Kinematics 11111

Pre-Medical : Physics
Common Lecture Notes Nurture Course (11th Appearing)

Topic : Kinematics Lectures / Hours allotted : 26 L /39 Hrs
LECTURE # 01
Study of motion without considering its cause, is called kinematics.
• Motion and Rest :
If position of particle changes with time, then it is called in motion.
If position does not change with time, then it is at rest.
Motion and Rest are relative terms which depends on Frame of reference.
• Frame of reference :
It is the reference with respect to which position or motion of particle is defined.
If not specified, we consider ground as Frame of Reference.
• Types of Motion :
(1) 1-D motion/motion along straight line:-
Ex. (i) A body dropped from small height
(ii) Motion of train along straight track.
(2) 2–D motion/motion in a plane :-
Ex. (i) Projectile Motion (ii) Circular Motion
y y
x x
(3) 3-D Motion/Motion in space :-
Ex. (i) Motion of Birds (ii) Motion of dust particle
Basic Definitions
1. Distance : The length of actual path travelled by the body in given time interval is called distance.
II
I (Distance)I < (Distance)II
A B
2. Displacement : A vector drawn from initial position to final position is called displacement vector. Its magnitude
is equal to the shortest distance between initial and final position.
uuur
A B Displacement = AB
E 1
Distance Displacement
Vector Quantity (direction from initial to final

1. Scalar Quantity 1.
position)
2. Depends on path 2. Depends on initial and final position
3. For a moving body it always increases 3. For a moving body it can increase or decrease
For a moving body it is always positive, For a moving body it can be positive, negative
4. 4.
never be negative or zero. or zero.
If distance travelled is zero, then body If displacement is zero, then body either is at
5. 5.
must be at rest. rest or passing through its initial position
There are infinite value of distance There is only one unique value of displacement
6. 6.
between two fixed points between two fixed points.
• Relation between Distance and Displacement :

For moving body
Distance ³ |Displacement|
When body moves along straight line in one particular direction then distance = |displacement|
• Position Vector
y
A (x, y, z)
Position vector of 'A '

r
O r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
x
2 E
LECTURE # 02
• Displacement Vector
Initial position vector
r
r1 = x1î + y1ˆj + z1kˆ
Final position vector
r
r2 = x 2 î + y2 ˆj + z 2 kˆ
According to triangle law of vector addition
y r uuur r
A (x1, y1, z1) r1 + AB = r2
AB uuur r r
r1 AB = r2 - r1
B (x2, y2, z2) uuur
r2 AB = (x 2 - x1 )iˆ + (y2 - y1 )jˆ + (z 2 - z1 )kˆ
O x
z
1. A particle starts from point (1, 1, 1) m and reaches at point (4, 5, 13)m. Find out
(1) Initial position vector (2) Final position vector
(3) Displacement vector (4) Length of shortest path
2. A particle starts moving along straight line path OABOC. Then find distance and displacement for given
interval :
Distance Displacement
(1) OA 5m ˆ m
(5i) 4m 3m
(2) OB 8m (2iˆ) m C O B A
r
(3) OO 10 m 0 5m
(4) OC 14 m (–4i) m
3. A particle start moving from point A and reaches at point B along a semicircular path ACB then find out
(1) distance = pr C
(2) |displacement|= 2r
B O r A
4. A particle moving along a given circular path of radius 'r'. Then find out distance and |displacement| for given
intervals.
Distance Displacement B
pr
(1) AB 2r
2
r
C A
(2) AC pr 2r
3pr
(3) AD 2r
2
D
(4) AA 2pr 0
5. A cyclist moving on a circular track, completes one revolution in 10 sec. Then find out its displacement after
1 minute 5 s (radius = 1m)
Sol. In 1 minute 5 s number of revolution = 6.5
\ Displacement = 2 r = 2m
E 3
6. A person moves 50 m due north, then 40 m due east, then 20 m due south. Then find out net displacement.
r r r r
Sol. d = d1 + d2 + d 3
r
d = 50j + 40i - 20j = (40iˆ + 30j)m
ˆ
r
|d|= (40)2 + (30)2 = 50m
3
tan q = Þ q = 37°
4
r r
d = 50 m, 37° N of E or d = 50 m, E 37° N
7. A person moves 30 m due west, then 20 m due south then 20 m due east. Find out displacement.
r r r
Sol. ˆ d = -20j,
d1 = -30i, ˆ d = 20iˆ
2 3
r r r r
d = d1 + d2 + d 3 = ( -10iˆ - 20j)m
ˆ
r
|d|= 10 5m
tan q = 2 Þ q = tan–1 (2)
r r
d = 10 5m , tan–1(2) S of W or d = 10 5m . W tan–1(2) S
8. A particle moves 30 m due north, then 20 m due east, then 20 2 due south west. Find net displacement.
r r r
Sol. d 1 = 30ˆj, d 2 = 20î, d 3 = - 20î - 20 ˆj
r r r r
d = d1 + d2 + d 3
r
d = 10jˆ
r
d = 10 m, due N
9. Find net displacemet of a particle moves as given :-
(i) 5m due E (ii) 10 m W 37° S (iii) 20m S 53° E
r
Sol. d1 = 5iˆ
r
d2 = -8iˆ - 6ˆj
r
d3 = 16iˆ - 12jˆ
r r r r
d = d1 + d 2 + d 3
r
d = (13iˆ - 18j)m
ˆ
10. A monkey running in a garden, moves 30 m due north then it takes 90° right turn and moves 40 m, and finally
climbs on a tree of hight 50 m. Find magnitude fo displacement.
r r r
Sol. d1 = 30j , d2 = 40iˆ , d 3 = 50kˆ
r
d = 40iˆ + 30jˆ + 50kˆ
r
|d|= 50 2m
4 E
11. A wheel of radius R is placed on horizontal surface and its contact point on ground is P. If wheel starts pure
rolling and completes half revolution. Then find out magnitude of displacement of point P.
P
Sol. P
R
d
2R
R
pR
d = ( pR)2 + (2R)2
d = R p2 + 4
HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B-1 Complete
Ex-1 Q.no. 1, 7, 18

B.B-1 Complete
Ex-1 Q.no. 1, 7, 18
E 5
LECTURE # 03
distance
Speed (v) : Speed=
time
Unit : m/sec
It is a scalar quantity.
For a moving body speed is always positive, never be zero or negative.
(a) Uniform speed : If body covers equal distance in equal time interval, then speed is uniform.
(b) Non-uniform speed : If body covers unequal distance in equal time interval, then speed is non-uniform.
(c) Average speed :
Total distance
v avg =
Total time
Note : For a moving body distance never decreases but average speed can decrease.
Que. A person moves first half time of his motion with speed v1 and remaining half time with speed v2.
Then find out average speed.
t t
d1 + d2 v1 2 + v 2 2
Sol. v avg = =
t t
v1 + v 2 v1 v2
v avg =
2 t/2 t/2
v1 + v 2 + v 3 + .... + v n
Note : For 'n' equal time interval : v avg = Arithmetic mean
n
Que. A particle moves for 20 sec such that for first 10 seconds it moves with 200 m/s and for next 10 seconds it
moves with 100 m/s. Find average speed.
Sol. vavg = 150 m/s
Que. A person moves with speed 55 km/hr for first 20 minutes, then with speed 60 km/hr for next 20 minutes and
with speed 50 km/hr for last 20 minutes. Find average speed.
Sol. vavg = 55 km/hr
Que. A partical covers first half distance of its motion with speed v1 and remaining half distance with speed v2. Find
out average speed.
d d 2v1 v 2 v1 v2
Sol. v avg = = =
t1 + t2 d d v1 + v 2 d/2 d/2
+
2v1 2v 2
n
Note : For 'n' equal interval of distance v avg = Harmonic mean
1 1 1
+ + .... +
v1 v 2 vn
Que. A person covers 100 m distance such that first 50 m he moves with speed 20 m/s and remaining 50 m with
speed 40 m/s. Find average speed.
80
Sol. v avg = m/s
3
6 E
Que. The Rajnikant runs from his home to market with speed 400 km/hr. After finding market closed he returns
back speed 600 km/hr. Find average speed.
Sol. vavg = 480 km/hr.
Que. A particle moves with speed v1 for first 1/4th time and with speed v2 for remaining time. Find out average
speed.
v1 t æ 3t ö
d1 + d2 + v2 ç ÷ v1 v2
Sol. v avg = =
4 è 4 ø = v1 + 3v 2
t t/4 3t/4
t 4
Que. A particle covers first one third distance with speed v1 and remaining distance with speed v2. Find average
speed.
d d 3v1 v 2 v1 v2
Sol. v avg = = =
t1 + t2 d 2d 2v1 + v 2 d/3 2d/3
+
3v1 3v 2
Que. A person moves in such a way that he travels first half time of his journey with speed 36 km/hr and in remaining
half time he covers first half distance with speed 20 km/hr and remaining half distance with speed 30 km/hr.
Find average speed.
v1 t/2 v2 v3 2 ´ v2 ´ v 3
Sol. v' =
0 t v 2 + v 3 = 24 km/hr
d/2 d/2
v1 v' v1 + v '
v avg = = 30 km/hr
2
Que. A person moves such that he covers first half distance with speed 4 m/s and in remaining half distance he moves
first half time with speed 3 m/s and remaining half time with speed 5 m/s. Find average speed.
0 v1 d/2 v2 v3 d v2 + v 3
Sol. v' = = 4 m/s
2
t/2 t/2
2v1v '
v1 v' v avg =
v1 + v ' = 4 m/s
Instantaneous speed : It is a speed of particle at a particular instant of time.
Total distance DS
v avg = =
Total time Dt
DS
v inst = lim
Dt ® 0 Dt
dS
v inst =
dt
E 7
Que. Distance travelled by particle in time 't' is given by S = 4t 2. Then find out :-
(i) Speed at t = 10 sec.
(ii) Speed for time interval t = 0 to t = 10 sec.
Sol. (i) 80 m/s (ii) 40 m/s

Ex.-1 Q.no. 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21
Ex.-2 Q.no. 5, 21
Ex.-3 Q.no. 23

Ex.-1 Q.no. 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21
Ex.-2 Q.no. 5, 21
Ex.-3 Q.no. 24
8 E
LECTURE # 04
r r displacement
Velocity (v) : v =
time
Unit : m/sec
It is a vector quantity.
Velocity can be positive, negative or zero.
(a) Uniform velocity : If magnitude as well as direction of velocity remains same then velocity is uniform (constant)
(b) Non-uniform velocity : If either magnitude or direction of velocity or both changes then velocity is non-
uniforms (variable)
r
r r Net displacement D r
(c) Average velocity (v avg ) : v avg = =
Total time Dt
Its direction is along net displacement.
Que. A particle moves 20 m in 2 sec due east, then it moves 40 m in 3 sec due south. Then find out.
(i) Distance travelled
(ii) Displacement
(iii) Average speed
(iv) Average velocity
Sol. (i) Distance = 20 + 40 = 60 m
(ii) Displacement = 20iˆ - 40jˆ
Total distance 60
(iii) Average speed = = = 12 m/s
Total time 5
Net displacement 20iˆ - 40jˆ ˆ ˆ

(iv) Average velocity = = (4i - 8 j) m/s
Total time 5
r
v avg = 4 5 m/s, E tan–1(2) S
Que. A bird flies with speed 20 m/s for 15 sec due north, then it takes rest for 5 sec. then it flies with speed 24 m/s for
10 sec due south. Find out :
(i) Distance travelled = (20 × 15) + (24 × 10) = 540 m
540
(ii) Average speed = = 18 m/s
30
(iii) Displacement = (20 ´ 15)ˆj - (24 ´ 10)jˆ = (60j)m

ˆ
60jˆ
(iv) Average velocity = = 2jˆ = 2 m/s, due north
30
Que. A particle moves along a given semicircular path of radius 5 m from point A to point B in 2 sec. Then find out:
Total distance pR æ 5 p ö R
(i) Average speed = = =ç ÷ m/s
Total time 2 è 2 ø
A B
E 9
Net dispalcement 2R
(ii) Average velocity = = = 5 m/s
Totaltime 2
• Relation between average speed and average velocity :
Distance ³ Displacement
Distance Displacement r
³ v avg ³ v avg
Time Time
Note :(i) Time average velocity
t2
ò vdt
t1
If v = f(t) Þ < v >= t2
ò dt
t1
(ii) Space average velocity
x2
ò vdx
x1
If v = f(x) Þ < v >= x2
ò dx
x1
10 E
LECTURE # 05
Que. If velocity of particle is given by v=(2t+3), where 't' is time. Find average velocity for interval 0 £ t £ 3 sec.
3
ò vdt
0
Sol. < v >= 3 = 6 m/s
ò dt
0
p
Que. If v = cosx, find average velocity for interval 0 £ x £
2
p/2
0
ò vdx
2
Sol. < v >= p/2
=
p
ò0
dx
r
(d) Instantaneous velocity (v inst ) :
r
r Dr
v avg =
Dt
r
r æ Dr ö
v inst = lim ç ÷
Dt ®0 è Dt ø
r
r dr
v inst =
dt
Direction of instantaneous velocity is always tangential to path followed by particle.
vinst C vinst
B D
vinst vinst
A E
O vavg
vinst
r ˆ . Find out its velocity at t = 2 sec.
Que. Position vector of a particle is given by r = (5t2î + 6tjˆ + 7k)m
r
r dr
Sol. v= = 10tiˆ + 6jˆ
dt
r
At t = 2 sec. Þ v = (20iˆ + 6j)
ˆ m/s
Relation between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity:

r
v inst = v inst
Instantaneous speed and magnitude of instantanous velocity are equal because at an instant particle travels a
very short duration along a straight line and in a straight line distance and |displacement| are equal.
r r r r
Change in velocity ( Dv ) : Dv = v f - v i
r r r æqö
If = f |= v
|v i ||v |Dv| = 2v sin ç ÷
è2ø
q = Angle between initial and final velocity.
Que. A particle is moving with speed v along east, then it takes 90° left turn and moves with same speed v. Then find
out :
(i) Change in speed (Dv) = 0
E 11
r r r
(ii) Change in velocity ( Dv) = v f - v i = vjˆ - viˆ
r
Dv = v 2 , due N-W
Que. A particle is moving with speed 5 m/s along south, then it takes 90° left turn and moves with same speed. Find
out change in velocity.
r r r
Sol. Dv = v f - v i = 5iˆ - (-5ˆj) = (5iˆ + 5j)
ˆ m/s
r
Dv = 5 2 m/s, due N-E
OR
r æqö æ 90° ö
|Dv|= 2v sin ç ÷ = 2(5) sin ç ÷ = 2(5)sin 45°
è2ø è 2 ø
r
|Dv|= 5 2 m/s
Que. A particles is moving along a circular path with uniform speed 'v'. Then find out magnitude of change in velocity
when particle moves from : B
(i) Point A to point B
(ii) Point A to point C
A C
(iii) Point A to point D
(iv) Point A to point A

D
r æqö
Sol. |Dv|= 2v sin ç ÷
è2ø
(i) r
q = 90° Þ |Dv|= v 2
r
(ii) q = 180° Þ |Dv|= 2v
(iii) r
q = 90° Þ |Dv|= v 2
r
(iv) q = 0° Þ |Dv|= 0

B.B-2 Complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 8, 10, 22
Ex.-2 Q.no. 1

B.B-2 Complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 8, 10, 22
Ex.-2 Q.no. 1
12 E
LECTURE # 06
r
Acceleration (a) : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
Unit : m/s2
It is a vector quantity.
It can be positive, negative or zero.
(a) Uniform acceleration : If magnitude as well as direction of acceleration remains same, then acceleration is
uniform.
(b) Non-uniform acceleration : If either magnitude or direction of acceleration or both changes then acceleration
is non-uniform.
r
(c) Average acceleration (a avg ) :
r
r Change in velocity r Dv
a avg = aavg =
Total time Dt
Direction of average acceleration is along change in velocity.
Que. A particle is moving with speed v for time 't' due east, then it takes 90° left turn and moves with same speed for
same time 't'. Find out :
(i) Total distance = vt + vt = 2vt
2vt
(ii) Average speed = =v
2t
(iii) Net displacement = vtiˆ + vtjˆ
r
|d|= vt 2 , N-E
r
r d v
(iv) Average velocity = v avg = = , N-E
t 2
r r r
(v) Change in velocity = Dv = v f - v i = v(ˆj - î)
r
Dv = v 2 , N-W
r
r Dv v
(vi) Average acceleration : aavg = = , N-W
Dt 2t
Que. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 10 m with uniform speed 10 m/s. Find out magnitude of
average acceleration when particle completes half revolution.
r
r Dv
Sol. aavg =
Dt
r æqö
For half revolution Dv = 2v sin ç ÷ = 20 m/s
è2ø
E 13
distance pR
t= = = (p) sec
speed v
r æ 20 ö
a avg = ç ÷ m/s2
è p ø
r
(d) Instantaneous acceleration (a inst ) :
r
r Dv
a avg =
Dt
r
r æ Dv ö
a inst = lim ç ÷
Dt ® 0 è D t ø
r
r dv
a inst = When vr in function of time.
dt
r r
r dv ds
a inst = ´ r
dt ds
r
r r dv r
a inst = v When v is function of position.
ds
Que. Position of a particle is given by x = (3t3 + 7t2 – 2t + 3)m.
Then find out acceleration at t = 1 sec.
Sol. a = 32 m/s2
r ˆ . Find out
Que. Position vector of a particle is given by r = (2t2î + 3tjˆ + 5k)m
(i) Velocity at t = 1 sec.

(ii) Speed at t =1 sec.
(iii) Acceleration a t = 1 sec.
r r
Sol. (i) v = (4iˆ + 3j)
ˆ m/s (ii) v = 5 m/s (iii) a = 4iˆ m/s2
Que. Position-time relation for a particle is given by t = x + 2 . Find time when velocity becomes zero.
Sol. t = x +2
( x)
2
= (t - 2)2
x = t2 + 4 – 4t
dx
v= = 2t - 4
dt
When v = 0
2t – 4 = 0
t = 2 sec.
Que. Position of a particle is given by x = (t3 – 3t2 + 5) m/s. Find out its velocity when acceleration becomes zero.
Sol. v = –3 m/s
Que. x and y coordinate of a particle varies with time as x = 2t2 and y = 3t. Find out magnitude of velocity and
acceleration at t =1 sec.
Sol. x = 2t2 y = 3t
dx dy
vx = = 4t vy = =3
dt dt
14 E
dv x dv y
ax = =4 ay = =0
dt dt
At t = 1 sec : vx = 4, vy = 3
v = v 2x + v 2y = 5 m/sec
ax = 4, ay = 0
a = a 2x + a2y = 4 m/s2
Que. Position of a particle moving along a straight line is given by x = (20 + 12t – t 3)m. Find out :
(i) Position of particle when it comes at rest.
(ii) Distance travelled by particle before it comes at rest.
Sol. At t = 0 Þ xi = 20 m
At rest. Þ v=0
dv
=0
dt
12 – 3t2 = 0 Þ t = 2 sec
(i) Position at t = 2 sec :
xf = 20 + 12(2) – (2)3
xf = 20 + 24 – 8 = 36 m
t=0 t = 2 sec
(ii) Distance travelled :
Distance = 36 – 20 = 16 m xi = 20 m xf = 36 m
Que. Position of a particle is given by x = (6t – t )m, then find out its position when velocity becomes maximum.
2 3
Sol. x = 6t2 – t3
dx
v= = 12t - 3t2
dt
For maximum velocity :
dv
= 0 Þ12 - 6t = 0 t = 2 sec
dt
\ Position at t = 2 sec.
x = 6(2)2 – (2)3 = 16 m
Que. Position of particle varies with time as x µ t1 / 2 . Find relation between velocity and acceleration.
Sol. x µ t1 / 2
-1 ....(i)
vµt 2
-3 ...(ii)
aµt 2
3
æ -1 ö
a µ ç t 2 ÷ Þ a µ v3
è ø
E 15
LECTURE # 07
Que. A particle starts from origin with velocity v = 3t2 m/s. Find out displacement in first 3 sec.
x 3
Sol. ò dx = ò vdt
0 0
x - 0 = [t 3 ]03
x = 27 m
Que. A particle have initial velocity 5 m/s and acceleration 4(t–1) m/s2. Find out velocity at t = 2 sec.
v 2
Sol. ò
5
ò
dv = adt
0
[v]5v = [2t2 - 4t]20

v = 5 m/s
Que. Particle have initial velocity u, start moving with acceleration a = kt. Here 'k' is constant. Find out velocity at time
't'.
v t
Sol. ò
u
ò
dv = adt
0
kt2
v =u+
2
Que. Velocity of particle depends on its position as v = (x 2 + 1) m/s. Find acceleration at x = 1 m.
dv
Sol. a=v
dx
a = 2x3 + 2x
at x = 1 m Þ a = 4 m/s2
Que. At t = 0, particle starts from origin from rest along x-axis. Its velocity is given by v = a x . (a = constant). Then
find.
(i) x-t relation
(ii) v-t relation
(iii) a-t relation
Sol. (i) ò dx = ò vdt

dx = ax1/2 dt
x t
dx
ò
0
= adt
x1 / 2 0 ò
2[x1 / 2 ]0x = a[t]0t
at
x1/2 =
2
a2 t2
x=
4
16 E
dx
(ii) v=
dt
a2 a2 t
v= (2t) =
4 2
dv
(iii) a=
dt
a2
a=
2
Special points :
1. When particle moves with constant velocity then its acceleration will be zero.
r r
2. If particle moves with constant velocity then v avg = v avg = v inst = v inst
3. A particle may have constant speed but variable velocity.
Ex. Uniform circular motion.
4. Acceleration which opposes the motion of body is called retardation.
r r
5. Increment or decrement in speed depends on direction of v and a .
r r
Case-I : If v and a are in same direction then speed increases.
v = +ve v = –ve
(i) a = +ve (ii) a = –ve
r r
Case-II : If v and a are in opposite direction then speed decreases.
v = +ve v = –ve
(i) a = –ve (ii) a = +ve
6. If initial velocity (u) of particle is zero and acceleration is constant then its path must be a straight line.
r r
7. If initial velocity (u) is non-zero and acceleration (a) is constant then path may be straight line or parabola.
r r
Case-I : If u and a are collinear then path will be a stragith line (q = 0° or 180°)
r r
Case-II : If u and a are non-collinear then path will be a parabola.
8. The direction of motion of particle is decided by direction of instananeous velocity.

B.B.-3 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 23 to 40
Ex.-2 Q.no. 2, 6, 7, 14, 19, 23, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38
Ex.-3 Q.no. 1 to 4, 19

B.B.-3 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 23 to 41
Ex.-2 Q.no. 2, 6, 7, 14, 19, 23, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39
Ex.-3 Q.no. 1 to 4, 20
E 17
LECTURE # 08
• Equation of motion :
These are valid when acceleration is constant.
Scalar form Vector form Here :
r r r
v = u + at v = u + at v = final velocity s = displacement
1 2 r r 1r2
s = ut + at s = ut + at u = initial velocity t = time
2 2
rr rr rr
v 2 = u2 + 2as v.v = u.u + 2a.s a = acceleration
• Derivation (optional)
dv ds dv
(i) a= (ii) v= (iii) a =v
dt dt ds
v t s t v s
ò
u
ò
dv = adt
0
ò0
ò
ds = vdt
0
ò
u
ò
vdv = ads
0
v
1 2 é v2 ù s
v – u = at s = ut + at ê ú = a[s]0
2 2
ëê ûú u
v = u + at v 2 = u2 + 2as
Que. A particle have initial velocity (iˆ + ˆj) m/s and acceleration (0.2iˆ + 0.3j)
ˆ m/s2. Find out :
(i) Velocity after 10 sec.

(ii) Speed after 10 sec.
r
Sol. (i) v = (3iˆ + 4ˆj) m/s
r
(ii) v = 5 m/s
Que. A particle have initial velocity (3iˆ + 4ˆj) m/s and acceleration is (0.5iˆ + ˆj) m/s2. Find out displacement in first 4
seconds.
r
Sol. s = (16iˆ + 24ˆj) m
r
ˆ . Then find :
Que. A particle of mass 2 kg start moving from rest under the effect of force F = (2iˆ + 4ˆj + 6k)N
(i) Velocity at t = 4 sec.

(ii) Displacement in first 4 sec.
r ˆ m/s
Sol. (i) v = (4iˆ + 8ˆj + 12k)
r ˆ m
(ii) s = (8iˆ + 16ˆj + 24k)
Que. A particle have initial velocity 2 m/s and acceleration 5 m/s2. Find out velocity and displacement after 2 sec.
Sol. v = 12 m/s
s = 14 m
Que. A particle starts from rest moves with constant acceleration 4 m/s 2. Then find out :
(i) Displacement in first 2 sec. (s2)
(ii) Displacement in 2nd sec. (s2nd)
18 E
1 2 t=0 s1st t=1s s2nd t=2s

Sol. (i) s2 = ut + at
2
1
s2 = 0 + (4)(2)2 = 8m s2
2
(ii) s2nd = s2 – s1
0 s1st 1s s2nd 2s s3rd 3s s4th 4s
1 2 1
Q s1 = ut + at = 0 + (4)(1)2 = 2m
2 2 s1
s2nd = 8 – 2 = 6 m s2
s3
Note : sn = Displacement in first 'n' seconds.
s4
snth = Displacement in nth second.
Que. A particle have initial velocity u and constant acceleration a. Find out displacement in nth second.
Sol. snth = sn – s(n–1)
1 2
Q s n = un + an ...(i) t=0 t=(n–1) t=n
2 snth
1
s (n–1) = u(n – 1) + a(n – 1)2 ...(ii)
2 s(n–1)
a sn
\ s nth = u + (2n - 1)
2
Que. A particle have initial velocity 10 m/s and acceleration 2 m/s2. Then find out :
(i) s7 (ii) s7th
Sol. (i) s7 = 119 m (ii) s7th = 23
Que. A particle start from rest with uniform acceleration. If it covers 15 m distance in third second then find out its
acceleration.
Sol. a = 6 m/s2
Que. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration. Fint out ratio of sn and snth.
1 2
an
sn 2 n2
= =
Sol. s nth a (2n - 1)
(2n - 1)
2
Que. A particle starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration. Find ratio of distance covered by it :
(i) s1 : s2 : s3 : ......... : sn
(ii) s1st : s2nd : s3rd : ......... : snth
Sol. (i) 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 : n2
(ii) 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : (2n–1)
r
Note : If u = 0 and a = constant. Then ratio of distance covered by particle in successive equal time interval is
given by :
1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 : .......
Que. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration. If it covers distance d in first 20 seconds. Find out distance
covered in next 20 seconds.
u=0 d 3d
Sol. 3d
t=0 20s 40s
E 19
Que. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration. Find out value of given ratio.
s s5 s 5th s9th
(i) 3 (ii) (iii) (iv)
s7 s 6th s 8th s8
9 25 3 17
Sol. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
49 11 5 64
Que. A particle starts from rest with unifrom acceleration 2 m/s2. Then find distance travelled in fourth half second.
Sol. Distance in 4th half second.
1st half 2nd half 3rd half 4th half
1 2 1 2
= s2 – s1.5 = a(2) - a(1.5) = 4 – 2.25 = 1.75 m
2 2 t=0 0.5s 1s 1.5s 2s
Que. Particle have initial velocity u moving with constant acceleration. After time t its velocity becomes v. Then find
out distance travelled in this duration.
Sol. v = u + at
u v
v -u
a= t=0 t
t s
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1 év - uù 2
s = ut + t
2 êë t úû
(v + u)
s= t
2
20 E
LECTURE # 09
Que. A particle have initial velocity 20 m/s, moves with uniform acceleration. After 2 seconds its velocity becomes 40
m/s. Find distance covered in this duration.
Sol. d = 60 m
Que. A particle have initial velocity 10 m/s moves with constant acceleration. After travelling 300 m distance its
velocity becomes 20 m/s. Find out time interval.
Sol. t = 20 sec.
Que. A particle is moving with constant acceleration. It covers 2 m distance in first 2 sec. then 14 m distance in next
4 sec. Find out its velocity after 7 sec.
1 2 u 2m 14 m
Sol. s = ut + at
2 t=7s
From t = 0 to t = 2 sec. : t=0 t=2s t=6s t=7s
1
2 = 4(2) + a(2)2 ...(1)
2
From t = 0 to t = 6 sec. :
1
16 = u(6) + a(6)2 ...(2)
2
On solving (1) and (2)
1 5
u= m/s, a= m/s
6 6
At t = 7 sec. :
1 æ5ö
v = u + at, v= + 7, v = 6 m/s
6 çè 6 ÷ø
• Stopping distance :
Assume constant retardation.
u v=0
v2 = u2 – 2as, 0 = u2 – 2as,
s
u2
s= , s µ u2
2a
Q If 'u' becomes 'n' times, then s becomes n 2 times.
Que. A truck moving with speed 36 km/hr is stopped by applying breaks after travelling 2 m. If same truck moves
with speed 72 km/hr, then find its stopping distance (Assume constant retardation).
2
s1 æ u1 ö
Sol. s µ u2 Þ =ç ÷
s2 è u2 ø
2
s1 æ u1 ö
=ç ÷ Þ s2 = 4s1 Þ s2 = 8 m
s2 è 2u1 ø
• Stopping time :
u
v = u – at, 0 = u – at, t=, tµu
a
If 'u' becomes 'n' times, then 't' also becomes 'n' times.
Que. A truck moving with velocity 36 km/hr is stopped by applying breaks after 2 sec. If same truck moves with
speed 144 km/hr and breaks are applied, then find stopping time.
Sol. t = 8 sec.
E 21
Que. A car is moving with velocity u. Driver of car observes the red traffic signal and applies break. Then car retards uniformly
with retardation 'a'. If reaction time of driver is 't' then find out total distance travelled by car before coming at rest.
u2
Sol. s = ut +
2a
Que. A particle moving with uniform acceleration crosses two points A and B present in a straight line, with speed u
and v. Then find out speed of particle at mid point.
u2 + v 2
Sol. vm =
2
1
Que. A bullet losses part of its velocity while passing through a plank. Find out minimum number of planks
n th
required to stop the bullet. (Assume constant retardation).
n2
Sol. Minimum number of planks =
2n - 1
Que. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration. Then find out ratio of space average velocity to the time
average velocity.
Sol. a = constant
v = at ...(1)
1 2
s= at ...(2)
2
v2 = 2as ...(3)
(1) Time average velocity
t t
ò vdt ò at dt at2
at
< v >t = 0
t
= 0
t
= 2 Þ < v >t =
t 2
ò dt
0
ò dt
0
(2) Space average velocity
< v >s =
ò vds
ò ds
From (2) ds = at dt
t
a2 t 3
ò (at)
2
dt 2at
2at < v >s 4
< v >s = 0 Þ < v >s = 32 = Þ \ Ratio : = 3 =
t at 3 < v >t at 3
ò at dt
0
2 2

B.B.-4 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 41 to 52
Ex.-2 Q.no. 8, 9, 12, 16, 25
Ex.-3 Q.no. 20

B.B.-4 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 42 to 53, 32
Ex.-2 Q.no. 8, 9, 12, 16, 25
Ex.-3 Q.no. 21
22 E
LECTURE # 10
GRAPHS IN KINEMATICS :
Graphical Section :
Position - time graph
Slope of this graph represents instantaneous velocity.
x
displacement
Q tan q = = velocity
time
(i) x (ii)
x
q = 0° q = constant
tanq = tan0° = 0 tanq = constant
velocity = 0 velocity = constant
i.e. body is at rest. i.e. the body is in uniform motion
x x
(iii) (iv)
q is decreasing with time q is increasing with time

\ tanq is decreasing with time \ tanq is increasing with time
\ velocity is decreasing with time \ velocity is increasing with time
i.e. non uniform motion i.e. non uniform motion
(v) q > 90°

x tanq = –ve
velocity = –ve but constant
i.e. uniform motion
Area of x-t graph = ò xdt = No physical significance
Velocity time graph
Slope of this graph represents acceleration.
velocity
Q tan q = = acceleration
time
(i) (ii)
q = 0° q = constant
tanq = tan0° = 0 tanq = constant
acceleration = 0 acceleration = constant
E 23
i.e. v = constant or uniform motion i.e. uniformly accelerated motion
(iii) (iv)
q is decreasing with time q is increasing with time

\ tanq is decreasing with time \ tanq is increasing with time
\ acceleration is decreasing with time\ acceleration is increasing with time
i.e. acceleration goes on decreasing i.e. acceleration goes on increasing
with time but it is not retardation with time
(v) q > 90°

tanq = –ve
acceleration = –ve but constant
i.e. constant or uniform retardation
is acting on the body
Area of v-t graph = ò v dt = displacement = change in position
Acceleration-time graph
Area of a–t graph = ò a dt = ò dv = v 2 - v1 = change in velocity
a
(i) (ii)
q
t
t
i.e. uniformly increasing acceleration. a µ t0 i.e. uniform or constant acceleration
24 E
LECTURE # 11
Que. A particle moves along x-axis. Its x-t graph is given. Find for given graph which statement is true or false.
(i) Particle is at rest. x
(ii) Particle starts from origin.
(iii) particle is moving away from origin.
(iv) Velocity of particle is constant.
(v) Velocity is positive.
O t
(vi) Accleration is zero.
Ans. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) T (v) T (vi) T
Que. For a given x-t graph. Find out at which point velocity is : x B
(i) Positive C E
(ii) Negative A
D
(iii) Zero
Ans. (i) A, E (ii) C (iii) B, D O t
Que. A particle is moving along x-axis. Its position time graph has shown. Find out :
x(m)
(i) Displacement in 8 sec.
40
(ii) Distance is 8 sec. 20
(iii) Average velocity over 8 sec.
(iv) Velocity at t = 1 sec.
O 2 4 8 t(s)
Ans. (i) –20 cm (ii) 60 m (iii) –2.5 m/s (iv) 10 m/s
Que. For a particle moving along straight line x-t graph has shown. Find out : x(m)
(i) Displacement in 4 sec. 100
(ii) Distance covered in 4 sec.
(iii) Average velocity for first two sec.
(iv) Velocity at t = 3 sec. O 2 4 t(s)
(v) Speed at t = 3 sec.
Ans. (i) 0 (ii) 200 m (iii) 50 m/s (iv) –50 m/s (v) 50 m/s
Que. Velocity time graph for a particle moving along straight line is given. Find given statements are true or false.
(i) Acceleration from P to Q is positive. v
P
(ii) Acceleration from Q to R is positive.
Q
(iii) Acceleration from P to R is constant. t
(iv) Particle comes at rest for an instant at point Q. R
Ans. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
Que. For a given velocity time graph find out :
(i) In which duration velocity is : v A B
(a) Positive
C F
(b) Negative O t
(c) Constant
D E
(ii) In which duration acceleration is :
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) Zero
(iii) In which duration speed is :
(a) Increasing
(b) Decreasing
(c) Constant
E 25
Ans. (i) (a) A-C (b) C-D (c) A-B, D-E
(ii) (a) O-A, E-F (b) B-C, C-D (c) A-B, D-E
(iii) (a) O-A, C-D (b) B-C, E-F (c) A-B, D-E
Que. A particle is moving along x-axis. Its velocity time graph has shown. Find :
(i) Velocity at : v(m/s)
(a) t=0 10
(b) t = 1 sec
(c) t = 0.5 sec
(ii) Displacement in 1 sec. t(s)
(iii) Average velocity over 1 sec. O 1
(iv) Acceleration at t = 0.5 sec.
Ans. (i) (a) 0 (b) 10 m/s (c) 5 m/s
(ii) 5m
(iii) 5 m/s
(iv) 10 m/s2
Que. For particle its velocity time graph is given. Find : v(m/s)
(i) Displacement in 10 sec.
100
(ii) Average velocity in 10 sec.
(iii) Average acceleration for first 5 sec.
(iv) Acceleration at t = 8 sec. 0 5 10 t(s)
Ans. (i) 500(ii) 50 m (iii) 20 m/s 2
(iv) –20 m/s 2
26 E
LECTURE # 12
Que. For a particle velocity time graph is given. Find out : v(m/s)
(i) Initial velocity
30
(ii) Displacement is 8 sec.
20
(iii) Distance covered in 8 sec. 10
(iv) Average speed over 8 sec. t(s)
O 3 6 8
(v) Average velocity over 8 sec.
(vi) Average acceleration for first 8 sec. –20
(vii) Acceleration at t = 5 sec.
125 85 -30
Ans. (i) 10 m/s (ii) 85 m (iii) 125 (iv) m/s (v) (vi) m/s2 (vii) –10 m/s2
8 8 8
Que. For a particle velocity position graph is given. Find acceleration at x = 3 m.
v(m/s)
20
dv
Sol. a=v 10
dx
O 2 4 x(m)
a = 15(5) = 75 m/s2
Que. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration time graph has shown. Find maximum velocity of particle.
Sol. Velocity is maximum when acceleration is zero.
2
a(m/s )
10
1
DV = Vf – Vi = Area = ´ 2 ´ 10 = 10 m/s
2
Vf = 10 m/s
O 1 2 t(s)
Que. A particle have initial velocity 10 m/s. Its acceleration time graph is shown. Find out its velocity at t = 10 sec.
Sol. DV = Area
a(m/s 2)
1 20
Vf – Vi = (20 × 5) + (20)(5)
2
Vf – 10 = 150
Vf = 160 m/s O 5 10 t(s)
Que. For a particle moving along a straight line position time relation is given as x = 3t. Then draw its :-
(i) x-t graph (ii) v-t graph (iii) a-t graph
x v a
Sol. x = 3t
v=3
O t O t O t
a=0
Que. A particle is moving along x-axis. Its position is given by x = –2t + 3t 2. Draw its :-
(i) v-t graph (ii) a-t graph
a
Sol. x = –2t + 3t2 v
v = –2 + 6t
–2 t
a=6 O t
E 27
Que. A particle starts from rest from origin and moves with constant acceleration. Then draw its :
(i) (a-t) graph (ii) (v-t) graph(x-t) graph (v-x) graph
Sol. a = constant
a a t° ...(1)
vat 1
...(2)
x at 2
...(3)
From (2) and (3) v a x
2
...(4)
a v x v
O t O t O t O x
Que. A particle starts from rest from origin. Its acceleration time graph is given. Then draw its :
(i) (v-t) graph (ii) (x-t) graph
2
a(m/s )
10
2 3
O t(s)
1
–10
Sol. (i) (v-t) graph (ii) (x-t) graph
v(m/s) x(m)
10 20
15
O 1 2 3 t(s) 5
0 1 2 3 t(s)
28 E
LECTURE # 13
Que. A car starts from rest moves with constant acceleration a for some time, then it retards unifrmaly at rate b and
finally comes at rest. If total time of motion is T. Then :
(i) Draw v-t graph (ii) Find out maximum velocity (iii) Total distance
Sol. (i) v
vmax
a b
O t1 t2 t
T
v max v max
(ii) a= b=
t1 t2
v max v max
t1 = ...(i) t2 = ...(ii)
a b
T = t1 + t 2
v max v max
T= +
a b
æ1 1ö
T = v max ç + ÷
èa bø
æ ab ö
Þ v max ç ÷T
èa +bø
(iii) Total distance :
1 æ ab ö 1 æ ab ö 2
Tç= ÷T = ç ÷T
2 èa +bø 2èa+bø
Que. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration 2m/s2 for some time then it retards uniformly with retardation
3m/s2 and comes at rest. If total time of motion in 5 sec. Find :
(i) Maximum velocity (ii) Total distance
Ans. (i) 6 m/s (ii) 15 m
Que. A particle starts from rest moves with constant acceleration 2m/s2 for 10 sec then with constant speed for next
30 sec then retards uniformely at rate 4 m/s2 and comes at rest.
Ans. 750 m
Que. A particle starts from rest moves along a straight line covers distance 's' with constant acceleration then covers
distance 2s with constant speed, then distance 3s with uniformm retardation and finally comes at rest. Then find
out ratio of average velocity and maximum velocity.
1 2s
Sol. s= (v max )t1 Þ t1 = v
2 v max
vmax
1 2s
2s = (v max )t2 Þ t2 =
2 v max 2s
s 3s
1 6s O
3s = (v max )t 3 Þ t3 = t1 t2 t3 t
2 v max
Total distance 6s 6s
v avg = = =
Total time t1 + t2 + t 3 2s 2s 6s
+ +
v max v max v max
v avg 3
Þ =
v max 5
E 29
Que. Particle moves along a straight line with speed v = |t–2|m/s. Find out distance travellel by it in first 4 sec.
Sol. Method-1 : Graphical method
At t=0 Þ v = 2 m/s v(m/s)
t = 2s Þ v=0 2
t = 4s Þ v = 2 m/s
é1 ù
Distance = 2 ê 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ú = 4 m 0 2 4 t(sec)
ë û
Method-2 v = – (t–2), t = 0 to t = 2s
v = (t – 2), t = 2s to t = 4s
4 2 4
Distance = ò
0
vdt = ò
0
-(t - 2)dt + ò
2
(t - 2)dt
2 4
é t2 ù é t2 ù
= ê2t - ú + ê - 2t ú = 2 + 2 = 4 m
êë 2 úû êë 2 úû 2
0
Que. Position of particle moving along x-axis is given by x = (2–3t 2+6t)m. Find out
(i) Displacement in first 2 sec.
(ii) Distance travelled in first 2 sec.
Sol. x = 2–3t2+6t
v(m/s)
v = –6t+6
6
(i) Displacement = area
2
æ1 ö é1 ù O t(s)
= ç ´ 6 ´ 1 ÷ + ê ´ 1 ´ (-6) ú = 0
1
è 2 ø ë 2 û –6
æ1 ö æ1 ö
(ii) Distance = = ç ´ 6 ´ 1 ÷ + ç ´ 6 ´ 1 ÷ = 6m
è2 ø è2 ø
Que. Position of a particle is given by x = (4t–t )m. For first 3 sec. of motion find out :
2
(i) Average velocity

v(m/s)
(ii) Average speed
Sol. x = 4t – t2 4
v = 4 – 2t 3
O t(s)
2
r Displacement 4 - 1
(i) v avg = = –2
Time 3
r
v avg = 1 m/s
r Distance 4 + 1 5
(ii) v avg = = = m/s
Time 3 3

B.B.-5 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 84 to 111
Ex.-2 Q.no. 10
Ex.-3 Q.no. 8

B.B.-5 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 84 to 112
Ex.-2 Q.no. 10
Ex.-3 Q.no. 9
30 E
LECTURE # 14
Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall)
Acceleration produced in a body by the force of gravity, is called acceleration due to gravity. It is repre-
sented by the symbol g.
Value of g=9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s 2 = 32 ft/s2
In the absence of air, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth from a small altitude
(h << earth's radius) is called motion under gravity. Free fall means acceleration of body is equal to acceleration
due to gravity.
1. If a Body is Projected Vertically Upward
v=0
Positive / Negative
H directions are a matter of
choice. You may take another
u choice.
(i) Equations of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e. vertically up) as positive
a = – g [As acceleration is downwards while motion upwards]
So, if a body is projected with velocity u and after time t it reaches a height h then
1 2
v = u - gt , h = ut - gt
2
g
v 2 = u2 - 2gh , h n th = u - (2n – 1)
2
(ii) For maximum height v = 0
So from above equation u = g t
it is called time of ascent (t1) = u/g
In case of motion under gravity, time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down through the
same distance. Time of descent (t2) = time of ascent (t1) = u/g
2u
\ Total time of flight T = t1 + t2 =
g
2 u2
and u = 2gH Þ H =
2g
2. If a Body is Projected Vertically Downward With Some Initial Velocity From Some Height
u
Equations of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as a
positive, we have
1 2
v = u + gt h = ut + gt
2
g
v 2 = u2 + 2gh hn = u + (2n - 1)
2
E 31
3. If a body is dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
u=0
h
Equations of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction)
as a positive, here we have
u=0 [As body starts from rest]
a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
1 2
so v = gt , h = gt
2
GOLDEN KEY POINTS

l In case of motion under gravity, the speed with which a body is projected up is equal to the speed with which it
comes back to the point of projection.
l The magnitude of velocity at any point on the path is same whether the body is moving in upward or downward
direction.
l Graph of displacement, velocity and acceleration with respect to time :
(For a body projected vertically upward)
x (u2/2g)
+v +a
u
(u/g ) (2u/g)
O t O t
(u/g) –u –g
t
l As h = (1/2)gt , i.e., h µ t , distance covered in time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 : 22 : 32, i.e., square
2 2
of consequtive integers. (in case of free fall, from rest)

l A particle at rest, is dropped vertically from a height. The time taken by it to fall through successive distance of
1 m each will then be in the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the integers i.e.
1,( 2 – 1 ), ( 3 – 2 ), ( 4 – 3 ),......
l The motion is independent of the mass of body, as mass is not involved in any equation of motion. It is due to
this reason that a heavy and light body when released from the same height, reach the ground simultaneously
and with same velocity i.e., t = (2h / g) and v = 2gh .
1
l The distance covered in the nth second, h n = g(2n – 1)
2
So distance covered in 1st, 2nd, 3rd second, etc., will be in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5, i.e., odd integers only.
l Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration with respect to time :
(For a body dropped from some height)
x v a
g
tanq = g
t t t
32 E
4. If a Body is Projected Vertically Upward With Some Initial Velocity From a Certain Height
v=0
h
u
Hmax.
H
Equations of motion : Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., upward direction) as
negative, here we have
1 2
v = –u + gt; H = -ut + gt
2
g
v2 = u2 + 2gh; h nth = -u + (2n - 1)
2
l Maximum height attained by the body
u2
Hmax = H + h = H +
2g
l Distance travelled by the body
u2
H + 2h = H +
g
Time taken by the body to reach the ground
1 2 1 2
H = -ut + gt Þ gt - ut - H = 0
2 2
Þ gt2 – 2ut – 2H = 0
After solving this equation we get the result.
Note : (1) If body is released or dropped from stationary frame then its initial velocity will be zero.
(2) If body is projected or thrown or fired then its initial velocity is non-zero.
(3) In case of rocket and hydrogen balloon initial velocity is zero.
Que. A body is dropped from a height h. If acceleration due to gravity is g, then find out :
(i) Velocity with which body striker on ground.
(ii) Time taken by body to reach on ground.
2h
Ans. (i) v = 2gh (ii) t =
g
Que. A body is dropped from height 80m. If acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2, then find out :
(i) Velocity when body reaches on ground.
(ii) Time taken by body to reach on ground.
Ans. (i) v = 40 m/s (ii) t = 4 sec.
Que. A body is dropped from some height. Find out ratio of distance travelled by it in :
(i) First 1 sec : First 2 sec : First 3 sec : ...... : First n sec.
(ii) First sec : Second sec. : Third sec. : ..... : nth sec.
Ans. (i) 1 : 4 : 9 : 16 : .... : n2 (ii) 1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : ... : (2n – 1)
Que. Water drops are falling from water tap in regular time interval. When first drop reaches on ground, third drop
is about to leave the tap. If height of water tap from ground is 8 m then find out height of second drop from
ground.
Ans. 6 m
E 33
Que. Water drops are falling from water tap in regular time interval. When first drop reaches on ground fourth drop
is about to leave. If height of water tap is 16 m, then find out height of second, third and fourth drop from
ground.
Ans. 2nd drop ® 7 m
2nd drop ® 12 m
4th drop ® 15 m
Que. A body is dropped from some height reaches an ground in time t. Find out time taken by body to cover first half
distance.
t
Ans. t ' =
2
Que. A body dropped from some height reaches on ground in time 't'. Find out time taken by it to cover first one
fourth distance.
t
Ans. t ' =
2
't'
Que. A body is dropped from height h reaches on ground in time t. Find out its height from ground after time of
3
releasing it.
8h
Ans. h ' =
9
Que. Two balls A and B are dropped from same height. Ball B is dropped after 1 sec of ball A. Find seperation
between both balls after 1 sec. of releasing ball B.
Ans. 15 m
Que. Two balls A and B are released from top of tower such that B is dropped after 2 sec of ball A. Find out
seperation between A and B after 3 sec of releasing ball B.
Ans. 80 m
Que. Ball 'A' is dropped from top of the tower of height h. Another ball B is dropped after 1 sec. of ball A from a
balcony which is 20 below from top of the tower. If both balls reach on ground simultanenously then find out
height of tower.
Ans. h = 31.25 m
7
Que. A body dropped from height h, covers th height in last second of motion. Find out :
16
(i) Time of ball (ii) Height 'h'
u=0
1 2 t=0
Sol. For time 't' : h = gt ...(1) 9h
2
16
9 1 h
For time (t-1) : h = g(t - 1)2 ...(2) (t–1)
16 2 7h
16
9 (t - 1)2
Eq. (2)/(1) = t
16 t2
3 t -1
= Þ t = 4 sec.
4 t
1
From Q. : h= g(4)2 = 80 m
2
34 E
Que. A body dropped from height h, covers 64% distance in last second. Find out :
(i) Total time of ball
(ii) Initial height 'h'.
1 2 u=0
Sol. For time 't' : h = gt ...(1) t=0
2 36h
16
36 1 h
For time (t–1) : h = g(t - 1)2 ...(2) (t–1)
100 2 64h
100
On solving : t = 2.5 sec
t
h = 31.2 m
E 35
LECTURE # 15
Que. A body is dropped from some height. Distance covered by it in first 3 sec is equal to distance covered in last
second of its motion. Then find out :
(i) Time of fall (ii) Intial height
Ans. (i) t = 5 sec (ii) h = 125 m
Que. A body is projected vertically upwards from ground with velocity 'u'. If acceleration due to gravity is 'g', then find
out :
(i) Ascending time (ii) Descending time
(iii) Time of flight (iv) Maximum height attained
(v) Total distance covered in complete motion
u u v=0
Sol. (i) ta = (ii) td =
g g
2u u2
(iii) T= (iv) h max =
g 2g
u
u2
(v) distance =
g t=0
Que. A body is projected vertically upwards from ground with speed 30 m/s. Find out :
(i) Ascending time
(ii) Descending time
(iii) Maximum height
u u u2
Sol. (i) t a = = 3 sec (ii) t d = = 3 sec (iii) hmax = = 45m
g g 2g
Important results :
v=0 v=0
t=3s t=3s
5m
v=10 m/s v=–10 m/s
t=2s t=4s
15m
v=20 m/s v=–20 m/s
t=1s t=5s
25m
v=30 m/s v=–30 m/s
t=6s
t=0
(1) If air friction or air resistance is negligible then ascending time and descending time both are equal.
(2) At highest point velocity of body is zero but acceleration is non-zero. It means body can have zero velocity
with non zero acceleration.
(3) Distance travelled in last second of ascending motion in equal to distance travelled in first second of
descending motion.
(4) Distance travelled in last 'n' seconds of ascending motion is equal to distance travelled in first 'n' seconds of
descending motion.
(5) Distance travelled in last second of ascending motion doesnot depend on velocity of projection.
36 E
Que. A body is projected vertically upward from ground. It covers equal distance in fourth and fifth second. Find
velocity of projection.
Ans. 40 m/s
Que. A body projected vertically upward from ground remains in air for 8 sec. Find out :
(i) Velocity of projection (ii) Maximum height attained
Ans. (i) u = 40 m/s (ii) hmax = 80 m
Que. A body projected vertically upward reaches to maximum height 180 m. Find velocity of projection.
Ans. u = 60 m/s
Que. In previous question find time at which body attains height of 100 m.
1 2
h = ut - gt
2
100 = 60t – 5t2
t2 – 12t + 20 = 0
t(t–10) –2(t–10) = 0
t = 2s, 10s
t = 2s ® During ascending motion
t = 10s ® During descending motion
Que. A body is projected vertically upwards from ground passes through same point at time t 1 and t2.
(i) Time of flight
(ii) Initial velocity
t1 B C t2
(iii) Height of point
Sol. Time from A to B = t1
u h
Time from B to C = t – t 2 1
Time from C to D = t1 A D
(i) \ Time of flight = t1 + (t2 – t1) + t1 = t1 + t2
2u
(ii) Q T=
g
gT g
u= = (t1 + t2 )
2 2
(iii) For ascending motion :
1 2 g 1
h = ut1 - gt1 = (t1 + t2 )t1 - gt12
2 2 2
1
h= gt1 t2
2
Que. A body projected vertically upward. At half of its maximum height its velocity becomes 20 m/s. Find maximum
heigh attained by body.
C VC=0
Sol. From B to C :
æhö h
VC2 = VB2 - 2g ç ÷
è2ø B
h/2
0 = (20)2 – gh
h = 40 m A
E 37
LECTURE # 16
Que. A body is projected vertically upward from top of the tower with velocity 30 m/s. If it takes 8 sec to reach on
ground then find.
(i) Height of tower or displacement of body.
(ii) Total distance travelled by body.
1 2 B
Sol. (i) -h = ut - gt
2
u=30 m/s
1 A
-h = 30 ´ 8 - (10)(8)2 C
2
h = 80 m h
(ii) From A to B :
v2 = u2 – 2gh'
D
a = (30)2 – 2gh'
h' = 45 m
Total distance = AB + BC + CD
= 45 + 45 + 80 = 170 m
Que. A balloon is rising vertically upward with constant speed 10 m/s. A stone is dropped from balloon when it is at
height of 75 m from ground. Find out time taken by stone to reach on ground.
Ans. t = 5 sec.
Que. A balloon rising vertically upwards with constant acceleration 1.25 m/s2. After 8 sec a stone is dropped from it.
Find out :
(i) Displacement of stone when it reaches on ground.
(ii) Time taken by stone to reach on ground.
(iii) Total distance travelled by stone after releasing it.
Sol. (i) From A to B :
C
1 2 VC=0
h = ut + at VB
2
t=8s h'
1 B
h = 0 + (1.25)(8)2
2
h = 40 m h
(ii) At point B :
t=0
vB = at = 10 m/s D
A
From B to D : u=0
1 2
-h = v B t - gt
2
1
-40 = 10t - (10)t2
2
t2 –2t –8 = 0
t2 –4t + 2t –8 = 0
(t – 4)(t + 2) = 0 Þ t = 4 sec and t = –2 sec
(iii) From B to C :
v 2C = v 2B - 2gh '
0 = (10)2–2(10)h' Þ h' = 5 m
38 E
Total distance = CB + CD
= 5 + 45 = 50 m
Que. A ball is dropped from height H strikes on ground elastically and rebounds upto the same height. Consider the
vertically downward direction positive and topmost point as origin. Draw following graphs :
(i) Acceleration - time t=0 t=T
(ii) Velocity - time u=0
(iii) Speed - time +ve –ve
(iv) Displacement - time v –v
t=T/2
Sol. v = 2gh
(i) Acceleration - time : (ii) Velocity - time :

v
a
g
2gh
t
T 2T t
T 2T
– 2gh
(iii) Speed - time (iv) Displacement - time

v
H
2gh
O t
t T 2T
2TT
Que. A ball is projected vertically upwards with speed u1 reaches on maximum height and come on ground after
some time. Consider vertically upward direction positive and point of projection as origin. Draw following
graphs : u=0, t=T/2
(i) Acceleration - time
(ii) Velocity - time +ve
(iii) Speed - time –ve
(iv) Diosplacement - time u –u
Sol. (i) Acceleration - time : (ii) Velocity - time
t=0 t=T
v
a
u
t t
T 2T T 2T
–g
–u
(iii) Speed - time : (iv) Displacement - time

v v
u h
O t O t
T 2T T 2T
E 39
Effect of air resistance :
a = Retardation due to air friction
For ascending motion :
(i) v 2 = v12 - 2a neth
0 = v12 - 2(g + a)h
v1 = 2(g + a)h
v1 2h
(ii) t1 = =
a net (g + a)
v=0
For descending motion :
(i) v 22 = v 2 + 2anet h
anet = g + a h anet = g – a
v 22 = 0 + 2(g - a)h v1 v2
v 2 = 2(g - a)h
2h
(ii) t2 =
(g - a)
v1 > v 2
Result : t1 < t2

B.B.-6 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 53 to 83
Ex.-2 Q.no. 3, 18, 26, 27, 15
Ex.-3 Q.no. 21, 23, 24, 5, 6, 7, 9

B.B.-6 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 54 to 83
Ex.-2 Q.no. 3, 18, 26, 27, 15
Ex.-3 Q.no. 6, 7, 8, 10, 22, 23, 24
40 E
LECTURE # 17
Projectile Motion :
When body is projected such that its velocity of projection is not collinear with acceleration then body moves
along a curved path. If acceleration of body is constant then its path must be a parabola and its motion is called
projectile motion.
PROJECTILE MOTION
(1) Oblique Projection (2) Horizontal Projection

(From height)
(a) Ground to ground (b) From height

• Ground to ground projection :
vy = 0 vx = 4x
v
vy
v x = ux
a
vx = ux
v vy v
uy = u sin q
q vx = ux
x
(0,0) ux = u cos q q
v
vy = –uy
Projectile motion can be considered as combination of two mutually perpendicular motions, which are independent
from each other.
Projectile motion = Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
In horizontal motion In Vertical motion
ux = u cos q uy = u sin q
ax = 0 ay = –g
vx = ux = u cos q vy = uy – gt
1 2
x = uxt = (u cos q)t y = uyt – gt
2
• At topmost point angle between velocity and acceleration is 90°.
• Constant quantities ® a, vx mechanical energy
• Variable quantities ® vy, velocity, speed, momentum, kinetic energy and potential energy.
• At topmost point speed, velocity, momentum and kinetic energy is minimum but potential energy is maximum.
E 41
LECTURE # 18
Que. A body is projected from ground at an angle q from horizontal with speed u. After time t find out :
(i) Its position vector
(ii) Its velocity vector
(iii) Angle made by velocity vector from horizontal.
Sol. (i) Position vector :
r y
r = xiˆ + yjˆ vy
v
r æ 1 ö a vx
r = (u cos qt)iˆ + ç u sin qt - gt 2 ÷ ˆj P
è 2 ø
r
(ii) v = v xî + v yˆj x
(0,0)
= (u cos q)iˆ + (u sin q - gt)ˆj
vy u y - gt
(iii) tan a = =
vx ux
u sin q - gt é u sin q - gt ù
tan a = Þ a = tan–1 ê ú
u cos q ë u cos q û
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed 50 m/s at an angle 53° from vertical. After 2 seconds find out :
(i) position vector
(ii) velocity vector
(iii) Angle made by velocity vector from horizontal.
(
Sol. (i) 80iˆ + 40jˆ m ) ( ) æ1ö
(ii) 40iˆ + 10jˆ m/s (iii) tan–1 ç ÷
è4ø
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed 50 m/s at an angle 60° from horizontal. Find out time after which
velocity vector makes 30° angle from horizontal.
vy
Sol. tan a =
vx
u sin q - gt
tan 30° =
u cos q
50 sin 60° - gt
tan 30° =
50cos 60°
1 25 3 - 10t
=
3 25
25 = 75 – 10 3 t
5
t= sec
3
42 E
Que. A body of mass m is projected from ground with speed u at an angle q with horizontal then find out :
(i) Initial velocity vector
(ii) velocity vector when body strikes on ground
(iii) velocity vector at top most point
(iv) change in momentum between point of projection and striking point on ground.
r
Sol. (i) u = (u cos q)iˆ + (u sin q)jˆ
r
(ii) v = (u cos q)iˆ - (u sin q)ˆj
r
(iii) v = (u cos q)iˆ
r r r
(iv) Dp = m éë v f - v i ùû = 2 mu sin q ( -ˆj)
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed u at an angle q from horizontal. Then find out :
(i) Speed of body when its velocity becomes perpendicular to initial velocity.
(ii) Time after which velocity becomes perpendicular to initial velocity.
Sol. Let at point P velocity becomes perpendicular to initial velocity
(i) Horizontal component of velocity remains constant y
u cos q = v cos (90° – q) u
u cos q = v sin q q
v = u cot q u
P (90°–q)
(ii) Let after time 't' velocity becomes perpendicular v
to initial velocity q
x
r r
u·v = 0
( u cos qî + u sin q ˆj )· éëu cos qî + (u sin q - gt)ˆj ùû = 0

u2 cos2 q + u2 sin2 q – u sin qgt = 0
u2 (cos2 q + sin2 q) – u sin qgt = 0
u2 = (u sin q)gt
u
t= [for q ³ 45°]
gsin q
Que. A projectile has thrown from ground as shown. It strikes perpendicular to given wall. Find speed of projectile
when it strikes on wall.
wall
u
45° 60°
Sol. Horizontal component of velocity remains constant
u cos 45° = v cos 30°
u 60°
u 3 30°
=v
2 2 v
45° 60°
2
v= u
3
E 43
Que. A ball is projected as shown to hit the top of given building at point C, but ball strikes below the point C at point
D. Find distance between point C and D.
Sol. In horizontal direction:- C
x = ux t
h
x 5
t= = = 0.5 sec
u x 20 cos60° D
20 m/s
Height of point D :-
60°
1
h2 = uyt – gt2 x = 5 cm
2
In absence of gravity ball will strike at point C.
height of point C :-
h 1 = uy t
\ Distance between point C and D :-
= h 1 – h2
1 2 1
= gt = (10)(0.5)2 = 1.25 m
2 2
Important Parameter :
1. Time of flight (T) :
In vertical direction y
vy = uy – gt vy = 0
0 = uy – gt
u
uy h
uy
t=
g q
ux x
R
2u y 2u sin q
T= =
g g
T µ uy
2. Maximum height (H) :-

In vertical direction :
v 2y = u2y - 2gH
0 = u 2y - 2gH
u2y u 2 sin 2 q
H= =
2g 2g
H µ u 2y
• To attain maximum height :-

sin q = 1 Þ q = 90°
u2
H max =
2g
44 E
3. Horizontal range (R) :-
In horizontal direction :-
æ 2u y ö
R = uxT = ux ç ÷
è g ø
2u x u y
R=
g
2(u sin q) (u cos q)

R=
g
u 2 sin 2q
R=
g
• For maximum range :-

sin 2q = 1
2q = 90°
q = 45°
u2
R max =
g
LECTURE # 19
Que. A body is projected from ground with velocity (6iˆ + 8ˆj) m/s. Find out :
(1) Time of flight (2) Maximum height
(3) Horizontal range (4) Velocity when body reaches on ground
Ans. (1) 1.6 sec (2) 3.2 m (3) 9.6 m (4) (6iˆ - 8ˆj) m/s
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed 50 m/s at an angle 37° from horizontal. Find out :
(1) T (2) H (3) R
Ans. (1) 6 sec (2) 45 m (3) 240 m
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed 'u' such that at top most point its speed becomes half of its initial
speed. Find out :
(1) T (2) H (3) R
u æ 3 ö u2 æ 3 ö u2
Ans. (1) (3) ç
ç 2 ÷÷ g
3 (2) ç ÷
g è8ø g è ø
Que. The horizontal range of projectile is 1000 m when it is projected at an angle 75° from horizontal then find out
its range when it is projected at an angle 30° from horizontal with same speed.
Ans. 1000 3 m
Que. Maximum height attained by projectile is 300 m when it is projected at an angle 60° from horizontal. Find out
maximum height of this projectile when it is projected at an angle 30° from horizontal with same speed.
Ans. 100 m
E 45
Que. A player can throw a ball to maximum range of 1000m than find out maximum height upto which he can throw
a same ball with same speed.
u2
Sol. Rmax = {q = 45°}
g
u2
1000 = ……(i)
g
u2 1000
For maximum length Þ hmax = (Q q = 90°) = = 500 m
2g 2
hmax = 500 m
Que. A man can throw a ball to maximum height of 100 m meter than find maximum horizontal range upto which he
can throw a same ball with same speed.
u2
Sol. Hmax = {q = 90°}
2g
u2
Rmax = {q = 45°}
g
100 1
=
R max 2
Rmax = 200 m
R max
Note : hmax = (hmax ® q = 90°, Rmax ® q = 45° )
2
Que. A body is projected from ground with speed 20 m/s for maximum range. Than find out maximum height
attained by the body.
u 2 sin 2q
Sol. Range maximum = {q = 45°}
g
400
= = 40 m
10
u 2 sin2 45° 400 1

Height = = ´ = 10 m
2g 20 2
Que. A body is project from ground at an angle 45° from horizontal then find out relation between horizontal range
and maximum height attained?
u2
R max g 1 R max R
Sol. = 2 2 = = 4 Þ H = max
H max at 45° u sin q 1 H 4
2g 4
R max
Note : at q = 45°, H =
4
46 E
y (x , y)
Rmax , Rmax
2 4
4
Rmax
h=
4
A 45° (Rmax, 0)
x
(0, 0) Rmax B
2
Rmax
Que. A player throws a ball such that maximum range of ball is 500m. Than find out :
500
(1) Maximum height = 125 m
4
(2) Co-ordinate of top most point of point of projection is taken as origin. (250, 125)
Que. Two ball A and B are projected from ground with same speed. Ball A is projected at an angle q from Horizontal
and ball B is projected at angle q from vertical. Than find out :
TA HA RA
(1) (2) (3)
TB HB RB
y
Sol. From Hz qA = q B
qB = 90 – q u
A
TA 2u sin q A sin q sin q q u
(1) = = = tan q q
TB 2u sin qB sin(90 - q) cos q x
u 2 sin2 qA
HA 2g sin2 q ì sin2 q ü
(2) = 2 2 = í ý = tan2 q
HB u sin qB cos2 q î sin2 (90 - q) þ
2g
u2 sin2q A
RA g sin 2q sin 2q sin2q
(3) = = = = =1
RB u sin2qB
2
sin2(90° - q) sin180° - 2q sin2q
g
RA = RB
Que. A body projected from ground such that its horizontal range n times of maximum height attained than find out
angle of projection.
2u x u y æ u2 ö
Sol. = nç y ÷
g ç 2g ÷
è ø
4(u cos q) = n(u sin q)
4
= tan q
n
æ4ö
q = tan–1 çn÷
è ø
E 47
Que. A body is projected from ground at angle q from horizontal with speed u if mass of body is 'm' than find out
1
(1) K.E. of body on ground KE(g) = mu2
2
(2) M.E. on ground (ME(g)) = K.E. + P.E.
1 1
= mu2 + 0 = mu2
2 2
1 mu2 cos 2 q
(3) K.E. at top most point (K.E.) = mu2 cos2 q =
2 2
mg u 2 sin2 q mu 2 sin2 q
(4) P.E. at top most point = mgh = =
2g 2
mu 2 sin2 q mu 2 cos2 q 1
(5) M.E. at top = + = mu2
2 2 2
Equation of Trajectory (Path) : y
x
x = (u cos q)t Þ t = ....(1)
u cos q uy P
1 y
y = (u sin q)t – gt2 ....(2)
2 q x
2 ux
x 1 æ x ö x
y = (u sin q) × - g
u cos q 2 çè u cos q ÷ø
gx2
y = (tan q)x - Equation of parabola
2u cos2 q
2
é gx ù
y = (tan qx) ê1 - 2
ë 2u cos q ´ tan q úû
2
é ù é ù
ê gx ú ê x ú
= (tan qx) ê1 - ú = x tan q ê1 - 2 ú
ê sin q ú ê u (2sin q cos q) ú
2u 2 cos 2 q ´
ëê cos q ûú ê g ú
ë û
é xù
y = x tan q ê1 - ú
ë Rû
Que. The equation of trajectory of a projectile is given by y = ax – bx2 here a and b are constant than find out :
(1) angle of projection (2) Hz range
Sol. y = ax – bx 2
æ bx ö æ x ö
y = ax ç 1 - ÷ = ax ç 1 - a/b ÷
è a ø è ø
tan q = a
q = tan–1 (a)
a
Range =
b
48 E
Que. The equation of path of projectile is given by y = 3 x – 5x2. Than find out:
(1) q (2) R (3) u (4) hmax (5) T
æ xö
Sol. y = x tan q ç 1 - ÷
è Rø
æ ö
æ 5x ö ç 1 ÷
y= 3x ç 1 - ÷ = 3x ç 1 - ÷
è 3ø ç 3 ÷
ç ÷
è 5 ø
tan q = 3
q = 60°
3
Range =
5
2u sin q 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 2 s 3
T= = = = sec
g 2 ´ 10 10 5
u 2 sin2 ´ 60° 3
=
g 5
u2 3 3
=
2g 5
u2 1
=
2g 5
20
u2 =
5
u = 2 m/s
2
2
æ 3ö
u çç ÷
u2 sin2 q è 2 ÷ø 3
Hmax = = =
2g 2 ´ 10 20

B.B-7 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 112 to 156
Ex.-2 Q.no. 4, 11, 17, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30
Ex.-3 Q.no. 10, 12, 13, 14

B.B-7 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 113 to 158
Ex.-2 Q.no. 4, 11, 17, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30
Ex.-3 Q.no. 11, 13, 14, 15
E 49
LECTURE # 20
Horizontal Projection :
ux = u
u
uy = 0 a vx = u
vy v
vx = u
h g v
g
vx = u
a
v
vy
Horizontal Motion Vertical motion

ux = u uy = 0
ax = 0 ay = –g
vx = u vy = –gt
-1 2
x = ut y= gt
2
Que. Body is projected horizontally from top of tower with speed u. Than after time 't' find out :
r
(1) Displacement vector (2) velocity (v) (3) Angle made by velocity vector from horizontal
r 1 2
Sol. (1) r = (ut)iˆ - gt ˆj
2
r ˆ - (gt)(ˆj)
(2) v = u(i)
gt æ gt ö
(3) tan a = Þ a = tan–1 ç ÷
u è uø
Que. A body is projected horizontally from top of tower with speed 30 m/s than after 2 seconds find out :
Sol. (1) Displacement vector ®
r
r = xiˆ - yjˆ
æ1 ö
= ( U x t ) î - ç gt2 ÷ ˆj
è 2 ø
(
= 60iˆ - 20ˆj m )
(2) Velocity vector :-
r
v = v xî - v yˆj
r
v = 30iˆ - 20jˆ
(3) Angle made by velocity vector from Horizontal :-
vy gt
tan a = =
vx u
20
tan a =
30
a = tan–1(2/3)
50 E
Important parameter :-
ux = u
–
uy = 0
+
h
Time of flight Horizontal range
1 2
h = uy t + gT R = uT
2
1 2 2h
h= gT R=u
2 g
2h
T=
g
Que. A body is projected horizontally from top of the tower of height 490 meter with speed 98 m/s. Then find out:
(1) Time of flight (2) range
2 ´ 490
Sol. T = = 100 = 10 sec
9.8
R = 98 × 10 = 980 m
Que. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at height of 4500 m with speed 50 m/s. Than an object is released from it
find out :
(1) time taken by object to reach on ground
(2) Horizontal distance covered by object when it reaches on ground (Range).
2H 2 ´ 4500
Sol. (1) T= = = 900 = 30 sec
g 10
(2) R = u × 30 = 50 × 30 = 1500 m
Que. A body is projected horizontally from height 20m. A line joining the point of projection to striking point on
ground makes 45° angle from horizontal than find out velocity of projection.
20
Sol. tan 45° =
R
20
1= 20m
R
R = 20 m 45°
R tan a
R = u ×T
2H 2 ´ 20
T= = = 2 sec
g 10
20 = u × 2 Þ u = 10 m/s
E 51
Que. Two buildings A and B are present at horizontal distance of 180 m from each other with height of A is 45m
more than B than find out minimum horizontal velocity required to project a body from building A to B.
Sol.
45m
H+45
H
180 m
2h 2 ´ 45
R=u Þ 180 = u Þ u = 60 m/s
g 10
Equation of trajectory :
x
x = ut Þ t =
u
1 2 1 æ x ö æ -1 g ö 2 æ -g ö 2
y=–
2
gt Þ y = – g ç ÷ = ç
2 è u ø è 2 u2 ÷ x Þ y = ç 2u2 ÷x
ø è ø
Oblique Projection from some height :

Que. A body is projected upwards with speed 100 m/s at angle 30° from horizontal, from top of the tower of height
120 m, then find out time after which body reaches on ground.
Sol. uy = u sin 30° = 50
1 2 uy = u sin 30°
– H = vyt – gt
2 u = 100 m/s
– 120 = 50t – 5t2 30°
–24 = 10t – t2
t2 – 10t – 24 = 0 120m
t2 – 12t + 2t – 24 = 0
t(t – 12) + 2(t – 12) = 0
(t – 12)(t + 2) = 0
t = (12) sec
Que. For given body find out :
(1) T (2) R
1 2
Sol. –H = uyt – gt uy = u sin q
2
u = 40 2 m/s
1 45°
–100 = 40 × t – × 10 × t2 ux = u cos q
2
–20 = 8t – 5t2 100m
Þ t2 – 10t + 2t – 20 = 0
Þ t(t – 10) + 2(t – 10) = 0
Þ (t + 2) (t – 10) = 0 Þ t = 10 sec
R = u cos q × T
= 40 × 10 = 400 m
52 E
Que. For given object find out
(1) Time of flight (2) Horizontal range
g 2
Sol. –H = –40 × t – ×t q= 45°
2
u = 40 2 m/s
100 = 40t + 5t2 h = 100m
uy = u sin 45°
20 = 8t + t2 = t2 + 8t – 20
= t2 + 10t – 2t – 20
= t(t + 10) – 2(t + 10) Range = 40 × 2 = 80 m
= (t – 2) (t + 10)
= t = 2 sec, t = –10 sec

Que. 4 objects of same mass are projected with speed u from top of the tower of height h, as show. Than find out their
speeds when they reaches on ground.
Sol. Body-1 : v2 = u2 + 2gh
u
v= u2 + 2gh q 3
2 u u
– 1
Body-2 : v2 = u2 + 2gh
u
v= u2 + 2gh +
Body-3: v3 = v 2x + v 2y
v 2y = u 2y + 2gh Þ v 2y = 2gh
v3 = u2x + 2gh = u2 + 2gh
Body-4: vy = v 2x + v 2y v 2y = u 2y + 2gh
= u2 cos 2 q + u2 sin2 q + 2gh v 2y = u2 sin2 q + 2gh
= u2 + 2gh
Angle of elevation :
Angle made by line of sight from horizontal is called L of elevation.
S'
h
O
h
'L
tan b =
x
b
x
E 53
Que. A body is projected from ground at an angle q from horizontal with speed u than find out angle of elevation
when body reaches at highest point seen from point of projection.
H max
Sol. tan b =
R/2
u 2y
2g uy u H
= = = y q
2u x u y 2u x 2u x
b
2g
R/2
R
uy tan q
tan q = , tan b =
ux 2

B.B.-8 Q.no. 8
Ex.-1 Q.no. 157 to 167
Ex.-3 Q.no. 11

B.B.-8 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 159 to 169
Ex.-3 Q.no. 12
54 E
LECTURE # 21
Relative Velocity in One Dimension
Displacement of B with respect to A = Displacement of B as measured from A

r r r
Þ x BA = x B - x A
r r r
dx BA dx B dx A
Þ = -
dt dt dt
r r r
Þ v BA = v B - v A Relative = Actual – Reference
For same direction
When two particles are moving in the same direction, then magnitude of their relative velocity is equal to
the difference between their individual speeds.
® ®
v1 v1
OR r r
v12 or v 21 = v1 ~ v 2
® ®
v2 v2
For opposite directions
When two particles are moving in the opposite directions, then magnitude of their relative velocity is always
equal sum of thier individual speeds.
® ®
v1 v1
OR r r
v12 or v 21 = v1 + v 2
® ®
v2 v2
Note :- When two particles move simultaneously then the concept of relative motion becomes applicable
conveneintly.
Numerical Applications
(i) When two particles are moving along a straight line with constant speeds then their relative acceleration
must be zero and in this condition relative velocity is the ratio of relative displacement to time.
v1 = const. v2 = const.
when arel. = 0
s Re lative
v rel. =
time
(ii) When two particles move in such a way that their relative acceleration is non zero but constant then
we apply equations of motion in the relative form.
A B
vA=constant v B¹ constant
aA =0 aB=a
aAB = aA – aB
= 0 – a = –a ¹ 0 = constant
E 55
Equations of Motion (Relative)
l vrel. = urel. + arel.t
1
l srel. = urel.t + a t2
2 rel.
l v2rel. = u2rel. + 2.arel..srel.
1
l srel. = (u + vrel.)t
2 rel.
Relative speed :
Relative speed = |Relative Velocity|
r
vrel = v rel
If both object moves in a straight line than relative speed can be obtained as
Case-I Case-II
vA vB vA vB
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
vAB = vA ~ vB vAB = vA + vB
r
v AB = v 2A + v 2B - 2v A v B cos q
If q = 0° ® (same direction) vAB = vA – vB

q = 180° ® (opposite direction) vAB = vA + vB
56 E
LECTURE # 22
50
Que. A car is moving with velocity 70 km/hr ahead of a bike which is moving with speed m/s. Then find out
3
speed of car w.r.t. bike. If they move in :
(1) opposite direction (2) same direction
50 18
Sol. (1) vCB = vC + vB ´ = 60 km/hr
3 5
= 130 km/hr
(2) vCB = 70 – 60 = 10 km/hr
Que. A train of length 500 m is moving with speed 15 m/s along east. A bird is moving just above train with
speed 10 m/s in opposite direction. Then find out time taken by the bird to cross the train.
Sol. vBT = 15 + 10 = 25 m/s
500
T= = 20 sec
25
Que. A man is travelling on his bike with speed 10 km/hr. He cross a train of length 200 m in 9 sec which is moving
in opposite direction then find out actual velocity of train in km/hr?
é 200 18 ù
Sol. vTB = vT + vB ê VTB = 9 ´ 5 = 80 km / hr ú
ë û
80 = vT + 10
vT = 70 km/hr
Que. A jet plane is moving vertically upwards with speed 300 km/hr. It is ejecting gases with speed 1200 km/hr with
respect to itself. Then find out actual speed of gas?
Sol. vp = 300 km/hr
vgp = 1200
vgp = vg + vp
1200 = x + 300
x = 900 km/hr
Que. Two trains of same length 75 m are moving with speed 12 m/s and 13 m/s on parallel tracks. Find out time of
crossing if they move in
(1) same direction (2) opposite direction
Sol. (1) vTT = 1 m/s (2) vTT = 25 m/s
75 + 75 150
T= = 150 s T= = 6s
1 25
Que. Car A is moving with speed 10 km/hr along east. Car B is moving with same speed along north. Find out:
r r
(1) v AB (2) v BA
r r r r r r
v AB = v A - v B = 10iˆ - 10jˆ v BA = v B - v A
r
v AB = 10 2 = 10jˆ - 10iˆ = 10(ˆj - î)
r
v AB = 10 2 km/hr, due S-E = 10 2 km / hr,due N - W
E 57
Que. A man is moving in his car with speed of 10 km/hr due east. A train appears to him moving along north with
speed 10 3 km/hr then find out actual velocity of train.

r
Sol. v M = 10 î
r 10 3
v TM = 10 3 ĵ tan q =
10
r r
10 3 ˆj = v T - v M q = 60°
r r
10 3 ˆj = v T – 10 î v T = 20 km/hr , due E 60° N
r
v T = 10 3 ˆj + 10 î
r
v T = 400 = 20 km/hr
Que. Boy A is moving with speed 10 m/s along east. Boy B is moving with speed 10 m/s along E 60° S. Then find out
r
v BA .
r r r
Sol. v BA = v B - v A
(10 cos 60iˆ + 10 sin 60jˆ) - 10iˆ 3

1
= tan q
ˆ (ˆ
= -10iˆ + 5iˆ - 5 3 ˆj = 5i - 5 3 j m/s ) q = 60°
r
v BA = 10 m/s, due W 60° S
Que. Two particle A and B are moving with same speed v in different directions. If their relative speed is v then find
out angle between velocity of A and B.
r r r
Sol. v AB = v A - v B
r
v AB = v 2B + v 2B - 2v A v B cos q
= 2v 2A - 2v 2A cos q
v 2A = 2v 2A - 2v 2A cos q [Q vAB = v]
1
v 2A = 2v 2A cos q Þ cos q = Þ q = 60°
2
Que. Three persons A, B, C are standing at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. If they start moving
simultaneously with same speed are such that A always face towards B, B always face towards C and C always
face towards A then find out
(1) Position where all they meet (2) Time after which they will meet
Sol. (1) They will meet at centroid of triangle C
(dr)hz
(2) t = (v ) a
r hr a
O v
a a a 2a
t= = = = sec A 30°
v + v cos 60° v + v 3v 3v a B
a/2
2 2
58 E
Que. Repeat the above question for given regular polygon.
E a D
a a
F C dr a a 2a
Sol. va = = =
a v r v + v cos120° æ -1 ö v
v v + vç ÷
A a B è 2 ø
D a C
a a dr a a
v = =
v r v + v cos 90° v
v
A a B
E 59
LECTURE # 23
Que. Two particles A and B are moving in a same direction with speed 40 m/s and 10 m/s respectively. Initially A is
90m behind B. Find out time after which A overtakes B.
uA 40 m/s uB 10 m/s
Sol.
A 90 m B x C
dA = (90 + x) vAB = 40 – 10 = 30 m/s

d AB 90
dB = x =t= = 3 sec
v AB 30
Que. Two car A and B are moving in opposite direction with speed 10m/s and 15 m/s respectively. If initial separation
between both car is 100 m. Than find out time after which both cars will meet.
Sol. aAB = 0
d AB
t= dA = x
v AB
dB = 100 – x
dAB = dA + dB = x + (100 – x) = 100
vAB = vA + vB = 10 + 15 = 25 m/s
100
t= = 4 sec
25
Que. A particle B starts from rest with constant acceleration 2 m/s 2. Another particle A, which is 24 m behind the B,
starts simultaneously towards the B with constant speed 11 m/s than find out time after which A over takes B.
Ans. t = 3 sec
Que. A lift is moving downwards with constant acceleration 2 m/s2. A ball is dropped inside a lift from height 2m
above the floor. Find time after which ball strikes on floor.
1
Ans. t = sec
2
Que. Two stones A and B are projected simultaneously along same line. A is projected vertically upward from ground
with speed 20 m/s and B is projected vertically downward from height 40m with same speed. Find time after
which both particles will collide.
Ans. t = 1 sec
Que. A ball is projected vertically upward from ground with speed 100 m/s. Another ball is dropped. Simultaneously
from height 50m. Then find out time when they cross each other.
dr 50 1
Sol. t = = = = 0.5 sec
vr 100 2
Que. Two particles A and B are projected from ground as shown in figure.
u1 = 50m/s u2 = 30 2 m/s
37° 45°
A B
x = 140m
Then find out time after which their relative displacement become zero.
Sol. t = 2 sec
60 E
Que. Find speed 'u' of particle B for which both particle will collide.
u B
50m/s
53º
200m
100m
100m
Ans. u = 10 m/s

B.B.-9 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
Q.no. 186, 193, 194, 198, 201
Ex.-2 Q.no. 13
Ex.-3 Q.no. 15, 16, 17

B.B.-9 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187
Q.no. 194, 195, 199, 202
Ex.-2 Q.no. 13
Ex.-3 Q.no. 16, 17, 18,26
E 61
LECTURE # 24
Que. Two particles A and B are present at a distance 5 km from each other such that B is present to the south of A.
Both A and B starts moving with same speed 10 km/hr along east and north respectively. Than find out :
r
(1) v AB
(2) Minimum distance between A and B during motion.
(3) Time after which distance between A and B is minimum.
r
Sol. v AB = 10iˆ - 10jˆ m/s = 10 2 km/hr, due SE (q = 45°)
A v
r
v AB = 10 2 km/hr, due SE
d
5 km
d
(2) Minimum distance DABC :- sin 45° =
5 C
d
B
1 d 5 vAB
= Þ d= km
2 5 2
5
2 1 1 1
(3) t= = ´ = hrs = 15 min.
10 2 2 2 2 4
2 2 m/s 14 2 m/s
Que. For given particles A and B find out.
r
(1) v AB
45° 45°
(2) Minimum distance between A and B. A B
x = 60m
(3) Time after which distance between A and B is minimum.
Ans. (1) 20 m/s
(2) 36 m
(3) 2.4 sec
Que. A body is dropped from an aeroplane which is moving horizontally with constant speed u at some height. What
will be the path of body :-
(1) with respect to observer present of ground
(2) with respect to observer present inside a plane
Ans. (1) Parabola
(2) Straight line
Que. A train is moving horizontally with constant speed. A boy inside a train project a stone vertically upwards. What
will be the path of stone
(1) w.r.t. to a boy present on ground (2) w.r.t. to a boy inside a train
Ans. (1) Parabola
(2) Straight line
Que. Two projectile are projected from ground from same point with speed u1 and u2 at and at angles q1 & q2 from
horizontal respectively. Than what will be the path of one projectile w.r.t. another during the motion.
r r
Sol. u12 = u1 - u2 ¹ 0
r r r
a12 = a1 - a2 = 0
r r
v12 = constant {Q a12 = 0}
\ Path will be straight line
62 E
Condition for collision for two projectile :
If relative acceleration of particles is zero, then for collision relative velocity of particles must be along the line
joining them.
® ®
v1 v2
® ®
r12 v12
(1) (2)
ˆr12 = - vˆ 12
ˆr12 = vˆ 21
r r r r
r1 - r2 v 2 - v1
r r = r r
r1 - r2 v 2 - v1

B.B.-10 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 197
Ex.-2 Q.no. 34

B.B.-10 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 198
Ex.-2 Q.no. 34
E 63
LECTURE # 25
Rain - Man Problem
j
q
® – vM
® –i vM = v M i
VR VRM vR i
® q
VM
(i) q
When man is As observed by v RM

v R = –vR j
at rest the man when moving
–j
r r
If rain is falling vertically with a velocity v R and an observer is moving horizontally with speed v M the
velocity of rain relative to observer will be
r r r r
v RM = v R – v M Þ v RM = - v Rˆj - v Mî
which by law of vector addition has magnitude
v RM = v 2R + v 2M
r
The direction of v RM is such that it makes an angle q with the vertical given by q = tan–1 (vm/vR) as shown
in figure.
r
(ii) If rain is already falling at an angle q with the vertical with a velocity v R and an observer is moving
r
horizontally with speed v M finds that the rain drops are hitting on his head vertically downwards
vM
i
q
vR
–j
r r r
Here v RM = v R – v M
r
v RM = (v R sin q - v M )i - v R cos qˆj
r
Now for rain to appear falling vertically, the horizontal component of v RM should be zero, i.e.
vM
vR sinq – vM = 0 Þ sin q =
vR
r = vR 1 -
v 2M
and v RM = v R cos q = v R 1 - sin2 q = v RM = v 2R - v 2M
v 2R
64 E
Que. Rain drops are falling vertically. A man starts moving horizontally with speed 10 m/s feels that the rain drops
are hitting him at 60º angle from vertical. Then find
(1) vR (2) vRM
10 20
Ans. (1) m/s (2) m/s
3 3
Que. Rain drops are falling at an angle 30° from vertical with speed 20 m/s. A man moving horizontally feels that the
rain drops are hitting him vertically downwards then find out :
(1) vM (2) vRM
Ans. (1) 10 m/s (2) 10 3 m / s
( )
Que. A man is running up on a hill with velocity 2iˆ + 3jˆ m/s feels that the rain drops are hitting him vertically with
speed 4 m/s. If man starts moving downward with same speed on hill. Then find :-
r r
(1) v R (2) v RM
r r
( )
Ans. (1) v R = 2iˆ - ˆj m/s ( )
(2) v RM = 4iˆ + 2jˆ m/s
River-Boat (or Man) Problem

r
A man can swim with velocity v , i.e. it is the velocity of man w.r.t. still water..
r r r r
If water is also flowing with velocity v R then velocity of man relative to ground vm = v + vR
(i) If the swimming is in the direction of flow of water or along the downstream then
v
vm = v + vR vR
(ii) If the swimming is in the direction opposite to the flow of water or along the upstream then
v
vm = v - vR vR
r r
(iii) If the man is crossing the river i.e. v and v R are non collinear then use vector algebra.
vR
r r r
vm = v + vR v
vm
To Cross a River
Minimum distance of approach Cross the river in shortest possible time

OR
Cross the river along shortest
possible path
OR
Cross the river and reach a point just
opposite to the starting path.
E 65
For shortest path :
B
If a man wants to cross the river such that his "displacement should be minimum",
it means he intends to reach just opposite point across the river. He should vR
d
start swimming at an angle q with the perpendicular to the flow of river towards vm
upstream. q vcosq= v
v m
r r r
such that its resultant velocity v m = (v + v R ) is in the direction of displacement vsinq= v R A
AB. (for minimum displacement)
vR
To reach at B v sin q = vR Þ sin q =
v
d d
T= =
component of velocity of man along AB is vcos q so time taken v cos q v - v 2R
2
For minimum time
To cross the river in minimum time, the velocity along B C
AB (v cos q) should be maximum.

It is possible if q = 0, i.e. swimming should start perpendicular to water current. vR
d
v vm
q
Due to effect of river velocity man will reach at point C along resultant velocity,
i.e. his displacement will not be minimum but time taken to cross the river will A
be minimum, (for minimum time)
d
t min =
v
In time tmin swimmer travels distance BC along the river with speed of river v R \ BC = tmin vR
d
distance travelled along river flow = drift of man = t min vR = vR
v
Que. A river of width 100 m is flowing with speed 10 m/s. A man can swim with speed 5m/s in still water. If he wants
to cross the river in minimum time then find out :
(1) Speed of man w.r.t. ground
(2) Time of crossing
(3) Drift
Ans. (1) 5 5m/s

(2) 20 sec
(3) 200 m
Que. A River of width 1 km is flowing with speed 1 km/hr. A man can swim with speed 2 km/hr in still water. If he
wants to cross a river along shortest path than find out
(1) Speed of man ground
(2) Time of crossing
(3) Directing of swimming
Ans. (1) 3 km / hr
1
(2) hr
3
(3) q = 30° from perpendicular direction of river flow
(90° + q) = 120° from down stream
(90° – q) = 60º from upstream
66 E
Que. A boat moves in a river between two fixed points A and B. It takes time t1 when going in upstream and time t 2
in going in downstream than what time it will take to travel AB is still water.
2t1 t2
Ans. t = t + t
1 2
Que. A boat takes 2 hr to go 8 km and come back in still water. If water starts moving with 4 km/hr than find out time
taken to go 5 km in upstream and return back.
16 d 8
Sol. VM = = 8 km/hr tup = = = 2 Hrs
2 VM - VR 4
d 8 2
VR = 4 km/hr tdw = = = Hrs.
VM + VR 12 3
2 2+6 8
t = tdw + tup = +2= = hrs
3 3 3
Que. A man standing on moving esclator covers certain distance in time t1. If the esclator does not move than man
covers same distance in time t2 by walking on esclator. Than find out :
(1) Time taken to cover same distance if he move on moving esclator in same direction.
(2) Time taken to cover same distance if he move on moving esclator in opposite direction.
d d
Sol. t1 = t2 =
ve vm
Same direction :
d d 1 t t
ts = = = = 1 2
ve + vm d d t + t t 1 + t2
+ 1 2
t1 t 2 t1 t 2
Opposite direction :
d d 1 tt
t0 = = = = 12
vm - ve d d t1 - t 2 t1 - t 2
-
t2 t1 t2 t1

B.B.-11 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 170, 173, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 196, 199, 200
Ex.-2 Q.no. 37

B.B.-11 complete
Ex.-1 Q.no. 171, 174, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201
Ex.-2 Q.no. 37
E 67

Kinematics 11111

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Pre-Medical : Physics

Common Lecture Notes Nurture Course (11th Appearing)

I (Distance)I < (Distance)II

Vector Quantity (direction from initial to final

2. Depends on path 2. Depends on initial and final position

• Relation between Distance and Displacement :

Position vector of 'A '

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Instantaneous speed : It is a speed of particle at a particular instant of time.

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

(ii) Displacement = 20iˆ - 40jˆ

Net displacement 20iˆ - 40jˆ ˆ ˆ

(iii) Displacement = (20 ´ 15)ˆj - (24 ´ 10)jˆ = (60j)m

Relation between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity:

(iv) Point A to point A

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Direction of average acceleration is along change in velocity.

(i) Total distance = vt + vt = 2vt

(iii) Net displacement = vtiˆ + vtjˆ

(i) Velocity at t = 1 sec.

[v]5v = [2t2 - 4t]20

Sol. (i) ò dx = ò vdt

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex.-2 Q.no. 2, 6, 7, 14, 19, 23, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

(i) Velocity after 10 sec.

(i) Velocity at t = 4 sec.

1 2 t=0 s1st t=1s s2nd t=2s

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

q is decreasing with time q is increasing with time

(v) q > 90°

q is decreasing with time q is increasing with time

(v) q > 90°

Area of a–t graph = ò a dt = ò dv = v 2 - v1 = change in velocity

i.e. uniformly increasing acceleration. a µ t0 i.e. uniform or constant acceleration

(i) Average velocity

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

of consequtive integers. (in case of free fall, from rest)

(i) Acceleration - time : (ii) Velocity - time :

(iii) Speed - time (iv) Displacement - time

(iii) Speed - time : (iv) Displacement - time

(i) v 2 = v12 - 2a neth

0 = v12 - 2(g + a)h

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

(1) Oblique Projection (2) Horizontal Projection

(a) Ground to ground (b) From height

= (u cos q)iˆ + (u sin q - gt)ˆj

( u cos qˆi + u sin q ˆj )· éëu cos qˆi + (u sin q - gt)ˆj ùû = 0

2. Maximum height (H) :-

• To attain maximum height :-

2(u sin q) (u cos q)

• For maximum range :-

u 2 sin2 45° 400 1

4(u cos q) = n(u sin q)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Horizontal Motion Vertical motion