 Ancients believed that matter is composed of earth, water, air, and fire.

They also believed that matter can be divided endlessly into smaller pieces.

Democritus Aristotle

Matter is made of small

atoms that move through
empty space. Empty space does not exist.
Atoms are solid, Matter is made of earth,
hoomogeneous, fire, air, and water.
indisructible, and
indivisible.
Atoms of different kinds,
have different sizes and
shapes.

The properties of matter

are determined by the size,
shape, and movement of
atoms.
  John Dalton explained several ideas about the atom in 1800 based on
several chemical reactions. He explained the conservation of mass in a
reaction as being the result of the combination, separation, rearrangement
of atoms.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Scientist Ideas

Dalton • Matter is composed of extremely small particles called

atoms.
(1766–1844)
• Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and
chemical properties.
• Atoms of a specific element are different from those of
another element.
• Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to
form compounds.
• In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined or
rearranged.

Atom- is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that
element.
Scientist- English Physicist J. J. Thomson.
Apparatus- Cathode Ray Tube.
A voltage source is connected to the cathode and anode of an evacuated tube.
Discovery- Electrons.
When an electric charge was applied, a ray of radiation travelled from the
cathode (-ve) to the anode (+ve). This ray of radiation is called the cathode ray.
The cathode ray carries negatively charged particles called the electrons.
Scientist- Robert Millikan.
Apparatus- Oil Drop.
Tiny charged droplets of oil were suspended between the two metal electrodes
by balancing downward gravitational force with upward drag and electric forces.
The density of the oil was known, so Millikan was able to determine the droplets’
masses, and by using the electric field and values of gravity and mass, he was able
to determine the charge on oil droplets in mechanical equilibrium.
Discovery- Charge and mass of an electron.
Scientist- J. J. Thomson.
Discovery- the atom is a uniform positively charged sphere containing electrons.

Scientist- Ernest Rutherford.

Apparatus- Gold Foil.
Alpha particles were aimed at thin gold foil.
Discovery- most of the atom is empty space with a dense region in the center
named the nucleus.
When the alpha particles were aimed towards the gold foil, most of the alpha
particles passed through, a few were deflected at small angles, and some at large
angles.
Electrons are held within the atom by their attraction to the positively charged
nucleus. The repulsive force between the positively charged nucleus and positive
alpha particles caused the deflections.
Scientist- James Chadwick
 The atom is made of the nucleus in the center, surrounded by the electron
cloud where the electrons (negatively charged) are found orbiting the
nucleus.
 Inside the nucleus the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no
charge) are found.