load= 2×114 KN at 1.2m spacing

Effective depth of slab required= 143.14 mm

Provide at top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Max moment transverse Direction (from SAP analysis)= 15.90 Kg-m

Summary of Loads and Moments

Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Design of abutment stem section

Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Area of steel required for tension, Ast= M/(σst x j x d)

Thus provide 100 Nos. Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 110 mm