Lim [f(x) ● g(x) = L ● M

x→a
Lim [c ● f(x) = cL
x→a where c is a constant
Lim f(x) = L
x → a g(x) M
Theorem 1.2.3
Founder of today’s Calculus If Lim f(x) = L and n is positive integers
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1684) x→a
Isaac Newton, made an early study in the year 1665 Lim [f(x)]n = Ln
but did not published his work until 1704. x→a
Derived from Latin word “CALX” which means
“STONE” Theorem 1.2.4
Derived from Greek word “CHALIS” which means Let P and Q be polynomial functions
“LIMESTONE” Lim P(x) = P(a)
In Mathematics, it is the study of continuous change x→a
Calculus is divided into four areas namely, Lim P(x) = P(a)
 Differential Calculus x → a Q(x) Q(a)
 Integral Calculus Theorem 1.2.5
 Differential Equations Suppose Lim f1(x) = L1, Lim f2(x) = L2,...
 Calculus of Variation x→a x→a
Lim [f1(x) ± f2(x) ± .......]
Lesson 1.1 LIMIT x→a
A point or beyond which something does not or may Lim [f1(x) ● f2(x) ● .......]
not extend or pass. x→a
In Mathematics, a limit is the value that a function Lim f(x) = L and n is an odd integers
or sequence “approaches” as the input or index x→a
approaches some limit. Lim n√f(x) = n√L
Let f be a function that is defined on an open x→a
interval containing a, but possibly not defined at a
itself. Example:
Then the limit of f as x approaches a is L. Lim (5 - 3x)
Lim f(x) = L x→2
x→a Lim 5 - Lim 3x
x→2 x→2
Lesson 1.2 LIMIT THEOREMS Lim 5 - Lim 3(2)
x→2 x→2
Theorem 1.2.1 = 5 - 6
Lim x = a = -1
x→a
Lim c = c Lim (5 - 3x)
x → a where, c is a constant x→2
Lim (5 – 3(2))
Example: x→2
Lim x = 1 Lim (5 – 6)
x→1 x→2
Lim x = -2/3 = -1
x → - 2/3
Lim 14 = 14 Lim (x2 - 2)
x→2 x → - ½ (5 + 4x)
Lim (-1/2)2 - 2)
Theorem 1.2.2 x → - ½ (5 + 4(-1/2))
Suppose Lim f(x) = L and Lim g(x) = M Lim 1/4 - 2
x→a x→a x→-½ 5-2
Lim [f(x) ± g(x) = L ± M = - 7/4 / 3
x→a = -7 / 12

1 | P a g e BASIC CALCULUS MAGCALAS, Rommel M

 Lim 4 – 3x = -∞
Lim x2 – x - 6 x → 7- x - 7
x→3 x-3 Lim 3 ● (x2 – 2) = -∞
- 2
method of factoring x → 4 (x – 4) 5x
Lim (x – 3)(x + 2)
x→3 (x – 3) Lesson 1.5 LIMITS at INFINITY
Lim (x + 2)
x→3 Theorem 1.5.1
Lim (3 + 2) Let r be any positive integers
x→3 Lim 1 = 0
=5 x → +∞ xr
Lim 1 = 0
Lim x2 – x - 6 x → -∞ x r

x→3 x-3
L’ Hospital’s Rule Example:
Lim 2x – 1 Lim 5 = 0
x→3 1 x → +∞ x3
Lim 2(3) – 1 Lim 2x + 3 = -2
x→3 1 x → +∞ 4-x
Lim 6–1 Lim x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
3
x→3 1 x → -∞ x +4
=5 Lim x4 + 1 = +∞
2
x → -∞ x + 3x
Lesson 1.3 ONE-SIDED LIMITS
Lesson 1.6 LIMITS of TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Right-hand Limit
Values of f get closer and closer to one and only one Theorem 1.6.1
number L as x approaches a through values that are Lim sin x = sin a
close to, but greater than a. x→a
Lim f(x) = L Lim cos x = cos a
x → a+ x→a
Lim sec x = sec a
Left-hand Limit
x→a
Values of f get closer and closer to one and only one
Lim csc x = csc a
number L as x approaches a through values that are
x→a
close to, but less than a.
Lim tan x = tan a
Lim f(x) = L
x→a
x → a-
Lim cot x = cot a
x→a
Lesson 1.4 INFINITE LIMITS
Lim 2 sin x = -1
Theorem 1.4.1 2
x → /6 √3 sec x - cot x
Let r be any positive integers
Lim 1 = +∞
+ r Theorem 1.6.2
x→0 x
Lim sin x = 1
Lim 1 = +∞ if r is even
x→0 x
x → 0- xr = -∞ if r is odd
Lim 1 - cos x = 0
x→0 x
Example:
Lim 1 = +∞
+ Example:
x→0 x9
Lim 3 sin 2x = 6
Lim 1 = -∞
x→0 x
x → 0- x13
Lim cos x - 1 = 0
Lim 1 = +∞
- x→0 2 sin x
x→0 x6
Lim cot x sin 2x = 2
Lim 2x + 1 = +∞
+ x→0
x→3 x-3

2 | P a g e BASIC CALCULUS MAGCALAS, Rommel M