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Plastics transformed our dialy lives by its unique properties and affordable cost
which replaced many expensive manufacturing raw materials. They have been mainly
used for food packaging and construction materials in agriculture. However plastics took
years to degrade which have been a problem in landfills and health hazards on farm
animals in agriculture .
Agriculture used wide range of plastics which includes, polyolefin, low density
long carbon chains. Since they are derived fuels that contain the elements of carbon and
component so the polymer's long chain backbone can start to separate at high
temperatures(molecular scission) and react with each other to change the polymer's
properties. Pyrolysis is a tertiary recycling process and has an ability to provide three end
products: a gas, an oil and a char which all have the potential to be further utilised
In this study, the researcher decided to conduct a research about classification of the
The study shall develop further understanding in ways of recycling plastic to solid
The study investigated current technologies available and research and application
of the pyrolysis products from the process and also a contribution in utilization of waste
to energy projects. The study provided a fundamental source of information for future
researchers that become an area of interest because of the use and research surrounding
The main objective of the study was to characterize the char obtained from thermal
The study was only limited on the characterization of the char obtained from
The study was conducted at College of Agriculture, WMSU, San Ramon, Talisayan,
Zamboanga City. The sample was brought to for laboratory testing and characterization
Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics are those that can be softened by heat application once shaped and
The world's most popular plastic is polyethylene. This is the polymer that produces
grocery bags, shampoo bottles, toys for children, and even proof vests for bullets. It has a
very simple structure for such a versatile material, the simplest of all commercial
polymers. Polypropylene has excellent chemical resistance and is therefore widely used
in packaging. It has a high melting point which makes it ideal for liquids with hot filling.
Like other plastics, PP has excellent resistance to metal destructive water, salt and acid
solutions.Typical applications include bottles for ketchups, bottles for medicines and
Plasticulture
food production throughout the world. The plastic materials themselves, broadly referred
of Plastic Greenhouses.”
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Emmert discovered polyethylene plastic film offered several benefits for farming.
The original goal of these plastic films, to produce higher yielding crops, is the same
today as it was mor than 75- years ago. Agricultural plastics were first used by Emmert
to create resilient, cost-effective greenhouses and replace the more typical glass
Degradation products
polymer type. The type and quantity of degradation products formed may also be
into their initial monomers. Also polystyrene, polyesters (e.g. PET and polycarbonate),
nylons and polyurethanes can depolymerise to some extent into their monomers.
Chemicals used in plastics have been detected in humans. Mainly presence of phthalates
and bisphenol, and brominated flame retardants have been studied. (Allen & Edge, M.,
1992)
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Slow Pyrolysis
The slow pyrolysis technology has a higher yield of char compared with other
pyrolysis and carbonization methods. The biochar could be used as a soil enhancer to
improve soil quality. Slow pyrolysis is the method used when char is the primary product.
The general method is running the process between 400 to 800 °C and has a heating rate
under 10 °C per minute. The feedstock used in the process is of larger particle size,
several methods can use large pieces of wood if the feeding system can handle it. To
optimize the production of char vapor is kept in the process for a longer duration of time.
These technologies have been known and used for a long time. The traditionally kilns is
still used today in some parts of the world to produce char for cooking. The simple kilns
solutions do not collect bio-oils and product gasses which cause some negative
both char and can collect the other products or use them for heat and power production.
The bio-oil can also contain valuable chemicals such as acetone, methanol and acetic
Char
Char is the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g. coal gas) and tar have
been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of
Further stages of efficient combustion (with or without char deposits) are known as
gasification reactions, ending quickly when the reversible gas phase of the water gas
Figure 1 shows the procedural framework of the study. It shows the sequence of
Start
Char Characterization
Collection of data
and analysis
End
Preparation of Materials
Char Characterization
A. Particle density
Particle density of char was calculated using the standard of ASTM D792-91,
method A. The char was weighed in air then weighed when immersed in distilled water
at 23°C. The following formula were used to compute the particle density:
B. Calorific value
C. Proximate analysis
Char that was obtained from pyrolysis of agricultural plastic waste proximate
analysis viz. moisture content, volatile matter and ash of the char was conducted
Particle density was determined with five replications having an average of 34.086
R1 34.92
R2 33.98
R3 33.87 34.086
R4 33.41
R5 34.25
Proximate analysis and calorific value of the crude char obtained from pyrolysis of
agricultural plastic waste (LDPE) was tabulated in Table 2.It clearly states that volatile
matter is the majority moisture, ash and fixed carbon were in minority. This was because
Table 2. Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of the Char from Plastic Waste
(LDPE).
Proximate analysis(%wt) Moisture 2.776±0.032
Volatile matter 93.955±5.885
Fixed carbon 0
Ash 0.225±0.015
Volatile matter was the main component on the crude char obtained from pyrolysis
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher recommend to conduct further research with activation of the char by
determining its ultimate analysis and using catalyst to produce much higher quality of
char. Since plastics have the ability to adsorb organic pollutants such as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (Mara Fisner et al,2013) and with the char obtained from LDPE,
and given their high volatility, it is also recommended to test their adsorption properties
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Elizabeth A.Williams and Paul T.Williams. Analysis of products derived from the fast
pyrolysis of plastic waste(1997).
DESCRIPTION (Php)
I.Production
Inputs/Materials
apparatus
(Moisture, Volatile
Fixed Carbon),
(DOST)
III.Thesis outline
and manuscript
Schedule of activities
Appendix Table 2. Timetable of Activities
Work 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Raw .
Materials
preparation
Char
Characteriz
ation
Evaluation
Data
Gathering
Data
Processing
Manuscript
Editing
DOCUMENTATION
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Preparation of materials