E.g.

Flux of F  x  y 2
 
i  2 x j  2 yz k

z over the surface 2 x  y  2 z  6

n  2i  j  2k 
1 in the first octant.
3
( 0, 0, 3 ) Projection on the Oxy
( 0, 6, 0 )
y plane ( 0, 6 )
x
( 3, 0, 0 )


 F . ds 
S  S
F . n dA
( 3, 0 )
 F . ds 
A   2

x  y i  2 x j  2 yz k .n dA
n.k 
S
since we consider the projection on the Oxy plane,
need to eliminate terms involving z. So, substitute
in terms of x and y.

n  2i  j  2k 
1 2x  y  2z  6
3 1
2  z  6  2 x  y 
 n.k  2
3

   
x  y i  2 x j  y 6  2 x  y k .n
3dA
 F . d s 
2
S A 2
  2x  y   2 x  2 y6  2 x  y 
1 3dA
 2

3 A 2
3 y 6 2 x
( 0, 6 ) 
x0 y0 y 6  2 x dy dx

3 y 6 2 x
( 3, 0 ) 
x0 y0
6  2 x  y dy dx

3 1 2 y 6 2 x


x 0
6  2 x  y
2 y 0
dx

1 3

2 x 0
6  2 x   6  2 x 2dx
 1 3

 6  2 x   6  2 x 2dx
2 x 0

1 3

 6  2 x 3dx
2 x 0

1 1 1 43
    6  2 x 
2 4 2 x 0

1

   0 4  6 4
16

= 81
Eg.
Find the flux of A  yzi  zx j  xy k
over the surface x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 in the first octant.

x2  y2  a2
A n
Projection on the plane Oxy

Ao

1
n r
a
1
  xi  y j  z k 
a
 the flux of A  yzi  zx j  xy k over the surface A is

S
A.d s 
A A.n dA

1 1
n   xi  y j  z k   A.n   yz.x  zx. y  xy.z 
a a
3
 xyz
a
 3 xyz . dA  3 xy.dA

S
A.d s 
A

 a
 z
 
 
 A

a
Use plane polar cdts.
n.k
 3 xy.dA x2  y2  a2
A

a
 3 2
 r cos  r sin  r dr d Projection on the plane Oxy
r 0  0

Ao
a
 3 r 3 dr  cos  sin  d
2
r 0  0

a 
r  cos 2  2
4
 3 
4 o 4  0

a4
 3  1  1  3 a 3
4 2
 Divergence of a vector field F n
  dA
1 
div F  lim 
V 0 V
 A
F .n dA 


 div F is independent of the system of coordinates.

with oxyz coordinates; F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k

F1  F1 x, y, z 
  
F1  F2  F3 F2  F2  x, y, z 
div F 
x y z
F3  F3  x, y, z 
 Gauss’ Divergence Theorem
• Let S be a closed surface and V be the volume enclosed
by S. Then outward flux of continuously differential
Vector Field F over S is same as the volume integral of
div F .
• i. e
SF.n dA 
V div F dv

Eg. Let A  xi  x 2 y j  yz k .
Find the divergence of A at  ( x, y, z).

 ( 2, 1, 3).
 A  xi  x 2 y j  yz k

  2 
div F  x  x y  yz
x y z
 1 x  y
2
divergence of F at ( x, y, z).

divergence of F at( 2, 1, 3) is 1  2 2  1  6

Eg.
Show that
 r.n dA  3V , where V is the
A volume enclosed by A.
Eg.
Show that
 r.n dA  3V , where V is the
A volume enclosed by A.
use Gauss’ Divergence Theorem

S F.n dA 
V div F dv
  
F  r  xi  y j  z k  div F  x y z
x y z
3

 r.n dA 
A
V 3 dv

3
V dv  3V
Eg. Verify the Gauss’ theorem
for F  xyi  yz j  zx k
over the region bounded by 0  x, y, z  1..
z
A2
i
S F.n dA 
V div F dv

i A1
y

x
LHS 
S F.n dA


A1
F .n dA 
A F .n dA  ...
2
A F .n dA
6
 F  xyi  yz j  zx k z

A 1
F .n dA A2
i

1
y0 z 0
1 i A1
 y dy dz y


1
y0 z 0
y dy
1
dz x
LHS 
S F.n dA

1

2
A 2
F .n dA 
A 2
0 dA  0
 F  xyi  yz j  zx k
z
A 3
F .n dA
j
1
A3 j
1

x0 z 0 z dx dz A4
y
1 1
 x0 z 0dx z dz x
1

2
A 4
F .n dA  A4
0 dA  0
 F  xyi  yz j  zx k
z k

A 5
F .n dA A5

1 1

x0 y0 x dx dz
y
A6
1 1

z 0 x0
dz x dx
x
k

1

2
A 6
F .n dA 
A
6
0 dA  0
 
3
LHS  F.n dA  .
S 2 F  xyi  yz j  zx k

RHS  V div F dv div F  y  z  x

1 1 1

x0 y0 z 0  x  y  z dx dy dz

1 1  1 

x0   
y 0  z 0
 x  y  z dz  dx dy

1 1 1
 x  y  z  1 z 2 

x0  y 0  2  z 0
dx dy
 1 1 1
 x  y  z  1 z 2 

x0  y 0  2  z 0
dx dy

1 1
 x  y   1  dx dy

x0  y 0  2 
1
1
 1 2 1 

 
x 0 
xy  y   y
2  2  y 0
dx

1

x0  x  1 dx
1
 1 2 
  x  x 
3 So, L H S = R H S
2  x 0 2 Gauss’ Theorem is verified.
Note : The Divergence Theorem connects a volume integral
and an integral over a closed surface.
E.g. verify the Divergence Theorem for A  r
S  x2  y2  z 2  a2 , z  0

So ( curve surface)

S
r .d s 
So
r .d s 

A
r .d s

A( plane surface)
 1
For the curved surface So n   xi  y j  z k 
a
x2  y2  z 2 k .n 
z
 r.n  a
a a

  
dA dA
r .d s  r .n   A a 
dA
a 2

So A k .n  z
 
a A z

 2a 3 .
A
r .d A 
A
xi  y j . k dA 0

Hence,
S
r .d s  2a 3 .
Further, div r  3 gives  V
div A dv 
 V
3dv

3
 dv
V

2a 3
 3
3

S
r .d s  2a 3 . Hence, the Divergence Theorem
is verified.
E.g.

Evaluate
 xi  y j  z 2 k .d s , S is the closed surface
S
bounded by
0  x, y, z  1.
 xi  y j  z 2 k .d s
Solution.
z
S

V  div xi  y j  z 2 k dv 
y

 V
2  2 z dv

x
2
 dv  2
V V
z dv

 2V  2V .OG
z

 2V  2V .OG

 2V 1  OG 
y
 2  1  
1
 2

3
Equation of continuity ( page 130)

for a moving fluid, equation of motion   div  u   0.
t
S. A. Q. 07 ( page 131)

for an incompressible fluid moving fluid of uniform

density, equation of motion

  constant and  0
t

 div  u   0.

  divu   0.

 divu   0.
Important for a vector field

with respect to cylindrical polar coordinates

( page 134)

F  Fr e r  F e  Fz k Fr  Fr r ,  , z 
F  F r ,  , z 
Fz  Fz r ,  , z 

1 1 
div F  rFr   F  Fz
r r r  z
Important for a vector field

with respect to spherical polar coordinates

( page 134)

F  Fr e r  F e  F e Fr  Fr r ,  ,  
F  F2 r ,  ,  
Fz  F r ,  ,  
div F 

1  2
r r
2

r Fr  1 
r sin  
sin  F  
1 
r sin  
F
 Curl of a vector field F n
( page 134)
1  dA
curl F .n  lim  F .d r 
 c
A0 A
 C 
 curl F is independent of the system of coordinates.
with Oxyz coordinates; F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k
 F3 F2   F1 F3 
curl F    i    j
 y z   z x 
 F2 F1 
  k
 x y 
  F3 F2   F1 F3 
curl F    i    j
 y z   z x 
 F2 F1 
i j k   k
 x y 
  

x y z
F1 F2 F3
with respect to cylindrical
polar coordinates e r r e k
( page 138)
1   
curl F 
r x y z
Fr rF Fz
Stokes’s Theorem
Let F be a vector field with continuous partial derivatives
defined on an open surface S and on the perimeter curve c
a simple closed curve, of S.
Then,
c
F .d r  S
curl F .ndA
Circulation of F over c.
Note: A line integral and a surface integral are connected
by Stokes’s Theorem.
direction of n to the surface S, need right handed
screw rule when traverse over c.
Eg: Verify the Stokes’s Theorem with A  xi  y j and
the surface x2  y2  z 2  a2 , z  0 .

C : x  a cos  , y  a sin 
Where   0 , 2 .

curl A  0


 S
curl A.d s  0.
 2


c 
A.d r  acos  i  sin j .a sin i  cos  j d
0
2


 a 2 2 sin  cos  d
0
2


 a sin 2 d
2

21 2
 a cos 2  0
2
 0.
Hence, Theorem is verified.
E.g. Verify the Stokes’s Theorem with B  yi  x j and the
2 2 2 2
surface x  y  z  a , z  0.
x  a cos  , y  a sin    0 , 2 
2
c
B .d s 
0 asin  i  cos  j  
a sin  i  cos  j d
2
 a 2
0
d

 2a . 2

curl B  2k 

S
curl B.d s  2

S
k .d s


S 
curl B.d s  2
S
k .d s

 k .n
dA
 2 k .n
S

 2
 dA
A

 2.a 2

Hence, Theorem is verified.

Vector identities. Vector identities.
for a scalar field     x, y, z 
  
grad   i j k
x y z
for a vector field F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k
F1 F2 F3
div F    i j k
x y z
  
curl F 
x y z
F1 F2 F3
  
the operator   i  j  k
x y z
called the dell operator
 Vector identities.
for a scalar field     x, y, z 
grad   
for a vector field F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k
div F  .F
curl F    F

Laplacian operator  2  .

2 2 2
  
 2
 2

x y z 2
for a scalar field  , we have curl  grad    0.
( page 161) i.e.       0.
    
         i  j k
 x y z 
i j k
  

x y z
  
x y z
           
  i    j
 y z z y   z x x z 
            
        i    j
 y z z y   z x x z 
     
  k
 x y y x 
0i0 j0k

0
( page 161) identity 6div A   grad  . A   div A.
i.e. . A    . A    . A.

Let A  A1i  A2 j  A3 k
  A  A1i  A2 j  A3 k
 . A  .A1i  A2 j  A3 k 
 . A  .A1i  A2 j  A3 k 
  
 A1   A2   A3 
x y z
      
    A1    A1      A2    A2 

 x   x   y   y 
     
    A3    A3 
 z   z 

       
    A1     A2     A3
 x   y   z 
      
   A1     A2     A3 
 x   y   z 
        
    A1     A2     A3
 x   y   z 
      
   A1     A2     A3 
 x   y   z 
   
   i   j   k . A1i  A2 j  A3 k 
 x y z    . A
   . A   . A

 div A   grad  . A   div A.

Greens’ theorem
( page 164)
Recall Gauss’ theorem
• S a closed surface and V be the volume enclosed by S.
• F a continuously differential vector Field over S.

S F.n dA 
V div F dv

Let F  f  g 
f and g are scalar fields.
then .F  . f  g 
 f . g    f 
.  g
 f  g   f 
2
.  g
 F  f  g 
V div F dv 
S F .n dA
.F  f  g   f 
2
.  g


V  . g  dv 
f  2 g  f 
S f  g .n dA

Greens’ first theorem

Now interchange f and g


V  . f  dv 
g  2 f  g 
S g  f .n dA
subtract

V  f  g  g  f  dv 
2 2
S  f  g   g  f .n dA
V  f  g  g  f  dv 
2 2
S  f  g   g  f .n dA

Greens’ second theorem

Let F  P x, y i  Q x, y  j
a two dimensional vector field
Recall Stokes’ theorem
Let F be a vector field with continuous partial derivatives
defined on an open surface S and on the perimeter curve
c a simple closed curve, of S. Then,

S curl F .n dA 
c F .d r
F  P x, y i  Q x, y  j
S curl F .n dA 
c F .d r

c c
F .d r  F . dxi  dy j 
i j k
c
 P dx  Qdy
curl F 

x

y

z
P Q 0
 Q P 
  k
 x y 
 Q P 

S curl F .n dA 
   .n dA
S  x y 
  Q P 

c P dx  Qdy 
   .n dA
S  x y 
Greens’ third theorem
E.g. Evaluate c
sin x 
. y  i   x  tan xy j  .d r

over the boundary c of the square 0, 1 0, 1.

Solution :

 sin x  y  i   x  tan y  j  .d r
c


c
sin x  y  dx   x  tan y  dy
Let P  sin x  y, Q  x  tan y
Let P  sin x  y, Q  x  tan y
P Q
 1  1
y x
 Q P 
c Pdx  Qdy 
   dxdy
S  x y 

 sin x  y  i  x  tan y  j.d r

c

  1   1ds
S



S
2ds 2

S
ds  2
 E.g. Let A   x  1  x y i  xy
2 2 2

 y5 j
Evaluate
.
 A .d r
c
over the boundary c of the disc x 2  y 2  4.

c
A. dr 
 c
x 2
  
 1  x 2 y i  xy 2  y 5 j . dx i  dy j 

  xc
2
 
 1  x 2 y dx  xy 2  y 5 dy 
 Q P 
c Pdx  Qdy     dxdy
S  x y 
P x2  1  x2 y

Q  xy 2  y 5
P Q
  x2  y 2
y x
  Q P  P Q

c 
A. dr    dxdy
S  x y  y
  x2
x
 y2


Sy 2  x 2 dxdy

2 2

r 0 0 r 2 r dr d

2 2

r r0 dr  0 d
3
With Polar cdts
x  r cos  , y  r sin 
 8 dx dy  r dr d
E.g.
Verify the flux form of the Green’s Theorem, by taking A  xy i   x  y  j
and c : x 2  y 2  a 2 , z  0.

 
 Q P 
Pdx  Qdy    dxdy
c S  x y 

P x, y   xy, Q x, y   x  y

L.H.S.=
c  Pdx  Qdy 
c  xy dy   x  y  dx

parametrically x  a cos  , y  a sin     0 , 2 

2
L.H.S. 
 0 a cos  a sin  d  a sin     a cos   a sin   d a cos  


2
 0 
a 3 cos 2  sin  d  a 2 sin  cos   sin 2  d 
 
2
 0 
a 3 cos 2  sin  d  a 2 sin  cos   sin 2  d 
2
 0
1 2
 a cos  d  cos 
3 2
  a  sin 2  cos 2  1  d
2
2
 31 1 2
  a cos   a   cos 2  sin 2  2
3
 
 3 4  0
 a 2 .

M N
P x, y   xy, Q x, y   x  y   y,  1
x y
 Q P 
R.H.S. 
   dxdy
S  x y 


S y  1dxdy
 
S y  1dxdy
a 2

r 0  0 r sin   1 r dr d

a

r 0 r  r cos    20 dr

a

r 0 r  2  dr With Polar cdts

a x  r cos  , y  r sin 
 2
r 0 r dr dx dy  r dr d

2a
  r
r 0

 a 2 . Greens’theorem is verified.