Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Index
(Graphs Included)
(Graphs Included)
(Graph Included)
(Graphs Included)
Section 1
Standard Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
The differential can be written as 𝑑𝑥 and also 𝑓´(𝑦).
𝑑𝑦
If y = 𝑥 𝑛 then = n𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 then = na𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Example 1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
= (3)(2)(𝑥 3−1 ) = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Example 3
𝑦 = 5𝑥 ½
𝑑𝑦 1
= ( ) (5)(𝑥 ½−1 )
𝑑𝑥 2
5 1
= ( )
2 √𝑥
5
=
2√𝑥
Example 4
𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 12𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
Example 5
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
4
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 ( 𝑥 2−1 )
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Example 6
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= (2)(4𝑎𝑥 2−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 7
6
𝑦= 5
√𝑥 3
3
Rewriting, 𝑦 = 6𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑦 3 3
= (− ) (6𝑥 −5 − 1 )
𝑑𝑥 5
𝑑𝑦 18 8
= − 𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑥 5
Example 8
𝑑𝑦 5
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦
Rewriting, = 5𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (− ) 5𝑥 − 2−1
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 5 3
= (− ) 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 5
=−
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 3
Example 9
1
𝑦=
𝑥
Rewriting, 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑦
= −1𝑥 −1−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Example 10
𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑝
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑝𝑥 −𝑝−1
𝑑𝑥
Section 2
Differentiation of Factors, The Product Rule
If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Then 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )
Example 1
𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑢 = (2𝑥 2 − 1) and 𝑣 = (𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
So = (2𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 + 3)(4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥
= 8𝑥 3 + 10𝑥
The same rule applies for more than two factors. Suppose that now
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
Then = 𝑣𝑤 ( ) + 𝑢𝑤( ) + 𝑢𝑣( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 2
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
= 2𝑥, = 2 and = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)(2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1)(2) + (𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Section 3
The expression is split in to two components, y and u, each differentiated then the product of these
differentials found.
Example 1
𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
Rewriting, 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )½ and now the expression is split in to the two components , y and u.
𝑢 = (1 − 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑦 = 𝑢½
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= ( ) 𝑢−½ =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑢
𝑑𝑢
and 𝑑𝑥
= (−2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 −𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥 2 )−½ (−2𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
Example 2
𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 5)2
𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 5) and 𝑦 = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑢 and =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(2𝑥 + 5)(2) = 4(2𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
Example 3
2 −2
𝑓(𝑥) = (2 + ) = (2 + 2𝑥 −1 )−2
𝑥
−2 −2
𝑓´(𝑥) = ( 3) ( 𝑥2 )
2
(2 + 𝑥 )
4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
2 3
𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥 )
4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 2 3
𝑥2 ( 𝑥 )
4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3
𝑥2 ( )
𝑥3
4
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3
𝑥
4𝑥
𝑓´(𝑥) =
(2𝑥 + 2)3
Example 4
𝑓(𝑦) = 2𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
This example includes use of the chain rule within the product rule.
𝑓´(2𝑥) = 2
𝑓´ (√1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2√1 + 𝑥 2 + {( )} (2𝑥)
√1 + 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2√1 + 𝑥 2 + ( )
√1 + 𝑥 2
2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2
2 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2
2 + 4𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2
2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2
Example 5
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=( ) Find
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦= (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 1
( ) = 0 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
The chain rule is again used to find (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2 1 𝑑
= (𝑥) + (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )2 ( (𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )−2 (2𝑥)
2
2𝑥
=1+
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥
=1+
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑑 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Substituting in
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 1
= {0} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + {( )} { }
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Section 4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Example 1
𝑥 3 +1
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 −1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 ∴ = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 − 1 ∴ = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting in the quotient rule,
Example 2
√𝑥+1
Differentiate 𝑦 =
√𝑥−1
𝑑𝑢 1 −½ 1 𝑑𝑣 1 −½ 1
𝑢 = √𝑥 + 1 ∴ = 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = √𝑥 − 1 ∴ = 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥
1 1 √𝑥 − 1 √𝑥 + 1 (√𝑥 − 1) − (√𝑥 + 1)
(√𝑥 − 1) ( ) − (√𝑥 + 1) ( ) −
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥
= 2 = 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥 − 1)
−2 −1
= 2 = 2
(2√𝑥)(√𝑥 − 1) (√𝑥)(√𝑥 − 1)
Example 3
1−𝑥
Differentiate 𝑦 = √1+𝑥
1 − 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)½
𝑦=√ =
1 + 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)½
Here, the numerator and denominator are functions of a function in type and this method is employed in
finding their respective derivatives.
𝑑(1 − 𝑥)½ 1 1 1 1 −1
= (1 − 𝑥)−2 (−1) = − (1 − 𝑥)−2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2√1 − 𝑥
𝑑(1 + 𝑥)½ 1 1 1
= (1 + 𝑥)−2 (1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting in the quotient rule, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
−1 1
(√1 + 𝑥) ( ) − (√1 − 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑦 2√1 − 𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (√1 + 𝑥)
−1
= 3 (after resolving).
(√1−𝑥)(√1+𝑥)
Section 5
Function Derivitive
Cos(𝑥) −𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
1
Tan (𝑥) 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) = = 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥)
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)
−1
Cot (𝑥) −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) = = −(1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑥))
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
Examples of Differentiation of the Trigonometric Functions
Example 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥. Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
(3 sin 𝑥) = 3 ( (sin 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥) ( (3)) = (3 cos 𝑥) + 0 = 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 3𝑥. Find
𝑑𝑥
As 3𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑥, then the problem is solved via the function within a function rule.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ) where 𝑢 = 3𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
=( (3𝑥)) ( (sin 𝑥)) = 3 Cos(3𝑥) (The 𝑥 in (sin 𝑥) is regarded as 3𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 3
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 1 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
= ( )( cos 𝑥) = (−𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑥)) = − sin (The 𝑥 in (cos 𝑥) is regarded as ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Example 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan Find
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑥
= ( )( tan 𝑥) = (1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) = 𝑥 (The 𝑥 in tan 𝑥 is regarded as ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3 3 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 3
3
Here, there is more than one way to express the answer. This is due to trigonometric identities.
Example 5
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec 0.6𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (0.6𝑥) (sec 𝑥) = 0.6𝑆𝑒𝑐(0.6𝑥) Tan(0.6𝑥) (The 𝑥 in sec 𝑥 is regarded as 0.6x).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 6
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec Find
6 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = (−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑡 ( )) = − (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑡 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 6 6 6 6 6 6
𝑑
(The 𝑥 in cosec 𝑥 is regarded as 0.6x).
𝑑𝑥
Example 7
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (2𝑥) (sin 𝑥) + (2𝑥) (cos 𝑥) = 2 cos 2𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 = 2(cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(The 𝑥 in (sin 𝑥) and (cos 𝑥)is regarded as 2x).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 8
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (3𝑥)) ( (sin 𝑥)) − (3𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) = 3 Cos(3𝑥) − (3(−𝑆𝑖𝑛(3𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 9
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sec 𝑥) + (tan 𝑥) = (sec 𝑥)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Here, the most convienient identity was found. The answer is expressed in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 which are not raised
𝑑
to any powers. Had (tan 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥) been used, the answer would have been a little more complicated
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (sec 𝑥)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 10
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (4𝑥) ( (sin 𝑥)) + (5𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) = 4 cos 4𝑥 + (−5 sin 5𝑥) = 4 cos 4𝑥 − 5 sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 11
𝜃 𝜃 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Find
2 4 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝜃 𝑑 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃
= ( 𝜃) ( (cos 𝜃)) + ( ) ( (sin 𝜃)) = (− sin ) + (cos ) = (cos ) − (sin )
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝜃 𝜃
(The 𝜃 in (cos 𝜃) and (sin 𝜃) is regarded as and respectivly.
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 4
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 1 𝜃 1 𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 The could easily be mistakenly inserted.
𝑑𝜃 2 2 2 2 4 4
Example 12
𝜋 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin (2𝑥 + ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
= (2𝑥) (sin 𝑥) = 2 cos (2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Here, 2𝑥 + is a function of sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) here is regarded as sin (2𝑥 + ) and dissappears as ( ) is equal to
2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋
(0) ( ) (𝑥 0−1 ) =0
2
Example 13
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos(3𝜋 − 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (3𝜋 − 𝑥)) ( cos 𝑥) = −1(− sin(3𝜋 − 𝑥)) = sin(3𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Here, the 𝑥 in cos 𝑥 is regarded as cos(3𝜋 − 𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Example 14
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= ( ) ( (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)) = − ( ) (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − )) (cot (𝑎 − )) = ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − )) (cot (𝑎 − ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
Here, (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) is regarded as 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎 − ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
Example 15
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 3 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
Example 16
Example 17
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
Rewriting,
3
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (2𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑 2 2
= ( (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) ) ( (cos 𝑥)) = (3(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) (2)) (−𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)) = −6(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) (𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)(𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝑥))
3 𝑑𝑦
Here, (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)) is a function of a function and for the second part, (cos 𝑥), (cos 𝑥) is regarded as (cos 2𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
Example 18
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec(𝑥 2 ) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥 2 )) ( (sec 𝑥)) = 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 2 )(tan 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Here (sec 𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥) but 𝑥 is substituted next step for 𝑥 2 which now relates the differential to y.
𝑑𝑥
Example 19a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan √1 − 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
d 1 −1
(√1 − 𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥)−½ (−1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√1 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 d 𝑑
(tan √1 − 𝑥) = ( (√1 − 𝑥)) (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
=( ) (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 − (𝑆𝑒𝑐 (√1 − 𝑥)) −(sec √1 − 𝑥) 2
= = 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: − 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√1 − 𝑥) ≠ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 = (𝑆𝑒𝑐 (√1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥
Example19b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan √𝑥 − 1 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
(𝑥 − 1)½ = (𝑥 − 1)−½ (1) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 − 1)½ ( tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (√𝑥 − 1)
=( ) 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 − 1 2√𝑥 − 1
Example 20
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥) + (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
Here, both parts are differentiated seperatly with use of the product rule then combined in a single expression.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥) = ( (𝑎)) ((𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥)) + ( (sin 𝑛𝑥)) (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑛(cos(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) = ( (𝑏)) (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥) + ( (𝑏 cos 𝑛𝑥)) (𝑏) = −𝑏𝑛(sin 𝑛(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑛(cos(𝑛𝑥)) − 𝑏𝑛(sin 𝑛(𝑛𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛(𝑎 cos 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 21
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑎)) − (𝑎 cos 𝑥) = 0 − (−𝑎 sin 𝑥) = 0 + 𝑎 sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 22
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2 tan Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
= ( (2)) (tan ) + ( (tan )) (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑥
= 0 + (1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )) (2)
2 2
𝑥
= 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
2
𝑥
= 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 ( )
2
Example 23
𝜋 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos (2𝑥 + ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
=( 2𝑥) ( (cos 𝑥)) Function of a function rule where 2𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
= (2) (− sin (2𝑥 + )) = −2 sin (2𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 2 2
Example 24
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (tan 2𝑥) − (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) is a function of a function so (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) = (tan 𝑥)2 = 2(tan 𝑥) (tan 𝑥) = 2(tan 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 25
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3 sin ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥
= (𝑥 ) + (3 sin ( ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 1 𝑥 3 𝑥
Here, (3 sin ( )) = ( ) (3 sin 𝑥) = ( ) (3) (cos ) = cos
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥
The of sin ( ) is temporarily called 𝑥.
2 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 3 𝑥
= 2𝑥 + ( ) (3) (cos ( )) = 2𝑥 + cos ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2 2
Example 26
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑦 = cos = cos 𝑎𝑥 −1
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎𝑥 −1 ) (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= (−𝑎𝑥 −2 ) (− sin )
𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
= 2
(sin )
𝑥 𝑥
Example 27
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (sin 𝑥) + ( (sin 𝑥)) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 28
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
and 𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ∴ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Substituting,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (tan 𝑥) + ( (tan 𝑥)) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + tan 𝑥
Example 30
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣( )−𝑢( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(Solving using Quotient rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣2
)
𝑥
𝑦=
tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢=𝑥 ∴ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = tan 𝑥 ∴ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
dx dx
𝑑𝑦 (tan 𝑥) − 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
Example 31
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 + sin(2𝑥)2 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 2𝑥) + (sin 4𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 2𝑥 + 8𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
Example 32
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 2 = (cos 𝑥 2 )3
𝑑𝑢
If cos 𝑥 2 = 𝑢 then y=𝑢3 and so = 3𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Substituting, = (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 ) (𝑥 2 ) (cos 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (3(cos 𝑥 2 )2 )(2𝑥)(− sin 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −6𝑥(cos 𝑥 2 )2 (sin 𝑥 2 ) = −6𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 2 )(sin 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
Example 33
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(tan 𝑥) + (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥))(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥(tan 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
Example 34
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cot(5𝑥 + 1) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
=( (5𝑥 + 1)) ( cot 𝑥) (5𝑥 + 1) is temporalily substituted as x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (5)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥 + 1))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (5𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
Example 35
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 3𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(cot 3𝑥)(3)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −6(cot 3𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
Example 36
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = √cos 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (cos 𝑥)−½ (−sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2√cos 𝑥
Example 37
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin 2𝑥)(cos 2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
For this example, the product rule is used containing functions of a function.
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑢) ( ) + (𝑣) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 ∴ = 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = cos 2𝑥 ∴ = −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (sin 2𝑥)(−2 sin 2𝑥) + (cos 2𝑥)(2 cos 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2(sin 2𝑥)2 + 2(cos 2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 2𝑥)2 − 2(sin 2𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2((cos 2𝑥)2 − (sin 2𝑥)2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 38
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥)(cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using Product Rule containing function of a function)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑢) ( ) + (𝑣) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (sin2 𝑥) = (sin 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (cos 2 𝑥) = (cos 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥)2(cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥)2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(cos 3 𝑥)(sin 𝑥) − 2(cos 𝑥)(sin3 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 39
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using function of a function rule for each term)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) + (−2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
At first an odd looking result but it is expected since (sin2 𝑥) + (cos 2 𝑥) = 1 and the gradient of 1 is zero.
Example 40
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sin2 𝑥) − (cos 2 𝑥) Find (Solve using function of a function rule for each term)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= (sin2 𝑥) − (cos 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − (−2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) + 2(cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 41
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find (Using the quotient rule)
1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢=1 ∴ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 + (− sin 𝑥) = (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1 + cos 𝑥)(0) − 1(− sin 𝑥) 0 − (− sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥
= = =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 + cos 𝑥)2 (1 + cos 𝑥)2
Example 42
(1−cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (1+cos Find (Here, the quotient rule is used)
𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (1 − cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 − (− sin 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + cos 𝑥) ∴ = 0 + (− sin 𝑥) = (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1 + cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥) − (1 − cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2
Example 43
√𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑦=
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢 = 𝑥½ ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sin 𝑥 ∴ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
(sin 𝑥) ( ) − √𝑥(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 √𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
sin 𝑥
− 𝑥(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2√𝑥 √
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
sin 𝑥 − 2√𝑥(√𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2√ 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
If the product rule has been used for 𝑦 = (𝑥 ½ )((𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)−1 ) the result is
√𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) 1
+ which is more difficult to calculate when using numbers.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 (2√𝑥)(sin 𝑥)
Example 44
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 cos(2𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(cos(2𝑥)) + (−2 sin(2𝑥))(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 cos(2𝑥) − 2𝑥 2 sin(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥(cos(2𝑥) − 𝑥 sin(2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
Example 45
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥2 ∴ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = cos(2𝑥) ∴ = −2 sin(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(cos(2𝑥)) + 2𝑥 2 (sin(2𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥((cos(2𝑥)) + 𝑥 sin(2𝑥))
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝑥)
Example 46
tan(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = tan(𝑥 − 1) ∴ = (𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 − 1))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sec (𝑥) ∴ = sec (𝑥) tan (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 47
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥√sin 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥)) (√sin 𝑥) + ( (√sin 𝑥)) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (1)(√sin 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)−½ (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= √sin 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥
Example 48
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= Find
1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∴ = 2(sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (1 + sin 𝑥) ∴ = (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 49
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
1 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑢 (𝑑𝑥 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢=1 ∴ =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 1 − tan 𝑥 ∴ = 0 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = (−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 0 − (−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − tan 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − tan 𝑥)2
Example 50
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Using the product rule,
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = (sec 𝑥)2 ∴ = 2(sec 𝑥)(𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)) = 2(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) ∴ = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(−1)(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝑥)) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)2(𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
Substituting with sec 𝑥 = ; cosec 𝑥 = and cot 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
= −( ) ( )( ) + 2( )( ) (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
Finally substituting tan 𝑥 = bringing the expression to cos and sin functions,
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 sin 𝑥
= −( ) ( )( )+( ) 2( )( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2 1 cos 𝑥 1 2 1 sin 𝑥
= −( ) ( )( )+( ) 2( )( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 cos 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥
= −( 2 )( 2 )+ ( 2 )2( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 cos 𝑥 1 1
= −( 2 )( 2 )+ ( 2 )2( )
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 − cos 𝑥 2
= 2
+
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) (cos3 𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑦 − cos2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= which could be considered as a complete resolve or there could follow
𝑑𝑥 (cos3 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 −(cos2 𝑥) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
=( 2 )( )
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 2 1
= (− ( 2 ) + ( 2 )) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= [− ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 )] ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
= ((−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + (2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥))(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 𝑥 (2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) Without powers.
𝑑𝑥
Example 51
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (sec √𝑥)(tan √𝑥) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Using the product rule,
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑢) (𝑑𝑥) + (𝑣) (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑣 1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 √𝑥)
𝑣 = (tan √𝑥) ∴ = (𝑠𝑒𝑐2 √𝑥) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥 2 √𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 (sec √𝑥) ((𝑡𝑎𝑛 √𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥) 𝑥
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥 𝑎
1 𝑥 1
sin−1 (𝑥) sin−1 ( ) =
√1−𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
−1 𝑥 𝑎
cos −1 (𝑥) tan−1 ( ) =
√1−𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
1 𝑥 𝑎
tan−1 (𝑥)
𝑥 2 +1
sec −1 ( ) =
𝑎 𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1 𝑥 −1
sec −1 𝑥 cos −1 (𝑎) =
𝑥√𝑥2 −1 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
1
cosec −1(𝑥) −
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
1
cot −1 (𝑥) − 𝑥2 +1
Example 1a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (4𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Using sin−1 (𝑥) = and the function of a function rule, = (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ),
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑑𝑢) (𝑑𝑥 ) where 𝑢 = 4𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin−1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1
∴
𝑑𝑢
= 4 and 𝑑𝑣 =
√1−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ sin−1 (4𝑥) = ( (4𝑥)) ( (sin−1 (𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 is now substituted for (4𝑥) in , so
√1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 4
sin−1 (4𝑥) = (4) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (4𝑥) 2 √1 − 16𝑥 2
Example 1b
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
Here, either sin−1 (𝑥) = or the more direct sin−1 ( ) = could be used. sin−1 ( ) = is an
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
easier method since it is in effect the same as sin−1 (𝑥) = but with the middle calculations already being
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
done,that is the function of a function calculation, the answer is arrived at more efficiently. Here’s both methods:-
𝑑𝑦 1
Using sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑥
Using the function of a function rule, = ( ) ( ) so 𝑢 = and 𝑣 = sin−1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1
∴
𝑑𝑢
= 2 and =
𝑑𝑣 √1−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
∴ sin ( ) = ( ( )) ( (sin−1 (𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
(𝑥) is now substituted for ( ) in , so
2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 1
∴ sin−1 ( ) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (2 ) )
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
2√1 −
4
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 4 − 𝑥2
2√
4
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2
√4(4 − 𝑥 )
4
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 1
Now using sin−1 ( ) = where 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 1
sin ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √22 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √4 − 𝑥 2
Example 2a
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑏 cos−1 𝑎 Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
Using cos −1 (𝑥)= and the product rule incorporating the function of a function rule since 𝑎 is a
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑥
function of a function of cos−1 𝑎.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= ( (𝑏)) (cos−1 ) + ((cos−1 )) (𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 1
= (0) (cos−1 ) + (𝑏) ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
−1 𝑥
At this point, the 𝑥 2 of √ is now substituted by ( )
1−𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 1
∴ = (0) (cos −1 ) + (𝑏) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑎
√1 − (𝑥 )
( 𝑎 )
𝑑𝑦 −1 1
=0+𝑏 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑎
√
( 1 − (𝑎) )
𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑎 (√1 − )
( 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 (√ )
( 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2)
√𝑎
( 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑦 −𝑏
=
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
Example 2b
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos −1 (3) Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1
Using the preworked cos−1 (𝑎) = √ where 𝑎 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −1 −1
cos−1 ( ) = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 2
√3 − 𝑥 2 √9 − 𝑥 2
−1
This can be left as factors if required, as
√(3−𝑥)(3+𝑥)
Example 3
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑎 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑎
tan−1 ( ) = 2
𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑎
Using the preworked
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 (𝑎) = 𝑎2 +𝑥2 Arriving directly to the answer.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
Substituting , remembering also to substitute 𝑥 for 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 1
tan−1 = ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2
(𝑎) + 1
1 1
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥
+1
𝑎2
1 1
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑎2
1 𝑎2
= ( )( 2 )
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 2
Example 3b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑎 − 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Using the function of a function rule and tan−1 (𝑥) = Where 𝑥 2 is substituted for (𝑎 − 𝑥),
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑
(𝑎 − 𝑥) = −1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ tan−1 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = (−1) ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 + 1
−1
=
(𝑎 − 𝑥)2 + 1
This can be multiplied our further if required but usually the answer is left as factors,
Example 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cos −1 2𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
Using the function of a function rule and cos−1 (𝑥) = , Where 𝑥 2 is substituted for 2𝑥 2 ,
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2
2𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ cos−1 2𝑥2 = (4𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (2𝑥2 )2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 4𝑥4
Example 4b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin √𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Using the function of a function rule and sin−1 (𝑥) = , where 𝑥 is substituted for √𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2
𝑑 1 −1 1
√𝑥 = 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ sin √𝑥 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (√𝑥) )
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥√1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 − 𝑥2
After resolving.
Example 5
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥
Here, there exists a factor, 𝑥. The product rule is then used together with the function of a function rule in
determining the differential expression.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
(𝑥) = 1 and sin−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = ( (𝑥)) (sin−1 𝑥) + ( sin−1 𝑥) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= (sin−1 𝑥) + ( ) (𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥2
𝑥
= (sin−1 𝑥) + ( )
√1 − 𝑥2
Example 5b
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
This example cannot be solved by using sin−1 ( ) = (substituting 1 for 𝑥 and 𝑥 for 𝑎) because the form
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
𝑥
taken with this method is that is, the 𝑥 value is divided by 𝑎. The form of the example is where 𝑥 is reciprocated, that
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 1
is 1 is divided by 𝑥. So sin−1 (𝑥)= is used instead.
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 −1
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
sin−1 ( ) = ( ) (𝑑𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
−1 1
= ( 2 )( )
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
Continuing substituting (𝑥) for in
𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
−1 1
=( 2)
𝑥 1 2
√
( 1 − (𝑥 ) )
−1
=
1
𝑥2 √1 −
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1)
After resolving.
Example 6a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 1) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
(3𝑥 − 1) = 3 and sin−1 (𝑥)=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦
∴ sin (3𝑥 − 1) = 3 ( sin−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 3( ) Now 𝑥 is substituted for (3𝑥 − 1) in ( )
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
1
= 3( )
√1 − (3𝑥 − 1)2
3
=
√6𝑥 − 9𝑥 2
After resolving.
Example 6b
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec −1 ( ) Find
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 −1 𝑥 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 cosec−1 (2) = (2) ( ) Now 𝑥 is substituted for (2) in ( )
𝑥√𝑥2 −1 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2
√
(2 (2) − 1)
1 −1
=( )
2 𝑥 𝑥2
√
(2 4 − 1 )
1 −1
=( )
2 𝑥 𝑥2 − 4
√
(2 4 )
1 −2
=( )
2 2
√𝑥 − 4
(𝑥 4 )
−1
=
√ 𝑥2 − 1
(𝑥 4 )
−1
=
√𝑥2 − 4
𝑥( )
( √4 )
𝑑𝑦 −2
=( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(√𝑥2 − 4)
Example 7a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) Find
𝑑𝑥
Employing the function of a function rule where
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥 + 1) = 1 and tan−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 +1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) = ( (𝑥 + 1)) ( tan−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1( )
𝑥2 +1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiúted for (𝑥 + 1) in (𝑥2 +1)
1
=( 2 )
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2
Example 7b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(tan−1 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥2 + 1)) (tan−1 𝑥) + ( tan−1 𝑥) (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑥2 + 1) = 2𝑥 and (tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 +1
𝑑𝑦 2 1
∴ (𝑥 + 1)(tan−1 𝑥) = (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + ( 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑥) in (𝑥2 +1) ie on this occation there is no apparent change.
1
= (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + ( ) (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑥2 +1
𝑑𝑦
= (2𝑥)(tan−1 𝑥) + 1
𝑑𝑥
Example 8a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 √1 − 𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
=( )( 2 )
2√1 − 𝑥 (√1 − 𝑥) + 1
−1 1
=( )( )
2√1 − 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 1
−1 1
=( )( )
2√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 2(√1 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
Left as factors.
Example 8b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 −𝑥 1
∴ sin (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for √1 − 𝑥 2 in 𝑥 2 +1
−𝑥 1
=( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 2
√ √ 2
( 1−( 1−𝑥 ) )
−𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 √1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )
−𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 √𝑥 2
−𝑥 1
=( )( )
√ 1 − 𝑥2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
Example 9a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 5𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ (sec −1 5𝑥) = 5 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for 5𝑥 in
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
5
=
5𝑥√𝑥 4 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 5𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥4 − 1
Example 9b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥 2 Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ (sec−1 𝑥2 ) = (2𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑥 2 ) in
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
2𝑥
=
𝑥 2 √(𝑥2 )2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥4 − 1
Example 10a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (sin 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (1)(cos 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (sin 𝑥) in √
1−𝑥 2
1
= (cos 𝑥) ( )
√1 − (sin 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥
=
√1 − (sin 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
∴ = =1
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
Example 10b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 (√sin 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
sin−1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 1
∴ =( )( )
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥2
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (√sin 𝑥) in √
1−𝑥 2
cos 𝑥 1
=( )
2√sin 𝑥 2
√
( 1 − (√sin 𝑥) )
cos 𝑥
=
2√sin 𝑥 √1 − sin 𝑥
√1+sin 𝑥
There now follows a lengthy resolving sequence. First multiplying by
√1+sin 𝑥
(√1 + sin 𝑥)
=
2√(sin 𝑥)
1 1 + sin 𝑥
= ( ) (√ )
2 sin 𝑥
1 1
= ( ) (√ + 1)
2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= √1 + cosec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Example 11a
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 2 sec −1 𝑎𝑥 Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (0)(sec 𝑎𝑥) + (2)(𝑎) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (𝑎𝑥) in ( )
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (2)(𝑎) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1
2𝑎
=
𝑎𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√(𝑎𝑥)2 − 1
Example 11b
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 √𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
(√𝑥) = and tan−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ tan−1 √𝑥 = ( )( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (√𝑥) in ( )
𝑥2 +1
1 1
= ( )( )
2√𝑥 (√𝑥)2 + 1
1 1
= ( )( )
2√ 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 (2√𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)
Example 12a
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 Find
1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Here, the quotient rule is employed in finding ( ) but although the product rule would also suffice, it would
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2
result in a more complicated expression.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2(1+𝑥 2 )
( )= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 1
tan−1 (𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ (tan−1 )=( ( )) ( tan−1 (𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1
∴ (tan−1 )=( ( )) ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 +1
2𝑥 1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for (1−𝑥2 ) in 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 2(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 1
∴ =( )( )
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 2𝑥 2
( ) +1
1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
∴ (tan−1 )= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑥 2 +1
Example 12b
√1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 Find
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 √1−𝑥 2
Here the quotient rule is employed to find ( ) , resulting in
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 √1 − 𝑥 2 −1
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
𝑑 1
( tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑
∴ ( )= ( )( ( tan−1 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
=( )( 2 )
𝑥 2 √1 −𝑥 𝑥 +1
√1−𝑥 2 1
Now 𝑥 is substitiuted for ( 𝑥
) in
𝑥 2 +1
−1 1
=( ) 2
𝑥 2 √1 −𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
( ) +1
( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 −1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
Example 13a
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 Find
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑎𝑥
( )= and
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )3
𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑦
∴ (sec −1 )=( ( )) ( (sec −1 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 1
=( )( )
√(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑎 1
Now 𝑥 is substituted with ( ) in ( )
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 1
∴ =( )
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 2
𝑎 𝑎
( 2 2
) √( 2 2
) −1
( √𝑎 − 𝑥 √𝑎 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
=( )( )
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
Example 13b
𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sec −1 Find
𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 1 −4𝑥
( )= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑦 1
(sec−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑦
∴ (sec −1 )=( ( )) ( (sec −1 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
=( 2 )( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 2 +1 1
Now 𝑥 is substituted with ( ) in ( )
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
∴ =( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2 2
𝑥2 + 1 √ 𝑥2 + 1
( 2 ) ( (( 2 )) − 1)
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
( )
𝑑𝑦 −2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
After resolving
Example 14
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = sin−1 Find 𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑥 2
Employing the quotient rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥2 √(1 + 𝑥2 )3
Also
𝑑𝑦
sin−1 𝑥 = √
1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
sin−1 √
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 (√ )( (sin 𝑥)) (using the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 𝑥
=( )( ) now , the 𝑥 of ( ) is substituted for ( ) and so the expression continues
√(1+𝑥 2 )3 √1−𝑥2 √1−𝑥2 √1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 √(1 + 𝑥2 )3 2
√1 − ( 𝑥
)
( √ 1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2 After resolving.
Example 15
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = cosec −1 Find 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1
= 2 and
(2𝑥2 −1)
𝑑𝑦 1
cosec−1(𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
cosec −1 = (( ) (cosec−1 (𝑥))) (following the function of a function rule)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 1
=( 2 2
) (− )
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
1 1
At this point, the 𝑥 of − is replaced by 2𝑥2−1. Continuing,
𝑥√𝑥2 −1
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 −1
=( )
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥2 − 1)2 1 1 2
( ) (√( 2 ) − 1)
( 2𝑥 2−1 2𝑥 − 1 )
𝑑𝑦 2
= After resolving.
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
Example 16
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥) ( (tan−1 𝑥)) + ( (𝑥)) (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (𝑥) ( 2 ) + (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=( 2 ) + (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
Example 17
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (tan 𝑥)(sin−1 𝑥) Find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= (sin−1 𝑥) ( (tan 𝑥)) + (tan 𝑥) ( (sin−1 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (sin−1 𝑥)(sec 𝑥)2 + (tan 𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥
= (sin−1 𝑥)(sec 𝑥)2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
Example 18
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=( ) Find
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦= (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 1
( ) = 0 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
The chain rule is again used to find (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2 1 𝑑
= (𝑥) + (𝑥 + 𝑎2 )2 ( (𝑥 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 1 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )−2 (2𝑥)
2
2𝑥
=1+
2√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥
=1+
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑑 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Substituting in
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
= { ( )} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + { (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )} { }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑥 1
= {0} {𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 } + {( )} { }
𝑑𝑥 2
√𝑥 + 𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Section 7
Note
Hereafter, the term for differential co-efficient will be denoted 𝑓´(𝑦) and
The exponential constant is denoted 𝑒 and has an unending, non repeating value of
2.7182818284590452353602874713527……
𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
ln 𝑥 1
𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 1
𝑥 ln 𝑎
log10 𝑥 1
𝑥 ln 10
Example 1
2
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑓´(3𝑥 2 ) = 6𝑥
2 2
∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 3𝑥 ) = (𝑒 3𝑥 )(6𝑥)
Example 2
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1
From the table of differential coeffients for 𝑒, 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) =
𝑥
1
Now the 𝑥 of of the differential formula is substituted for 𝑥 2 (from the 𝑦 expression). Continuing,
𝑥
1
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = ( ) (𝑓´(𝑥 2 ))
𝑥2
1
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = ( ) (2𝑥)
𝑥2
2
𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑥
Example 3
𝑥2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
√𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2
𝑦 = ln ( ) = ln 𝑥 2 − ln (√𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 − 1
1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2
So now,
𝑥2 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´ ln ( ) = 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
√𝑥 2 − 1
1
2
From example 1, we already know 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) = . Continuing in the same format but with 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 ), that is
𝑥
1
using , 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = ,
𝑥
1 1
1 1 1
𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 ) = ( 1 ) (𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 )) where the (𝑥) of in 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = has now been substituted
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 2 −1)2
1
with (𝑥 2 − 1)2
1 1
1 1
=( 1 ) ( ) (𝑥 2 − 1)−2 (2𝑥) Employing the function of a function rule for 𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
2
(𝑥 2 −1)2
1 2𝑥
=( 1) ( 1)
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 2(𝑥 2 − 1)2
𝑥
=
𝑥2 −1
1
𝑥2
Now returning to the main calculation 𝑓´ ln ( ) = 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑓´ (ln(𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
√𝑥 2 −1
1
2 𝑥
and substituting 𝑓´(ln 𝑥 2 ) for and 𝑓´ ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 ) for
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2 2 𝑥
𝑓´ ln ( )=( )−( 2 )
√𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 𝑥 −1
2(𝑥 2 − 1) − 𝑥 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
2𝑥 2 − 2 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑥2 − 2
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
∴ 𝒇´ 𝐥𝐧 ( )=
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)
Example 4
In part,
Example 5
𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑓´(5𝑥) = 5
∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 5𝑒 5𝑥
Example 6
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑥 1
𝑓´ ( ) =
2 2
𝑥 1 𝑥
∴ 𝑓´ (𝑒 2 ) = 𝑒 2
2
Example 7
𝑦 = 𝑒 √𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1 −1
𝑓´(√𝑥) = 𝑥 2
2
1 1
∴ 𝑓´(𝑒 √𝑥 ) = 𝑒 √𝑥 ( 𝑥 −2 )
2
𝑒 √𝑥
𝑓´(𝑒 √𝑥 ) = ( )
2√ 𝑥
Example 8
𝑓´(−2𝑥) = −2
Example 9
5𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒− 2 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
5𝑥 5
𝑓´ (− )=−
2 2
5𝑥 5 5𝑥
∴ 𝑓´ (𝑒 − 2 ) = − 𝑒 − 2
2
Example 10
𝑓´(5 − 2𝑥) = −2
Example 11
𝑓 ′ (−𝑝𝑥) = −𝑝
Example 11
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑎 ) = 𝑒𝑎
𝑎
Example 12
𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) ) = 𝑎𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑦=
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Find 𝑓′(𝑦) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 1 −𝑥
2 = 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 1 1
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
2 2 2 2
Using the product rule, 1 1
𝑓 ′ ( 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 1 1
∴ 𝑓′ ( ) = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑓′( )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 0
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓′ ( )=
2 2
Example 14
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 1 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑓′( )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1
𝑓′ ( ) = ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )) + 0
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓′ ( )=
2 2
Example 15
2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑓´(𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥
2 2 2
𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ) = (𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Example 16
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
Example 17
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
Using the product rule,
𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑥 + 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
Example 18
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑓´(𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)
Example 19
𝑓′(𝑦) = (𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥 + 4) + 1)
𝑓′(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 5)
Example 20
Example 21
Example 22
𝑦 = 2𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
Example 23
Example 24
Example 25
Example 26
Example 27
Example 28
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑏𝑥 )(ln 𝑎)(2𝑏𝑥)
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (2𝑏𝑥)(𝑎𝑏𝑥 )(ln 𝑎) (Rearranging)
Example 29
Example 30
Example 31
𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) (𝑓′( ))
𝑎
𝑎
𝑎 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
𝑥 𝑎
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥
Example 32
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2
) (𝑓′(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2
) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) ln 10
𝑦 = ln(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
Example 33
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (ln 𝑥) = and the chain rule,
𝑥
1
𝑓′(𝑦) ( 2 ) (𝑓′(𝑥 2 ))
𝑥
2𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = =
𝑥2 𝑥
Example 34
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 3 ) 𝑓′(𝑥 3 + 3)
𝑥 +3
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 3 ) (3𝑥 2 )
𝑥 +3
3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥3 + 3
Example 35
𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑥) ( ) + (log 𝑥)(1)
𝑥
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) + log 𝑥
𝑥 ln 10
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 1 + log 𝑥
Example 36
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
𝑝
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
Example 37
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(sin 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cot 𝑥)
Example 38
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (− sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
− sin 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (− tan 𝑥)
Example 39
𝑎+𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎−𝑥
1 𝑎+𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = ( ))
𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 2𝑎
𝑓′( ) is found using the quotient rule ∴ 𝑓 ′ ( ) = (𝑎−𝑥)2
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑎 + 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑎−𝑥
𝑎−𝑥
𝑎−𝑥 2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑎 + 𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)2
1 2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
2𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
Example 40
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = and the chain rule, (where 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ))
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Example 41
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′ (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (1 + )
2
𝑥 + √𝑥 + 1 2
√𝑥 + 1
1 √𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 1
Example 42
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (1 + √𝑥) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(ln(1 + √𝑥)),
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥) − ( ) 𝑓′(1 + √𝑥)
1+√𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 −2 ) − ( ) ( 𝑥 −2 )
2 1 + √𝑥 2
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )−( )( )
2√𝑥 1 + √ 𝑥 2√ 𝑥
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )−( )
2√𝑥 2√𝑥+2𝑥
2√𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2√𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2√𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2√𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)
1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 √𝑥(2√𝑥 + 2𝑥)
1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (2𝑥 + 2𝑥 √𝑥)
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (𝑥 + 𝑥 √𝑥)
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 𝑥(1 + √𝑥)
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )
2 (1 + √𝑥)
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
2(1 + √𝑥)
Example 43
𝑥
𝑦 = ln (tan ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
2
1 𝑥 𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (tan ) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(ln (tan )),
𝑥 2 2
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ′
𝑥 ) 𝑓 (tan 2)
tan
2
1 1 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 ( ) (1 + (tan ) )
tan 2
2
𝑥 2
1+(tan2) There now follows a long identity
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) resolving process.
2 tan
2
𝑥 2
(sec )
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 tan
2
2
1
( 𝑥)
cos
𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
= 2
𝑥
sin ( )
2( 2 )
𝑥
cos ( )
2
2
1
( 𝑥)
cos
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 sin ( )
2
𝑥
cos ( )
2
1
𝑥
cos 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 sin ( )
2
𝑥
cos ( )
2
𝑥
cos(2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 1 𝑥
( 𝑥)(2 sin( 2))
cos2 2
Example 44
𝑦 = ln √𝑥 2 + 1 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (√𝑥 2 + 1) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(√𝑥 2 + 1),
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥 2 + 1)
2
√𝑥 + 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓 ′ (√𝑥 2 + 1)
2
√𝑥 + 1
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
2 2
√𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1
𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥2 + 1
Example 45
𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑥
1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′( ),
𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥
1 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´ ( )
𝑒𝑥 √𝑥
√𝑥
√𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) 𝑓´ (𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 −2 )
𝑒
√𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) (𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 −2 ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒
√𝑥 1 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) ((𝑒 𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + (− 𝑥 −2 ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒 2
√𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥
) ((𝑒 𝑥 ) ( ) − ( ) (𝑒 𝑥 ))
𝑒 √ 𝑥 2√𝑥 3
√𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) (( ) − ( ))
𝑒𝑥 √𝑥 2√𝑥 3
√𝑥 (2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑒𝑥 2√𝑥 3
√𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑒𝑥 2√𝑥 3
2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2𝑥
Example 46
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 ),
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑒
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) {𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 4𝑥 )} + {𝑒 4𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 )}
𝑥 𝑒
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) (𝑥 2 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑒
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 2 4𝑥 ) 4𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑥 𝑒
4𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 𝑒 4𝑥
4(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2
4𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = + 2
𝑥2 𝑥
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 4 +
𝑥
4𝑥 + 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥
2(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥
Example 47
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑥
With this example, either the quotient or product rule could be used. If the product rule is used then rewriting,
1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 −2 )
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑓′(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )) (𝑥 −2 ) + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥 −2 )) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
1 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) (𝑥 −2 ) + (𝑓 ′ (− 𝑥 −2 )) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
2
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) ( ) + (− ) (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
√𝑥 2√𝑥 3
𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) + (− )
√𝑥 2√𝑥 3
2𝑥𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 3
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (2𝑎𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 3
Example 49
𝑦 = ln(√sin 𝑥) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (√sin 𝑥) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(√sin 𝑥),
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(√sin 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(sin 𝑥)2
√sin 𝑥
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( ) (sin 𝑥)−2 (cos 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2
1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( )( ) (cos 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2 √sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2 sin 𝑥
cot 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2
Example 50
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
First, 𝑥 𝑥 has to be expressed as a power of 𝑒. This is accomplished by using the log rule 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑏 ln 𝑎 where
𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Using the chain rule for 𝑓´(𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) and the chain rule for 𝑓′(𝑥 ln 𝑥),
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥 ln 𝑥)
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = (𝟏) 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + ( ) 𝒙
𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) = (𝐥𝐧 𝒙) + 𝟏
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥) Replacing (𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ) with (𝑥 𝑥 ).
Example 51
1
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = , where 𝑥 = (√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1) and the chain rule (for 𝑓′(√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1),
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) {𝑓´(√𝑥 − 1) + 𝑓´(√𝑥 + 1)}
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1
1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) { (𝑥 − 1)−2 + (𝑥 + 1)−2 }
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1 2 2
1 1
+
′ (𝑦) 2√𝑥 − 1 2√𝑥 + 1
𝑓 =( )
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1
√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 1
2(√𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
√𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 + 1
( )
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
2√𝑥 2 − 1
Example 52
𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
1+𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑒𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ) and the quotient rule,
𝑥 1+𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑒 1 + 𝑒𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) ( )
𝑒 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑥
Example 53
1
Using the product rule for 𝑓 ′ (sin 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)) for 𝑓 ′ (ln(sin 𝑥))
𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇′ (𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = ((𝐬𝐢𝐧 ) (𝒇′ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)) = ( ) (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (cos 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥) ( ) (cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥
Example 54
√𝑎+√𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
√𝑎−√𝑥
1 √𝑎+√𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( )) and the quotient rule for
𝑥 √𝑎−√𝑥
1 √𝑎 + √ 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓¨ ( )
√𝑎 + √𝑥 √𝑎 − √ 𝑥
( √𝑎 − √𝑥 )
√𝑎 − √𝑥 √𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( 2)
√𝑎 + √𝑥 √𝑥(√𝑎 − √𝑥)
√𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
√𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥)
Example 55
Example 56
2
𝑦 = 𝑎3𝑥 Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
Example 57
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣(𝑑𝑥 )−𝑢(𝑑𝑥)
Using the quotient rule, 𝑓′(𝑦) =
𝑣2
4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = After resolving.
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
Example 58
1
Using 𝑓′(sin−1 (𝑥)) = (where 𝑥 = ln 𝑥) and the product rule,
√1−𝑥 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓′(ln 𝑥)
√1 − (ln 𝑥)2
11
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
√1 − (ln 𝑥)2 𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑥√1 − (ln 𝑥)2
Example 59
−1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓´(𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
√ 1
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 ) )
−1
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
1
√
( 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
√1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
Example 60
Example 61
Example 62
𝑥 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑦)
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 −2 ) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝑓 ′ (− ) = (𝑒 −2 ) (− ) = − 𝑒 −2
2 2 2
and
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) = 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝑓 ′ (sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) + {𝑓′(𝑒 −2 )} (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2
𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑥 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) + (− 𝑒 −2 ) (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑥 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = (𝑒 −2 ) 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) − ( 𝑒 −2 ) (sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
𝑥 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑒 −2 (−𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + ) + sin (𝜋𝑥 + ))
2 2 2
𝑥 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −𝑒 −2 {( sin (𝜋𝑥 + )) − 𝜋 cos (𝜋𝑥 + )}
2 2 2
Example 63
𝑥
𝑦 = ln Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
1 𝑥 𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = (where 𝑥 = ( )) and the quotient rule for ( ),
𝑥 𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑎
𝑓′ ( )=
2
𝑎 − √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 (−𝑎 + √𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
2
1 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓′ ( )
𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 − √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )( )
𝑥 (−𝑎 + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )(√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑎2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = − ( )
𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
Example 64
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) Find 𝑓′(𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
Using 𝑓 ′ (sin−1 𝑥) = where 𝑥 = ( ) and the quotient rule for ( ) where
√1−𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 4
𝑓′ ( 𝑥 −𝑥
)= 𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑓′ ( )
𝑒 −𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
√
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) )
1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
− 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√
( 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) )
1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( )
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√1 −
( (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2− (𝑒 𝑥
− 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
√
( (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
√(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
( √(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
√(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ((𝑒 𝑥 )
√(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2 −(𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = ( ) ( 𝑥 )
2 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑦) =
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Example 65
First, (sin 𝑥)(tan 𝑥) has to be expressed as a power of 𝑒. This is accomplished by using the log rule 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑏 ln 𝑎
where
𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ){(𝑓´(tan 𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + ((𝑓´(ln(sin 𝑥)))(tan 𝑥))}
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ) = (𝑒 (tan 𝑥)(ln(sin 𝑥)) ){(1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥))(ln(sin 𝑥)) + 1}
Section 8
1
the curve of 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) is called the hyperbolic sine.
2
The hyperbolic cosine is shortened to cosh 𝑥 (pronounced “cosh x”) and the hyperbolic sine is shortened to sinh 𝑥
(pronounced “shine x”).
1
cosh 𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
1 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 Pronnounced “coth”
coth 𝑥 = = 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
sinh2 𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 − 1
cosh2 𝑥 = 1 + sinh2 𝑥
Osborn’s Rule
Osborn’s rule is a rule for converting a trigonometric identity into a corresponding hyperbolic one. The rule states that
one replaces every occurrence of sine or cosine with the corresponding hyperbolic sine or cosine, and wherever one has
a product of two sines, the product of the hyperbolic sines must be negated.
Identities involving other trigonometric functions must be written in terms of sine and cosine first for this rule to be
reliably applied.
Function Differential
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 1
= sech2 𝑥
cosh2 𝑥
csch 𝑥 (− csch 𝑥)(coth 𝑥)
sech 𝑥 −(sech 𝑥)(tanh 𝑥)
coth 𝑥 −(csch 𝑥)2
Function Differential
sinh−1 𝑥 1
√𝑥 2 + 1
cosh−1 𝑥 1
√𝑥 2 − 1
tanh −1
𝑥 1
1 − 𝑥2
csch−1 𝑥 −1
𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2
sech −1
𝑥 −1
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
coth −1
𝑥 −1
2
𝑥 −1
𝑥 1
sinh−1
𝑎 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑥 1
cosh−1
𝑎 √𝑥 2− 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑎
tanh−1
𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
tanh−1 𝑥 1 1+𝑥
(ln ( ))
2 1−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
sinh−1 ln ( )
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
cosh−1 ln ( )
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
tanh−1 (ln ( ))
𝑎 2 𝑎−𝑥
Example 1
𝑥
𝑦 = sinh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2
𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (sinh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
2 2
𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (cosh ) ( )
2 2
1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh
2 2
Example 2
Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with 2𝑥) and 𝑓´(2𝑥) = 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 cosh 2𝑥
Example 3
𝑥
𝑦 = cosh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
3
𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule, where 𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
3 3 3
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (cosh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
3 3
𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (sinh ) ( )
3 3
1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sinh
3 3
Example 4
1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with 𝑎𝑥) and 𝑓´(𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎
cosh2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎 sech2 𝑎𝑥
Example 5
𝑥
𝑦 = tanh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
4
1 𝑥 𝑥 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) =
cosh2 𝑥 4 4 4
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´ (tanh )) (𝑓´ ( ))
4 4
𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (sech2 ) ( )
4 4
1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sech2
4 4
Example 6
Example 7
1
𝑦 = sinh Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑥
1 1 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 (𝑥 is substituted with ) and 𝑓´ ( ) = −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)) (𝑓´ ( ))
𝑥
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (cosh ) (− 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = − cosh
𝑥2 𝑥
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑎 cosh(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Example 11
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑓´(cosh 2𝑥 2 )(𝑓´(2𝑥 2 ) For the 𝒇´(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) part, use 𝒇´ (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 and replace 𝒙 with
𝟐𝒙𝟐 becoming 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙𝟐 then multiply by 𝒇´(𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑥
Example 12
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑓´(sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛 )(𝑓´(sinh 𝑎𝑥)) 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒇´(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒂𝒙) 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝒇´(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 and replace 𝒙 with 𝒂𝒙 then
multiply by 𝒇´(𝒂𝒙)
𝑓´(𝑦) = (𝑛(sinh 𝑎𝑥)𝑛−1 )(𝑎 cosh 𝑎𝑥)
Example 13 or 𝑓
𝑓´(𝑦) = cosh 2𝑥
Example 14
Example 16
1 1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = substituting 𝑥 for tanh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = = sech2 𝑥,
𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
tanh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
Alternativly,
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
tanh 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
reducing by multiplying by ,
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
1 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = (2) ( )
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sinh 2𝑥
Example 17
𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
Example 18
1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(ln 𝑥) = substituting 𝑥 for cosh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(cosh 𝑥) = sinh 𝑥,
𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (sinh 𝑥)
cosh 𝑥
sinh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = tanh 𝑥
Example 19
Using the product rule where 𝑓´(𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑓´(sinh 3𝑥) = 3 cosh 3𝑥
Example 20
1
Using the chain rule and 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) Where 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 and 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥) = (cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)
𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥)
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 1
Example 21
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { (sinh 𝑥)−2 } {cosh 𝑥}
2
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2√sinh 𝑥
Example 23
1+tanh 𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1−tanh 𝑥
1 1+tanh 𝑥 1+tanh 𝑥
Using the chain rule and 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) Where 𝑥 = ( ) and the quotient rule for 𝑓´ ( )
𝑥 1−tanh 𝑥 1−tanh 𝑥
1 1 + tanh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (𝑓´ ( ))
1 + tanh 𝑥 1 − tanh 𝑥
1 − tanh 𝑥
1 − tanh 𝑥 2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
1 + tanh 𝑥 (1 − tanh 𝑥)2
2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(1 + tanh 𝑥)(1 − tanh 𝑥)
2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − tanh2 𝑥
2 sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2
Example 24
𝑥 1
Using 𝑓´ (sinh−1 = ) (𝑎 is replaced by 2)
𝑎 √𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 22
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 +4
Example 26
𝑥
𝑦 = cosh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
5
𝑥 1
Using 𝑓´ (cosh−1 ( ) = ) (𝑎 is replaced by 5)
𝑎 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 52
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 25
Example 27
1−𝑥
𝑦 = sinh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥
1 1−𝑥 1−𝑥
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (sinh−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by( ) ) and using the quotient rule for 𝑓´ ( )
√𝑥 2 +1 1+𝑥 1+𝑥
1−𝑥 −2
𝑓´ ( ) = (𝑥+1)2
1+𝑥
1 1−𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ ( )}
2 1+𝑥
√ 1−𝑥
{ (1 + 𝑥 ) + 1 }
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√ − 2𝑥 + 1
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 1)
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + + 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥
𝑥2 + 1)2
√
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 )
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
+2 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√
( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
√
( (𝑥 + 1)2 )
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
√2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
2
( √(𝑥 + 1) )
1 −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
√2𝑥 2
+2 (𝑥 + 1)2
( (𝑥 + 1) )
(𝑥 + 1) −2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
√2𝑥 2 +2 (𝑥 + 1)2
−2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(𝑥 + 1)√2𝑥 2 + 2
−2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(𝑥 + 1)√2(𝑥 2 + 1)
Example 28
1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (sinh−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by(tan 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(tan 𝑥) = 1 + Tan2 (𝑥)
√𝑥 2 +1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tan 𝑥)}
√tan2 𝑥+1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥)}
√tan2 𝑥+1
1 + Tan2 (𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }
√tan2 𝑥 + 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = √tan2 𝑥 + 1
Example 29
1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by (sinh 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(sinh 𝑥) = cosh 𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sinh 𝑥)}
sinh2𝑥+1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {cosh 𝑥}
sinh2 𝑥 + 1
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
sinh2 𝑥+1
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙
cosh2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cosh 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sech 𝑥
Example 30
1
Using the chain rule with 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥 = ) (𝑥 is replaced by(sin 𝑥) ) and 𝑓´(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
1−𝑥 2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sin 𝑥)}
1 − sin2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {cos 𝑥}
1 − sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1−sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = Since 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
cos 2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
cos 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sec 𝑥
Example 31
1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(sin−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is replaced by tanh 𝑥) and 𝑓´(tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥.
√1−𝑥 2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)}
√1 − 𝑥 2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(tanh 𝑥)}
√1 − tanh2 𝑥
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {sech2 𝑥}
√1 − tanh2 𝑥
sech2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1−tanh2 𝑥
Replacing 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 using the identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙
1−tanh2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1−tanh2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = √1 − tanh2 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = sech 𝑥
Example 32
1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(cosh−1 (𝑥)) = (𝑥 is replaced by sec 𝑥) and 𝑓´(sec 𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥).
√𝑥 2 −1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´(sec 𝑥)}
√𝑥 2 −1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)}
√sec 2 𝑥−1
𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥) Tan(𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√sec2 𝑥−1 Using the identity 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐(𝑥)
Example 33
2𝑥
𝑦 = tanh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥 2
1 2𝑥
Using the chain rule and quotient rule, where 𝑓´ (tanh−1 (𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with )
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´ ( ) =
1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1
𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) =
1 − 𝑥2
1 2𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) (𝑓´ (1 ))
2𝑥 + 𝑥2
1−( )
1 + 𝑥2
1 2−2𝑥 2 1 2𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2𝑥 2
) ((1+𝑥 2)2) Replacing 𝑥 of ( ) with( )
1−𝑥2 1+𝑥2
1−( )
1+𝑥2
1 2−2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 4𝑥2
) ((1+𝑥 2 )2)
1− 2
(1+𝑥2 )
1 2−2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) ((1+𝑥 2 )2)
(1+𝑥2 ) −4𝑥2
2
(1+𝑥2 )
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) ( )
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 − 4𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 − 4𝑥 2
2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 4𝑥 2
2 − 2𝑥 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1
2(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
−2(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
−2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑥2 −1
−2 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥 2 − 1 −1
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − 𝑥2
Example 34
1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(cosh−1 𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with (4𝑥 + 1) and 𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1) = 4,
√𝑥 2 −1
1
𝑓´(cosh−1 𝑥) =
√𝑥 2 −1
𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1) = 4,
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) 𝑓´(4𝑥 + 1)
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( ) (4)
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1
4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√(4𝑥 + 1)2 − 1
4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1 − 1
4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√16𝑥 2 + 8𝑥
4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√4(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
4
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2√(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√2𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)
Example 35
1 2(1+2𝑥 2 )
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´ sinh−1 (𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with (2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 ) and 𝑓´(2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ,
√𝑥 2 +1 √1+𝑥 2
For full calculation steps for 𝒇´(𝟐𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) see example 4 of section Differentiation with the Function
Within a Function Rule (Chain Rule)
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ (2𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 )}
2
√ 2
{ (2𝑥√1 + 𝑥 ) + 1}
1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
√4𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
√4𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
1 2(1+2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ } 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
√((1+2𝑥 2 )2 ) √1+𝑥 2
1 2(1 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { }
(1 + 2𝑥 2 ) √1 + 𝑥 2
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√1 + 𝑥 2
Example 36
1
𝑦 = tanh−1 ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
1+𝑥
1 1 1 −1
Using the chain rule where 𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) = then replacing 𝑥 with ( ) and 𝑓´ ( ) = (1+𝑥)2 (quotient rule)
1−𝑥 2 1+𝑥 1+𝑥
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 ) 𝑓´ (1 )
1 +𝑥
1−( )
1+𝑥
1 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
1 (1 + 𝑥)2
1−
(1 + 𝑥)2
1 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 )( )
(1 + 𝑥) − 1 (1 + 𝑥)2
(1 + 𝑥)2
(1 + 𝑥)2 −1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( )
(1 + 𝑥) − 1 (1 + 𝑥)2
2
−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
(1 + 𝑥)2 − 1
−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 2 )
𝑥 + 2𝑥
−1
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
Example 37
1 1
𝑓´(𝑦) = +
𝑥2 + 1 1 − 𝑥2
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑓´(𝑦) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)(1 − 𝑥 2 )
2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
1 − 𝑥4
Example 38
𝑥
𝑦 = tanh−1 (tan ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2
1 𝑥
𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is substituted for (tan )
1−𝑥 2 2
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓´ (tan ) = {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )}
2 2 2
𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(tanh−1 𝑥)} {𝑓´ (tan )}
2
1 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { {1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )}}
𝑥 2 2 2
1 − (tan )
2
𝑥
1 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = { 2 }
𝑥 }{ 2
1 − tan2 ( )
2
𝑥
1 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { 2}
2 𝑥 2
1 − tan ( )
2
𝑥
1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 − 2tan2 ( )
2
𝑥
sec 2 ( )
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2
𝑥
2 (1 − tan2 ( ))
2
1 𝑥
(sec2 (2))
2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥 There now follows a lengthy simplification.
(1−tan2 ( ))
2
1 1 𝟏
( ) 𝒙 𝟏
2 cos2(𝑥)
2
Since 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⇒ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟐) = 𝒙
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( )
𝟐
1−tan2 ( )
2
(𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙) 𝟏
1 1 Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙)
( ) 𝟐 𝟐
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
𝑥 ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
1 − tan2 ( ) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
2
1 1 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
( )
2 1(1+cos 𝑥)
2
Since 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(𝑓´𝑦) = 𝑥
sin2( 2)
1− 𝑥
cos2( 2) 𝒙
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( )
𝟐
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 ( ) = 𝒙
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ( )
𝟐
𝟏
Since 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥) Also
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1
(1 − cos 𝑥)
1−2 1
𝟏
Since 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( ) = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 ( )) = (𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 Now all trig functions have been simplified to a single
(1 (1
2 + cos 𝑥) − 2 − cos 𝑥) function ie cos x.
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
(2 + 2 cos 𝑥) − (2 − 2 cos 𝑥)
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
2 + 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 + 2 cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
1 1 1 1
2 − 2 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
1 1
( )
2 1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = 2
cos 𝑥
1
(1 + cos 𝑥)
2
1
1 1 (1 + cos 𝑥)
(𝑓´𝑦) = ( ( )) (2 )
2 1 (1 + cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥
2
1
(𝑓´𝑦) =
2 cos 𝑥
1
(𝑓´𝑦) = sec 𝑥
2
Example 39
𝑥
𝑦 = tan−1 (tanh ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2
1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
Using the chain rule, 𝑓´ (tan−1 𝑥) = (𝑥 is replaced with (tanh ) ) and 𝑓´ (tanh ) = sech2
𝑥 2 +1 2 2 2 2
𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´(tan−1 𝑥)} {𝑓´ (tanh )}
2
1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } { sech2 } (The 𝑥 of is now replaced with (tanh ) )
𝑥 2 +1 2 2 𝑥 2 +1 2
1 1 𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = { 𝑥 } { sech2 }
tanh2 +1 2 2
2
1 𝑥
sech2
𝑓´(𝑦) = 2 𝑥 2
tanh2 + 1
2
𝑥
1 sech2 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 )
2 tanh2 +1
2
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙
𝑥
1 1−tanh2 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) 𝒙 𝒙
2 tanh2 +1
2 ∴ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥
sinh2 2
1− 𝒙
1 2
cosh 2
𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 ) Since 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒙
2 sinh2 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐
1+ 𝟐
𝑥
cosh2 2
𝑥 𝑥
cosh2 − sinh2
2 2
cosh 2𝑥
1 2
𝑓´(𝑦) =
2 cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2 2
cosh 2𝑥
( 2 )
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
1 cosh 2 − sinh 2 cosh2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )( 2
2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥)
cosh2 cosh2 + sinh2
2 2 2
2𝑥 2𝑥
1 cosh 2 − sinh 2
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( )
2 cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
2 2
𝒙 𝒙
1 1 Since 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝑓´(𝑦) = ( 𝑥 𝑥 )
2 cosh2 +sinh2
2 2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥
2
Example 40
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑎
1
Using 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) and the chain rule,
𝑥
𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
1 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 For the full calculation of 𝑓´ ( 𝑎 ) see Example 5 of
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´ ( )}
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 the section Differentiation with the Function Within a
𝑎
Function Rule (Chain Rule).
𝑎 𝑥+ √𝑥 2
+ 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
𝑥+ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎√𝑥 + 𝑎2
2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Example 41
𝑥+√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
𝑎
1
Using 𝑓´ (ln 𝑥 = ) and the chain rule,
𝑥
1 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { } {𝑓´ ( )}
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑓´(𝑦) = { }{ }
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
1
𝑓´(𝑦) =
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
Example 42
1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑦 = ln ( ) Find 𝑓´(𝑦)
2 𝑎−𝑥
1 𝑎+𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
𝑓´(𝑦) = {𝑓´ ( )} {ln ( )} + { } {𝑓´ ( )}
2 𝑎−𝑥 2 𝑎−𝑥
1 2𝑎
𝑓´(𝑦) = 0 + { } {𝑓´ ( 2 )}
2 𝑎 − 𝑥2
𝑎
𝑓´(𝑦) =
𝑎2 − 𝑥2
Example 1
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic Form of sinh−1
2
𝑥
The Logarithmic Form of sinh−1 𝑥 is ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of sinh−1 = ln ( + √( ) + 1)
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥2
= ln ( + √ + 1)
2 4
𝑥 𝑥2 + 4
= ln ( + √ )
2 4
𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( + )
2 √4
𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( + )
2 2
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 4
= ln ( )
2
Example 2
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of cosh−1
3
𝑥
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 𝑥 is ± ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 = ± ln ( + √( ) − 1)
3 3 3
𝑥 𝑥2
= ± ln ( + √ − 1)
3 9
𝑥 𝑥2 − 9
= ± ln ( + √ )
3 9
𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( + )
3 √9
𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( + )
3 3
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 9
= ± ln ( The convention is that only the positive sign is recognised. )
3
Example 3
2𝑥
Find the Logarithmic Form of sinh−1
3
2𝑥
The Logarithmic Form of sinh−1 𝑥 is ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
3
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of sinh−1 = ln ( + √( ) + 1)
3 3 3
2𝑥 4𝑥 2
= ln ( +√ + 1)
3 9
2𝑥 4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( +√ )
3 9
2𝑥 √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( + )
3 √9
2𝑥 √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( + )
3 3
2𝑥 + √4𝑥 2 + 9
= ln ( )
3
Example 4
3𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of cosh−1
2
3𝑥
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 𝑥 is ± ln(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1). Substituting 𝑥 for ,
2
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 2
The Logarithmic form of cosh−1 = ± ln ( + √( ) − 1)
2 2 2
3𝑥 9𝑥 2
= ± ln ( +√ − 1)
2 4
3𝑥 9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( +√ )
2 4
3𝑥 √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( + )
2 √4
3𝑥 √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( + )
2 2
3𝑥 + √9𝑥 2 − 4
= ± ln ( ) The convention is that only the positive sign is recognised.
2
Example 5
𝑥
Find the Logarithmic form of tanh−1
4
𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
The Logarithmic form of tanh−1 is (ln ( )) . Substituting 𝑎 for 4,
𝑎 2 𝑎−𝑥
𝑥 1 4+𝑥
The logarithmic form of tanh−1 = ln ( )
4 2 4−𝑥
A graphical view of hyperbolic functions.
A graphical view of inverse hyperbolic functions.