What is design????

• Design is to formulate a plan satisfy a particular need and to

create something with physical reality.

• Realization of a concept or idea into a configuration.

• Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the

construction of an object, system or measurable human
interaction .
What is Machine???
• Machine is defined as a combination of resisting bodies with successfully
constrained relative motions which is used transform other forms of energy
into mechanical energy or transmit and modify available energy to do some
useful work.

• An apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a
definite function and together performing a particular task.

• Semi or fully automated device that magnifies human physical and/or

mental capabilities in performing one or more operations.
What is Machine Design???
• Machine is a combination of several machine elements
arranged to work together as a whole to accomplish specific
purpose.
• Machine Design involves designing the elements and arranging
them optimally to obtain some useful work.
• Machine design is the process of engineering design.
A machine is made up of mechanisms that work together to
satisfy the requirements of what the machine needs to
accomplish.
Classification of Machine Design

Types of design

Adaptive New
Design Development Design
design
Types of Machine Design
1) Adaptive Design:- The designer’s work is concerned with adaptation
of existing design. The designer only makes minor alternation or
modification in the existing designs of the product.

2) Development Design:- This type of design needs considerable

scientific training and design ability in order to modify the existing
design into a new idea by adopting a new material or different
method of manufacture. The designer starts from the existing design,
but final product may differ quite markedly from the original product.

3) New Design:- This type of design needs lots of research, technical

ability and creative thinking.
Classification of Machine Design

Types of design
based on
method

Rational Industrial
Design Empirical Design
Design
Types of Design based on method
1) Rational Design:- Based on determining the stresses and strains
of components and thereby deciding their dimensions. This type
of design depends upon mathematical formulae of principal of
mechanics.

2) Empirical Design:- This type of design depends upon empirical

formulae based on the practice and past experience .
Types of Design based on method
1) Industrial Design:- This type of design depends upon the
production aspects to manufacture any machine component
in the industry. Based on industrial considerations and norms viz.
market survey, external look, production facilities, low cost, use
of existing standard products
 Factors to be considered in
Machine Design
What device or mechanism to be used???
To decide the relative arrangement of the constituent
elements.
Material
Forces on the elements
Size
Shape and space requirements
Weight of the product
 Factors to be considered in
Machine Design
The method of manufacturing the components and their
assembly.
How will it operate.
Reliability and safety aspects.
Inspectibilty
Maintenance
Cost and aesthetics of the designed product.
General procedure in Machine
Design
Need or Aim Synthesis (Mechanisms) Analysis of forces

Design of Elements Material Selection

Modification Detailed Drawing

Production
Standardization
• Standardization is defined as obligatory (or compulsory) norms,
to which various characteristics of a product should comply (or
agree) with standard.
• The characteristics include materials, dimensions and shape of
the component, method of testing and method of marking,
packing and storing of the product.
• A standard is defined as a set of specifications for parts,
materials or processes. The objective of, a standard is to reduce
the variety and limit the number of items to a reasonable level.
Standardization
• On the other hand, a code is defined as a set of specifications
for the analysis, design, manufacture, testing and erection of the
product. The purpose of a code is to achieve a specified level
of safety.
• There are three types of standards used in design :-
Company Standards: They are used in a particular company or
a group of sister concerns.
Standardization
National standards:
– India - BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards),
– Germany - DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung),
– USA - AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) or SAE (Society of Automotive
Engineers),
– UK - BS (British Standards)

International standards: These are prepared by the International

Standards Organization (ISO).
Aesthetic Considerations
• In a present days of buyer's market, with a number of products available in
the market are having most of the parameters identical, the appearance of
product is often a major factor in attracting the customer.
• This is particularly true for consumer durables like: automobiles, domestic refrigerators,
television sets, etc.

• Aesthetics is defined as a set of principles of appreciation of beauty. It deals

with the appearance of the product.
• Appearance is an outward expression of quality of the product and is the first
communication of the product with the user.

• For any product, there exists a relationship between the functional requirement and
the appearance of a product.
 Aesthetic Considerations
• The aesthetic quality contributes to the performance of the product, though
the extent of contribution varies from the product to product.

• The following guidelines may be used in aesthetic design (design for

appearance):

• The appearance should contribute to the performance of the product.

For example, the aerodynamic shape of the car will have a lesser air
resistance, resulting in the lesser fuel consumption.

• The appearance should reflect the function of the product.

For example, the aerodynamic shape of the car indicates the speed.

• The appearance should reflect the quality of the product.

For example, the robust and heavy appearance of the hydraulic press reflects its
strength and rigidity
 Aesthetic Considerations
• The appearance should not be at too much of extra cost unless it is a prime
requirement.

• The appearance should be suitable to the environment in which the product is

used.

• The growing importance of the aesthetic considerations in product design has

given rise to a separate disciple known as industrial design.

• The job of an industrial designer is to create new shapes and forms for the
product which are aesthetically appealing

– Form (Shape)
There are five basic forms of the products, namely, step, taper, shear, streamline and sculpture
 Aesthetic Considerations
Step form:

The step form is a stepped structure having vertical accent

It is similar to the shape of a multistorey building.

Taper form

The taper form consists of tapered blocks or tapered cylinders.

Shear form

The shear form has a square outlook.

Streamline form

The streamline form has a streamlined shape having a smooth flow as seen in automobile and
aeroplane structures

Sculpture form

The sculpture form consists of ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids.

Aesthetic Considerations

The sculpture and stream forms are suitable for mobile products like vehicles, while step
and shear forms are suitable for stationary products
Aesthetic Considerations
• Colour
Colour is one of the major contributors to the aesthetic appeal of the product.
Many colours are linked with different moods and conditions.
The selection of the colour should be compatible with the conventions.
Morgan has suggested the colour code given in the following Table.
Colour Meaning
Red Danger, Hazard, Hot
Orange Possible Danger
Yellow Caution
Green Safety
Blue Caution-Cold
Grey Dull
Aesthetic Considerations
• Material and Surface Finish
The material and surface finish of the product contribute significantly to
the appearance.

The material like, stainless steel gives better appearance than the cast irons,
plain carbon steels or low alloy steels.

The brass or bronze give richness to the appearance of the product.

The products with better surface finish are always aesthetically pleasing.

The surface coating processes like: spray painting, anodizing, electroplating,

etc. greatly enhances the aesthetic appeal of the product.
 Ergonomic Considerations
• Ergonomics is defined as the scientific study of the man-machine-working
environment relationship and the application of anatomical, physiological
and psychological principles to solve the problems arising from this
relationship

• The word ergonomic is formed from two Greek word: ergo means work and
nomic mean natural laws.

• The final objective of the ergonomics is to make the machine fit for user rather
than to make the user adapt himself or herself to the machine.

• It aims at decreasing the physical and mental stresses to the user.

• Psychology - Experimental psychologists who study people at work to provide

data on such things as: Human sensory capacities, psychomotor
performance, Human decision making, Human error rates, Selection tests and
procedures, Learning and training.
 Ergonomic Considerations
• Anthropometry - An applied branch of anthropology concerned with the
measurement of the physical features of people. Measures how tall we are,
how far we can reach, how wide our hips are, how our joints flex, and how
our bodies move.

• Applied Physiology - Concerns the vital processes such as cardiac function,

respiration, oxygen consumption, and electromyography activity, and the
responses of these vital processes to work, stress, and environmental
influences.