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Levels of Organization of
Organisms (1)
A. atoms (elements of periodic table)
Anatomy & Physiology B. molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
basic framework nucleic acid)
C. cells (epithelial, bone, muscle, nervous)
Achmad Rizal D. tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular)
BioSPIN E. organ (stomach, heart, brain, lung)
F. organ system (muscular, skeletal, digestive,
nervous)
G. whole organism (each different species)
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4. Anatomical Terminology - The 4. Anatomical Terminology - The
Language of Anatomy (2a) Language of Anatomy (2b)
• D. Planes and Sections
1. sagittal - divides into right and left parts
a. midsagittal - right down the middle
b. parasagittal - away from the midline
2. frontal (coronal) - divides anterior &
posterior
3. horizontal (transverse) - divide superior
& inferior
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5. SOCIETY OF CELLS (2) 5. SOCIETY OF CELLS (3)
• Combination of some tissue’s type • Muscle cell : specialized to generate the mechanical
form organ (the heart, lungs, kidneys, force that produce force and movement
and so on) • Nerve cell : specialized to initiate and conduct electric
• Some organs are linked together to signals, often over long distance
form organ systems. • Epithelial cell : specialized or selective secretion and
• Cells are classified according broad absorption of ions and organic molecule
types of function they perform, four • Connective-tissue cell: connecting, anchoring, and
categories emerge : (1)muscle cell supporting the structure of body
(2)nerve cell (3)epithelial cell
(4)connective-tissue cell
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6. ORGAN SYSTEM OF
5. SOCIETY OF CELLS (4)
THE BODY (1)
• Types of cell based on their shape : (1)muscle cell – System Major organ/tissue Primary function
(skeletal), (2)smooth cell (3) cardiac cell
Circulatory Heart, blood vessel, blood Transport of blood,
• Tissue : 1)muscle tissue (2)nerve tissue (3)epithelial (some classification also throughout the
tissue (4)connective-tissue include lymphatic vessel and body’s tissue
• Organs are composed of the four kinds of tissues lymph in this system)
arranged in various proportion & pattern Respiratory Nose, pharynx, larynx, Exchange of carbon
trachea, bronchi, lung dioxide and oxygen:
• Organ system : collection of organ that together regulation of
perform overall function hydrogen ion
concentration
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6. ORGAN SYSTEM OF 6. ORGAN SYSTEM OF
THE BODY (4) THE BODY (5)
System Major organ/tissue Primary function System Major organ/tissue Primary function
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, Regulation and Reproductiv Male : testes, penis and Male : production of sperm.
peripheral nerves and coordination of many e associated duct and gland Transfer of sperm to female
ganglia, special sense activities in the body, Female : ovaries, uterine tubes, Female : production of eggs,
organ detection of change in the uterus, vagina, mammary glands provision of nutritive
internal & external environment for the developing
environment, state of embryo & fetus, nutrition of the
consciousness, learning, infant
cognition All gland secreting hormones, Regulation & coordination
Endocrine
Integumentary Skin Protection again injury & pancreas, testes, ovaries, many activities in the body
dehydration, defense again hypothalamus, kidney, pituitary,
foreign invaders, regulation thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
of temperature intestinal, thymus, heart, pineal
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12. BODY-FLUID
11. Homeostatic Imbalance COMPARTEMENT (1)
• Homeostatic imbalance • Body fluid are enclosed in compartment
– Sick • The extracellular fluid is composed of
– Disease blood plasma (higher protein, 20%) and
interstitial fluid (fluid between cellÆ
Exp : hypothermia, fever 80%)
• The composition of compartments
reflect the activities of barriers
separating intracellular fluid and
extracellular fluid
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– Integration center
– Determines the set point within the range
– Analyzes the information
– Determines the response
• Effector
– Provides the response
• Muscles contract or relax
• Glands secrete or stop secreting
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13. Medical Imaging Techniques (1) 13. Medical Imaging Techniques (2)
A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph) D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- good for dense structures (bones and tumors) - uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays
B. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized Axial - presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal
Tomography (CAT) Scanning cord disorders, blood flow problems, injury after stroke,
- employs X-ray technology to create clearer image measure effects of drugs on tissues
- tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc. - used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart
C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
- employs X-ray technology to see organ E. Ultrasound (US)
action/motion - uses high frequency sound waves
- measures physiology of heart, lungs, vessels; can - gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development
indicate abnormality/deformity in structure; tissue
damage
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13. Medical Imaging Techniques (3)
F. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13
- effects of drugs, site of molecules, cancer cells
- very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons
in the brain during certain tasks