HISTORY OF VIROLOGY
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1. Charles Chamberland
- France, 1884
- Chamberland filter; had pores
smaller than bacteria
2. Dmitry Ivanovsky
- Russia, 1892
- discovered TMV using Chamberland
filter
3. Martinus Beijerinck
- Dutch, 1898
- TMV multiplied in living cells only
- “contagium vivum fluidum” (soluble
living germ) and reintroduced the word virus
4. Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
- Germany, 1931
- invented electron microscope
5. Wendell Meredith Stanley
- America, 1935
- Examined TMV and saw it was made
of mostly protein particles
6. Wendell Stanley and Max Lauffer
- 1939; separated the virus into protein
and RNA pairs
BACTERIOPHAGE - virus that infects bacteria
- attacks and replicates within a bacterium
- aka phage or bacterial virus
- Frederick W. Twort (1915); Felix d’Herelle
(1917)
VIRAL REPLICATION CYCLES
1. Lytic Cycle (AESAR)
- main cycle for viral replication
A - attachment to host cell
E - entry and degradation of host genetic
material
S - synthesis of viral genomes & proteins
A - assembly of new viral proteins
R - release of new viral particles (lysis)
Burst size - number of viruses that a virus can
produce before the host cell bursts
e.
SARS, Influenza, Rabies, AIDS mode of HIV,
TMV
2. Lysogenic Cycle (AEIM)
- viruses using lysogenic cycle are
called prophage or provirus
A - attachment to host cell
E - entry without degradation
I - integration using integrase enzyme
M - mitosis
Prophage - virus under lysogenic cycle
* Stress or exposure to heat or UV is the
stimulus of shifting from lysogenic to lytic
cycle
e.g
Herpes, HIV, Hepa B, Varicella Zoster Virus
(chickenpox)
BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION
- David Baltimore, 1971, a nobel prize-
winning biologist
- groups designated by roman numerals
- places virus into one of seven groups
- Combination of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA),
sense (+/-), strandedness (single/double),
method of replication
Class I - dsDNA
Class II - ssDNA (Parvovirus)
Class III - dsRNA
Class IV - (+) ssRNA
Class V - (-) ssRNA
Class VI - reverse RNA
Class VII - reverse DNA (Hepadnavirus)
*no helical shaped in DNA viruses
*Herpes, Hepadna, Pox - ENVELOPED
*Pox - icosahedral
*Papova - circularly arranged, the rest are
linear
I. Adenovirus
Mode of transmission: direct inoculation to
conjunctiva, fecal-oral route, airborne,
exposure to infected tissue or blood
- 1950s; isolated from adenoid tissue derived
culture
- pathology: many dieseases but self limiting
- 8 genera:
- Aviadenovirus (birds)
 - Mastadenovirus (mammals) - Most infections are mild, self limiting and
- Baltimore classification: sublicinical
- Class I - 2 to 5% of respiratory infections, especially
- double stranded DNA in childhood
- Icosahedral - 2nd to Rotavirus in terms of causing
- Non-enveloped childhood gastroenteritis
- replication site: nucleus
- 252 capsomers II. Herpesvirus
- 70-90 nm - Greek word “herpein” which means to creep
- latent recurring infection
A. Acute Respiratory Syndrome - chronic, recurrent and reactivating infection
- Adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6 (rarely 3 - Baltimore classification:
and 7) - Class I
- self limiting - dsDNA
- signs and symptoms: prolonged fevers, - icosahedral
leukocytosis, increased CRP and ESR - enveloped
- fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat (3-5 - linear
days) - 150 to 200 nm
- otitis media, tonsillitis - 162 capsomers
- conjunctivitis + bronchitis suggests - replication site: nucleus
adenovirus infection
8 out of 100 significant genera
B. Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
- Adenovirus serotypes 3, 4, and 7 1. HSV 1
- school age children 2. HSV 2
- self limited to 5 days 3. Varicella Zoster
- summer camps, swimming in infected water 4. Epstein-Barr
- fever, sore throat, sore eyes 5. Cytomegalovirus
6. Human Herpes Virus (HH6 and HH7)
C. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis 7. Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Virus
- Adenovirus serotypes 8, 19, and 37 (KSAV)
- highly contagious
- transmission: household contacts via HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
fomites and hands
- incubation period is 8 days (onset of HSV-1 - above the waist infections
unilateral red eye to both eyes) • Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
- photophobia, tearing and pain indicates • age: 6 months to 5 years
corneal involvement • MOT: infected saliva
• incubation: 3-6 days
D. Acute Hemorrhagic Cystitis • symptoms subside in 2 weeks
- serotypes 11 and 21 • s/sx: fever, anorexia, gingivitis,
- age: 5-15 y/o; immunosuppressed adults vesicular lesions, perioral skin
- BOYS are more prone involvement
- Hematuria: limited to 3 days
- Signs and symptoms: dysuria, hematuria, • HSV Epithelial Keratitis/Corneal Ulcer
frequency of urination • dendritic ulcer occurence if caused
by HSV
E. Gastroenteritis
- serotypes 40 and 41 HSV-2 - below the waist infections
- 2nd common cause of infantile diarrhea - may last up to 3 weeks (average: 3-7 days)
- watery diarrhea (1-2 weeks) and fever - Primary Genital Herpes
- Women: inflamed and edematous vaginal
Epidemiology mucosa, dysuria, cervicitis, herpetic vesicles
- Reservoir: humans on genitalia
- Geography: worldwide
- Time period: throughout the year
- Men: herpetic vesicle, ulceration, urethritis,
severe dysuria EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS
- TREATMENT: both sexual partners involved - Acute Infectious Mononucleosis (late 19th
century; causes extreme lymph node
swelling)
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS - oncogenic; humans only
- Acute Glandular Fever
- Causative agent of chicken pox and - “kissing disease”
shingles (Herpes Zoster virus) - occurs in oropharyngeal secretions
- may lead to Burkitt’s lymphoma (cancer-
CHICKEN POX SHINGLES causing)
- CD8+ T lymphocytes found in the blood
self limited elderly

rashes all over body reactivation of dormant

III. Hepadnavirus
virus (Cranial Nerve V
or Trigeminal Nerve) Hepatitis B virus
“dew drops on a rose Dermatomal Rash on
- also referred to as the Dane particle
petal” rash one side of face - MOT:
followed by pain in the - needle prick
rash (Postherpetic - transplacental
Neuralgia) - blood transfusion
- tattoo
has characteristic - IV drug abuse
Xanthema
- sexual contact
- HBsAg has three morphological forms
Pathophysiology - Baltimore classification:
* MOT - inhalation of infected respiratory - ssDNA
droplets - enveloped
* Initial inhalation - virus infects conjunctivae or - replication site: nucleus
mucosa of URT. Proliferation occurs in - icosahedral
regional lymph nodes of URT - circularly arranged DNA genome
* Second replication occurs in body’s internal - only DNA containing hepavirus
organs (liver and spleen) - Icteric hepatitis (fever, jaundice,
* exposure to VZV initiates production of IgG, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly)
IgA, and IgM. After primary infection, - jaundice may last for 1-3 months
* VZV remains dormant in ganglion cell and - “ground glass cells” in liver of patients
when reactivated, it affects neighboring - 5 to 10% asymptomatic carriers/ chronic
neurons until it affects the skin. hepatitis/ fulminant hepatitis
- HBV does not directly kill hepatocytes;
direct lysis due to CD8 cells because
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (Salivary Gland Virus) immune system fighting the virus also
- isolated from saliva, urine, breast milk, and affects the hepatocytes
semen - neonates: 95% carriers
- MOT: transplacentally, blood transfusion or - adults: 70% self-limiting
organ transplant - children: 30% affected are 6+ y.o
- maybe found within WBC or organs - increased age = increased risk of HB =
- 40 day fever : must have history of organ decreased carrier risk
transplant - HBV vaccine is the earliest vaccine given
- must have owly eyes inclusion to a newborn
bodies
- pneumonia like illness one month or IV. Poxvirus
40 days after transplant with CMV (+) organ - largest DNA virus; complex symmetry
- replication site: cytoplasm, enveloped, brick-
shaped, 240 nm x 300 nm
- genus affecting humans: Orthopox, - acquired through sexual contact / direct
Parapox, Yatapox, and Molluscipoxvirus contact

Orthopox - smallpox, chickenpox, Genus and their members:

monkeypox, vaccinia virus
Parapox - Orf virus, pseudocowpox, Bovine I. Papillomavirus
papular stomatitis virus A. Betapapillomavirus
Yatapox - Yaba Monkey Tumor virus, B. Alphapapillomavirus
Tanapoxvirus C. Gammapapillomavirus
Molluscipox - Molluscum contagiosa virus D. Deltapapillomavirus
E. Epsilonpapillomavirus
Smallpox F. Xipapapillomavirus
- vaccine originated from vaccinia virus G. Nupapillomavirus
- last case was in Somalia (1977) H. Pipapillomavirus
- eradicated: 1980 I. Mupapillomavirus
- CA: variola virus, Orthopoxvirus J. Lambdapapillomavirus
K. Kappapapillomavirus
V. Parvovirus L. Thetapapillomavirus
- smallest DNA virus M. Iotapapillomavirus
- important spp: Parvovirus B19, discovered N. Zetapapillomavirus
by Yvonne Cossart (1970, London), false + O. Etapapilomavirus
reaction in Hepatitis B assays, causes 5th P. Omikronpapillomavirus
disease
- linked with 5th disease because it was 5th in II. Polyomavirus
the list of causes of common skin rash A. BK Virus
1. Measles B. JC Virus
2. Rubella C. SV40
3. Varicella
4. Roseola
Characteristic sign: Slapped cheek skin rash
- Baltimore classification:
- icosahedral
- non enveloped
- ssDNA
- replication site: nucleus
- 18 to 28 nm
First discovered: dependovirus
Subfamilies:
Densovirinae - insects
Parvovirinae
- parvovirus
- dependovirus
- erythrovirus

VI. Papovavirus
- Papilloma virus; Polyoma virus, Va for
“vacuolating” (simian vacuolating virus 40
OR SV40)
- Baltimore classification:
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- circular
- dsDNA
- replication site: nucleus
- transforms into malignancy