ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Mechanical Engineering Department

Hydraulic Machines and Fluid Mechanics Brach.

2019 Lab experiments

supervised by: -
Dr. Essam sallem
Name: Nada basem Khalil

Sec: 12

No: 498

Group: A1

1
Table of Contents
Experiment (2) centrifugal Pump .......................................................................................... 3
(Calculation Steps & comments) .......................................................................................... 3
(Results) ................................................................................................................................. 4

Experiment (3a) plunger piston pump ................................................................................ 11

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 12
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 13

Experiment (3b) plunger piston pump with damper ......................................................... 14

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 14
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 15

Experiment (4) parallel & series Pump .............................................................................. 16

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 17
(Parts) ................................................................................................................................. 18

Experiment wind tunnel ....................................................................................................... 19

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 19
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 20

Experiment (7) calibration of pressure measurement devices .......................................... 21

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 21
(Parts) ............................................................................................................................. 22-23

Experiment (8) measure flow rate ...................................................................................... 24

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 24
(Parts) ............................................................................................................................. 25-26

Experiment (12) Hydraulic Trainers .................................................................................. 27

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 27
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 28

Experiment (13) pneumatic Trainers .................................................................................. 29

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 29
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 29

Experiment (10) Hydraulic elevators .................................................................................. 30

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 30
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 31

Experiment (20) Forklift ...................................................................................................... 32

(Objective) .......................................................................................................................... 32
(Parts) .................................................................................................................................. 33

2
 Experiment (2) centrifugal Pump
Picture: -

2-Objective: -
study the performance of a centrifugal pump at different speeds.
3-Experimental procedure: -
1. The pump is operated at a certain speed (N).
2. The discharge of the pump is changed using a gate valve installed on the delivery
side.
3. Adjust the speed (N) for each case.
4. For different discharges, the following readings are taken.
1-Manometric suction head (Hms) by using a pressure gauge, ft.
2-Manometric delivery head (Hmd) by using a pressure gauge, ft.
3-U-tube manometer reading (y), cm.
4-Force (F) by using weights, kgf

3
 4. Comments
We took into consideration that the pressure gauge for the suction line has a 5ft zero
reading error, while, the pressure gauge for the delivery line has a 2ft zero reading error.

5.Calculation Steps

I. Pump Manometric Head:

𝐻𝑚 = 𝐻𝑚𝑑 − 𝐻𝑚𝑠

II. Discharge:

𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 × 𝐴𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔ℎ
2 2
√𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 − 𝐴𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡

Where,

𝐶𝑑 = 0.94, 𝑑𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 10 cm, 𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 6.86 cm

𝑦 ≡ 𝑈 − 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝛾𝑢 = 13.6, 𝛾𝑓 = 1

III. Efficiency:

(𝑂/𝑃)
𝜂 = ⁄(𝐼/𝑃)

Where,

𝑂/𝑃 = 𝜔𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝐻𝑚 × 𝑄

𝐼/𝑃 = 𝑇 × 𝜔

𝑇 = 𝐹×𝑅

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑁⁄60

Where, R (brake radius) = 0.3048m, N in rpm.

4
6-matlab file

For 2000 rpm

clear;clc;
%RPM=2000%
H_md=[16 28 40 50 54];
H_ms=[20 16 12 9 6];
H_m=(H_md-H_ms)*0.3048%(m)
tm=[42 44 46.6 48.8 0];%tube manometer reading%
U=[58 56 53 51.4 0];
y=U-tm
Yu=13.6; Yf=1;%(YU gamaa of fluid in manometer tube - Yf gamaa of water)
h=y*((Yu/Yf)-1)*10^-2
C_d = 0.94;
d_pipe= 10/100; d_throat = 6.86/100; %(m)
g=9.8;%(m/s)
A_pipe=3.14*d_pipe^2/4;%(m)^2
A_throat=3.14*d_throat^2/4;%(m)^2
Q= C_d *1000*((A_pipe*A_throat)/((A_pipe)^2-(A_throat)^2 )^.5 )*
(2*g)^.5*h.^.5 %flow rate ( L/S)
R= 0.3048; %(brake radius)(m)
F=[5.5 5.2 4.6 3.5 1.2 ];% force(kgf)
N=2000;%(rpm)
w=2*3.14*N/60%(r/s)
O_P=9.8*H_m.*Q % input power (Watt)
T=F*R*g %TORQUE (N/m)
I_P= T*w % output power (Watt)
eff =(O_P./I_P) %efficiency
Qm=10;
H_mm=13.5;
H_s=0;
k=H_mm/Qm^2;
H=H_s+k*Q.^2;
plot (Q,H_m,Q,eff*100,Q,H)

For 2250 rpm

%RPM=2250%
H_md=[20 34 56 64 70];
H_ms=[18 19 12 8 6.5];
H_m=(H_md-H_ms)*0.3048%(m)
tm=[40 42 46.6 48.7 0];%tube manometer reading%
U=[60 58 53.4 51.3 0];
y=U-tm
Yu=13.6; Yf=1;%(YU gamaa of fluid in manometer tube - Yf gamaa of water)
h=y*((Yu/Yf)-1)*10^-2
C_d = 0.94;
d_pipe= 10/100; d_throat = 6.86/100; %(m)
g=9.8;%(m/s)
A_pipe=3.14*d_pipe^2/4;%(m)^2
A_throat=3.14*d_throat^2/4;%(m)^2
Q= C_d *1000*((A_pipe*A_throat)/((A_pipe)^2-(A_throat)^2 )^.5 )*
(2*g)^.5*h.^.5 %flow rate ( L/S)
R= 0.3048; %(brake radius)(m)
F=[7.2 5.8 4.8 4.8 3.1 ];% force(kgf)
N=2250;%(rpm)
w=2*3.14*N/60%(r/s)
O_P=9.8*H_m.*Q % input power (Watt)
T=F*R*g %TORQUE (N/m)

5
 I_P= T*w % output power (Watt)
eff =(O_P./I_P) %efficiency
Qm=16.1;
H_mm=13.4;
H_s=0;
k=H_mm/Qm^2;
H=H_s+k*Q.^2;
plot (Q,H_m,Q,eff*100)

7-Results

Table of measurements (Inputs):

N1 = 2000 rpm

y (cm) 𝑯𝒎𝒅 (ft) 𝑯𝒎𝒔 (ft) F (Kgf)

16 16 20 5.5

12 28 16 5.2

6.4 40 12 4.6

2 50 9 3.5

0 54 6 1.2

Table of Outputs:

N1 = 2000 rpm

T (N.m) I/P (Watt) 𝑯𝒎 (m) h (m) Q (L/s) O/P (Watt) η

16.4287 1.0e+03 * -1.2192 2.0160 24.7388 1.0e+03 * -0.0859

3.4391 -0.2956

15.5326 1.0e+03 * 3.6576 1.5120 21.4244 1.0e+03 * 0.2362

3.2515 0.7679

13.7404 1.0e+03* 8.5344 0.8064 15.6462 1.0e+03 * 0.4550

2.8763 1.3086

6
10.4546 1.0e+03 * 12.4968 0.3276 9.9725 1.0e+03 0.5581

2.1885 *1.2213

3.5844 1.0e+03* 14.6304 0 0 0 0

0.7503

Table of measurements (Inputs):

N1 = 2250 rpm

y (cm) 𝑯𝒎𝒅 (ft) 𝑯𝒎𝒔 (ft) F (Kgf)

20 20 18 7.2

16 34 19 5.8

6.8 56 12 4.8

2.6 64 8 4.8

0 70 6.5 3.1

7
 Table of Outputs:

N1 = 2250 rpm

T (N.m) I/P (Watt) 𝑯𝒎 (m) h (m) Q (L/s) O/P (Watt) η

21.5067 1.0e+03 * 0.6096 2.5200 27.6588 1.0e+03 * 0.0326

5.0648 0.1652

17.3248 1.0e+03 4.5720 24.7388 1.0e+03 0.2717

4.0800 2.0160 1.1084

14.3378 1.0e+03 13.4112 0.8568 16.1277 1.0e+03 0.6278

3.3766 2.1197

14.3378 1.0e+03 17.0688 0.3276 9.9725 1.0e+03 0.4940

*3.3766 *1.6681

9.2598 1.0e+03 19.3548 0 0 0 0

2.1807

8
H-Q curve

Efficiency curve

9
 8.Conclusion

I. Increasing the pump speed increases the manometric head of the pump.

II. Increasing the pump speed also increases the shaft power.

III. Increasing the pump speed shifts the efficiency to the right.

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 Experiment (3a) plunger piston pump
Picture: -

11
Objective: -
In experiment (3a), the pump is a “Single Piston Pump” or can be called “Plunger Pump” without
damping.

Parts:-
1-piston pump
piston pump is a type of positive displacement
pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston pumps can be
used to move liquids or compress gases. They
can operate over a wide range of pressures.

2-check valves
to prevent water from return back.
3-suction pipe 4-delivery pipe

5-pressure relief valve

control or limit the pressure in a system; pressure might
otherwise build up and create a process upset, instrument
or equipment failure.

12
6-priming port: -
however, it isn’t necessary to make a priming port for a positive displacement
pump as it doesn’t need one. Why?!
As the positive displacement pumps are able to vent the air by themselves.
But the pump in the lab is too old so sometimes it needs priming.

7-DC electric motor: -

is used to rotate the crank-shaft. It has variable speed.
isn’t completely fixed but it is somehow loose so that we can
measure its torque. But in this experiment, we won’t measure the torque.

8-belt: -
The two wheels have different diameter such that the second wheel has
bigger diameter to reduce the velocity and raise the torque.

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 Experiment (3b) plunger piston pump with damper
Picture: -

Objective: -
It is as experiment (3a) but has some different parts, it consists of two parts, the first part is a
“Plunger Pump” with damping, i.e. Air Vessel is used, while the second part is a “Gear Pump”.
The function of the damping “Air Vessel” is to eliminate the pulsation of the flow; it
makes the flow steady, which means also it removes the fluctuation in the pressure.

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Parts: -
1-Air Vessel: -
It is used at the delivery side to overcome the pulsation of the flow rate of the
single piston pump. In other words, to reduce the fluctuation in the pressure.
It is used at the suction side to prevent the cavitation.

2-Pressure Gauges: -
suction side: -
the suction side doesn’t measure the manometric suction pressure but it measures
the pressure inside the cylinder.
If it measures the manometric suction pressure then it will sense only the negative
and zero pressure. When the fluid is moving, the pressure is negative, and when it
stops, the pressure is zero.

delivery side: -
While the pressure gauge at the delivery side measures the manometric delivery
pressure, i.e. it measures positive and zero pressure.
When the fluid is pumped, the pressure is positive, and when it stops, the pressure
is zero.

15
 Experiment (4) parallel & series Pump
Picture: -

16
 Objective: -
The system contains two symmetrical/ similar centrifugal pumps.
The purpose is to study the performance curves (H-Q) three times:
1) When only one pump is operating.

2) When the setup of the system is in series orientation/ scheme.

3) When the setup of the system is in parallel orientation/ scheme.

17
parts: -
1-control valves: -
The control-valves are ON/OFF valves and are called isolation valves.
they determine whether it is series or parallel or single pump.
If the handle of the valve is perpendicular to the axis of the pipe then it is closed
while if it is parallel to/ in line with the axis then the valve is open.

2-U-tube manometer: -
to measure the pressure head.
There are three U-tube manometers; one manometer to measure the pressure
difference across each pump, and the third manometer to measure the pressure
difference across the orifice in order to calculate the flow rate.

3-orifice: -
The orifice is considered a “Differential Pressure Flow Meter”.
to calculate the net flow rate of the system.

4-sensors: -
a-differential pressure sensors
There aren’t used because they don’t work so we
construct the U tube manometer to measure the
parameters mechanically
b-speed transducer
It is a as it is written on top of it the unit (Hz) which
is the unit of the frequency and the rotational speed
ω=2πf
The pump is driven by an induction motor and its
speed is controlled by controlling the frequency of
the AC current
c-differential pressure transducer
It is used to calculate the net flow rate.
d-temperature sensor
It uses a thermocouple to sense the temperature.
to prove that there’s heat build-up in the system
because the system isn’t ideal

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 Experiment (wind tunnel)
1-Picture: -

2-Objective: -
A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects of air moving past
solid objects. A wind tunnel consists of a tubular passage with the object under test
mounted in the middle. Air is made to move past the object by a powerful fan system or
other means. The test object, often called a wind tunnel model is instrumented with
suitable sensors to measure aerodynamic forces, pressure distribution, or other
aerodynamic-related characteristics.

3- Parts: -
1-Fan: -

The fan unit is independent standalone type and does not require any
foundation. It is housed in rounded casing which is secured to the diffuser.
The bladed rotors connected to AC motor directly coupled.

19
2-Diffuser: -

The diffuser section of the wind tunnel is necessary to reduce any air turbulence that could
lead back into the test section.

3-Motor: -

To rotate the fan

4-screens

The fan will have two screens, one in front and

one in back, for safety purposes. exit screen to
protect the user, and the diffuser from the test
section to the tunnel exit.

4-Comment: -
Airflow through this tunnel is from left to right. The largest part, at the left of the tunnel to
prevent any separation in the flow

20
 Experiment (7 )
calibration of pressure measurement devices
Picture: -

Objective: -
make a comparison between multi devices for measuring pressure these devices are not accurate.

Parts: -
1-Main valve: -
to control flow rate

2-FRL (Filter-Regulator-Lubricator) unit: -

To control flow rate like main valve but Supplier of meter for upstream pressure.

21
3- Diaphragm pressure gauge: -

The

diaphragm pressure gauge consists of a circular membrane, made from sheet metal of precise
dimensions, which can either be flat or corrugated, the diaphragm is mechanically connected to the
transmission mechanism which will amplify the small deflections of the diaphragm and transfer them
to the pointe.

4- Diaphragm pressure gauge: -

During a measurement, weight acts on the load cell's metal spring element and causes elastic deformation.
This strain (positive or negative) is converted into an electrical signal by a strain gauge (SG) that is installed on
the spring element. The simplest type of load cell is a bending beam with a strain gauge. Often, the
(mandatory) basic components, i.e. spring element and strain gauge, are complemented with additional
elements (housing, sealing elements, etc.) protecting the strain gauge elements.

5-Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors: -

A Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor contains several thin wafers of silicon embedded between
protective surfaces. The surface is usually connected to a Wheatstone bridge, a device for detecting
small differences in resistance. The Wheatstone bridge runs a small amount of current through the
sensor. When the resistance changes, less current passes through the pressure sensor. The
Wheatstone bridge detects this change and reports a change in pressure.

6- Diaphragm pressure gauge (bourdon gauge): -

When the internal space of the Bourdon tube is
pressurized, the cross-section is thus altered
towards a circular shape. The hoop stresses that
are created in this process increase the radius of
the c-shaped tube. As a result, the end of the
tube moves by around two or three millimeters.
This deflection is a measure of the pressure. It is
22
transferred to a movement, which turns the linear deflection into a rotary movement and, via a
pointer, makes this visible on a scale.

(It is very accurate device than the Previous devices)

6- U-Tube Manometer & Inclined Manometer: -

(These are the two most accurate measuring pressure instruments and not exposed
to error but they don’t work in this experiment so we calibration with Diaphragm
pressure gauge.)
Second part: -
As the first but vacum pressure

1-Vacum pump: -
We make vacum pressure by it.

2-U-tube manometer: -
we calibration bourdon gauge with it.

23
 Experiment (8) measure flow rate
Picture: -

Objective: -
Measurement the flow rate by different devices and comparison between their efficiency

24
Parts: -
1-Flow Nozzle: -
First way to measure flow rate, it is convergent nozzle to increase velocity and
reduce pressure.

2-Laminar flow meter: -

second way to measure flow rate, use the pressure drop created within a laminar flow element to
measure the mass flow rate of a fluid. A laminar flow element converts turbulent flow into laminar
flow by separating it into an array of thin, parallel channels. The decrease in pressure, or pressure
drop, across the channel is measured using a differential pressure sensor

3- Venturi meter: -

third way to measure flow rate, The Venturi measures a fluid's flowrate by reducing the cross-
sectional flow area in the flow path and generating a pressure difference.

4-Orifice flow meter: -

When an orifice plate is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose rate of flow is to be measured, the
orifice plate causes a pressure drop which varies with the flow rate. This pressure drop is measured
using a differential pressure sensor.the working principle of Orifice Meter is the same, as that
of Venturi meter.

25
5-Turbine meter : -

fluid flows through the turbine meter, it impinges upon turbine blades that are free to rotate about
an axis along the center line of the turbine housing. The angular (rotational) velocity of the turbine
rotor is directly proportional to the fluid velocity flowing through the turbine. The resulting output is
taken by an electrical pickoff(s) mounted on the flow meter body.

5-Rotameter: -
Rotameter is variable area flowmeter used to measure fluid
flow. It works on the principle of up thrust force exerted by
fluid and force of gravity. The buoyant force exerted on an
immersed object is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by
the object. Under this principle, the rotameter works with
float-tapered tube system.

6-Gas flow meter: -

All these devices in the experiment to calculate the gas flow rate are compared
to this basic device.

26
 Experiment (12) Hydraulic Trainers
Picture: -

Obejective: -
Hydraulic Trainers are designed for the practical purposes of exercising the proportional technology
uses in hydraulics. These allow us to take an in-depth knowledge of working of hydraulics.

With a regeneration circuit can double the extension speed of a single-rod cylinder without using
a larger pump.

27
Parts: -
1- Gear pump
gear pump is a type of positive displacement (PD) pump. Here, it is
Inside the tank.

2- Filter
Hydraulic filters protect your hydraulic system components from damage due to contamination of
oils or other hydraulic fluid in use caused by particles.
We can but it in 3 places
1- Suction but may cause cavitation
2- Delivery but need very good material is not
affected by high pressure
3- Return to avoid pervious problems but it will be less effectiveness

3- Pressure relief valve

pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the
pressure in a system.

4- Double acting cylinder

Double-acting cylinders transmit hydraulic power in
two different directions, with both pulling and
pushing force.

5- Directional control valve

The 4/2-way pneumatic valve has four connection ports and two
states. We use it to stop fluid flow allow fluid flow, and change
direction of fluid flow.

28
 Experiment (13) pneumatic Trainers
Picture: -

Objective: -
Pneumatic Trainers are designed for the practical purposes of exercising the proportional
technology uses in Pneumatic. These allow us to take an in-depth knowledge of working of
Pneumatic.
As experiment (12) but with few differences
Parts: -
1-Drains
pressure to be relieved the valve needs to drain a little bit of the water. So instead of water going
just where it positioned it needs a drain to drain off cleanly.

2-FRL (Filter-Regulator-Lubricator) unit: -

Airline filters remove contaminants from pneumatic systems, preventing
damage to equipment and reducing production losses due to contaminant
related downtime. Downtime in an industrial plant is expensive; often it is
the result of a contaminated and poorly maintained compressed air
system.

Pressure regulators reduce and control fluid pressure in compressed air

systems. Regulators are also frequently referred to as PRVs (pressure
reducing valves)
A lubricator adds controlled quantities of oil into a compressed air system
to reduce the friction of moving components.

29
 Experiment (10) Hydraulic elevators
Picture: -

Objective: -
Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a
cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The
piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a
gentle descent.

30
 Parts: -
1-Meter out
Flow control valve is controlling the rate of flow in a hydraulic circuit; it’s possible to control
the speed of hydraulic cylinder. A cylinder is speed is determined by its size and the flow
rate of the oil going to or out of it. A large diameter cylinder would hold more oil and take
longer to complete its stroke; a smaller the cylinder would move faster. Changing the flow
rate from the pump would also change the extension time of the cylinder.

Metering out has the advantage of maintaining back pressure on the lower pressure side of
the cylinder. This prevents sudden extension or retraction of the cylinder if the load
reverses.

2-Pressure relief valve

pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the
pressure in a system.

3-Double acting cylinder

Double-acting cylinders transmit hydraulic power in
two different directions, with both pulling and
pushing force.

4- Directional control valve

The 5/3-way hydruilac valve has five connection ports and there
states. We use it to stop fluid flow allow fluid flow, and change
direction of fluid flow.

31
 Experiment (20) Forklift
Picture: -

Objective: -
Forklift is a small industrial vehicle, having a power operated forked platform attached at
the front that can be raised and lowered for insertion under a cargo to lift or move it.

32
 Parts: -
1-Meter out
Flow control valve is controlling the rate of flow in a hydraulic circuit; it’s possible to control
the speed of hydraulic cylinder. A cylinder is speed is determined by its size and the flow
rate of the oil going to or out of it. A large diameter cylinder would hold more oil and take
longer to complete its stroke; a smaller the cylinder would move faster. Changing the flow
rate from the pump would also change the extension time of the cylinder.

Metering out has the advantage of maintaining back pressure on the lower pressure side of
the cylinder. This prevents sudden extension or retraction of the cylinder if the load
reverses.

2-Pressure relief valve

pressure relief valve (PRV) is a type of safety valve used to control or limit the
pressure in a system.

3-Double acting cylinder

Double-acting cylinders transmit hydraulic power in
two different directions, with both pulling and
pushing force.

4- Directional control valve

The 5/3-way pneumatic valve has five connection ports and there states. We
use it to stop fluid flow allow fluid flow, and change direction of fluid flow.

33
 Experiment (21)
Picture: -

Objective: -
Another application for hydraulic piston in industrial as experiment (20)

34