International Symposium on Deformation

Characteristics of Geomaterials,
September 1~3, 2011, Seoul, Korea

Bishop Lecture
Professor Alan Bishop (1920-88)

Laboratory stress-strain tests

for developments in geotechnical
engineering research and practice

TATSUOKA, Fumio
Department of Civil Engineering,
Tokyo University of Science, Japan
 Topics:

To illustrate significant roles of laboratory stress-strain

tests of geomaterial for developments in geotechnical
engineering research and practice,

several recent advances in our understanding of:

1) quasi-elastic stress-strain behaviour;
2) rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour; and
3) strength and stiffness of compacted soil related to
field fill compaction control and design
are presented.
1) quasi-elastic stress-strain behaviour;
2) rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour; and
3) strength and stiffness of compacted soil related to
field fill compaction control and design;
among other many important topics.

Non-linear pre-peak (Hypo) Elasticity

stress-strain behaviour Ageing effect Plasticity
Viscosity
Peak strength
Inherent anisotropy
Shear stress, τ

Strain softening
Rate effects Shear banding with
particle size effects
Dilatancy
Pressure-dependency
Behaviour at small strains
0 Shear strain, γ (averaged for a specimen)
1) quasi-elastic stress-strain behaviour;
2) rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour; and
3) strength and stiffness of compacted soil related to
field fill compaction control and design;
among other many important topics.

Non-linear pre-peak (Hypo) Elasticity

stress-strain behaviour Ageing effect Plasticity
Viscosity
Peak strength
Inherent anisotropy
Shear stress, τ

Strain softening
Rate effects Shear banding with
particle size effects
Dilatancy
Pressure-dependency
Behaviour at small strains
0 Shear strain, γ (averaged for a specimen)
 Can we observe “rate-independent and reversible
(i.e., elastic) behaviour” at very small strains?

Elastic-slightly visco-plastic Cyclic loading Monotonic loading

Elastic ? τ Geq τ
E eq

Gsec, Geq
Geq: cyclic loading
G0 - drained EGsec
sec
-undrained (saturated
Limit of elastic
dense materials) (γ)SA γ
response
Gsec: monotonic
loading (drained)
Geq: cyclic loading
- undrained (saturated Peak Shear banding
loose materials)
Residual
state

logγ, log(γ)SA
Elastic-highly visco-plastic

(Tatsuoka & Shibuya, 1991)

 Triaxial test:

Proximity
transducer
Bedding error
Pressure cell

Axial strain
Local axial
strain including B.E.

Local deformation Specimen

transducer (L.D.T.)

Specimen (30 cm-dia.

& 60 cm-high)
 Well-compacted air-dried Chiba gravel (crushed well-graded
angular sandstone from a quarry); Dmax= 38 mm, D50= 3.5 mm
& Uc= 12.75

38.1
a – 25.4 mm b
25.4 -19.1 mm c
19.1-9.52 mm

9.52-4.75
d mm 4.75-2.0
e mm <f 2.0 mm

1mm
 4
Chiba gravel
th
Deviator stress, q (kPa) 5 cycle
2 σh=19.6 kPa - Cyclic triaxial tests;
f (Hz) Ev(s)(MPa) a very small axial
10 477.9
0 5 479.0 strain amplitude
1 484.8 (about 0.001 %)
0.2 476.0
0.1 469.0
-2 0.02 470.3
0.01 458.3
0.002 455.3
7

Deviator stress increment, q (kPa)

-4
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010
6 Chiba gravel
Axial strain, εv (%) th
5 cycle dεv/dt (%/min)
5 σh=19.6 kPa -1
3.6x10
-1
4 1.8x10
-2
3.6x10
-3
Nearly no rate effects for 3 7.2x10
-3
3.6x10
largely different loading 2 7.2x10
-4

-4
frequencies (by a factor up 3.6x10
-5
1 7.2x10
to 5,000 times) Start of loading
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015

Axial strain increment, ∆εv (%)

 6
- Relationships between Ev at strain of 105
10

Hard rock core

0.001 % or less and axial strain rate
of hardrock cores; mortar &
concrete; sedimentary softrock; Concrete Ultrasonic wave
Mortar
cement-mixed gravel; gravel; sand; Resonant-column

& clay by static tests (mostly) & 104

10
5

Cement-mixed gravel (D)

dynamic tests (partly)
→Generally very small rate-

Ev (MN/m )
Sagamihara soft rock (U)

2
dependency, but some details HH. A very low rate-dependency
in cyclic triaxial tests on
Ev= “E0 in the Metramo silty sand (U) OAP clay (U)
moist Chiba gravel
3 4
4 vertical direction” 10
10 Sandy gravel (D)
→ nearly elastic behaviour
3 Chiba gravel f(Hz) d εv/dt (%/min) Wet Chiba gravel (D)
th
2 5 cycle
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

-1
10 3.6x10
σh=19.6 kPa -1 Saturated Toyoura
1 5 1.8x10 sand (U)
-2
1 3.6x10
0 0.2
-3
7.2x10 Air-dried
-1 Ev 0.1
-3
3.6x10
-4
Hostun sand (D)
0.02 7.2x10
-2 3
0.01 3.6x10
-4
102
-3 -5 Vallericca clay (U) N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)
0.002 7.2x10

-4
-0.0010 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Axial strain, εv (%) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Axial strain rate, .dεv/dt (%/min)
 TS=fixed-piston thin-wall sampling Cement-treated soil
A large number of data BS=block sampling
DC=direct coring
Slurry Dry DMM
RCT
sets show that “the shear RCT=rotary coring BS+DC
Sedimentary soft rock
modulus at very small Kazusa Kobe Sagara Miura Tokoname Uraga-A Uraga-B
strain, G0, of high-quality RCT
BS+DC
undisturbed samples by 5000
triaxial tests” is essentially Local axial strain measurements

(ν=0.5 for clays and 0.42 for softrocks)

the same with “Gf from
field Vs” evaluated under 1000

G0=E0/{2(1+ν)} (MPa)
Range for Soft rocks and
otherwise the same Cement-treated soils
conditions. (BS+DC) and clays

100

Relative low G0 of RCT Pleistocene clay site

Tokyo Osaka OAP Suginami
samples due to sample bay bay
)
:1
(1
disturbance
)
:2
TS
(1 BS
10
10 100 1000 5000
2
Gf=ρ(V ) (MPa)
(Tatsuoka et al., 1999a&b) s vh
 Ev (kgf/cm ) Ev (kgf
CU Cyclic triaxial tests on
Metramo
Metramo silty sand (U) OAP clay (U)
silty sand

2
4
10 Sandy gravel (D)

Wet Chiba gravel (D)

With soft soils, a Saturated Toyoura
noticeable rate- 10 sand (U)
dependency even at a
strain of 0.001 % Air-dried
Hostun sand (D)

3
10
Vallericca clay N.C. Kaolin (CU TC)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Axial strain rate, .dεv/dt (%/min)
 “More linear stress-strain relations” at higher strain rates
22
(a)
Undrained
Metramo cyclic triaxial test on
silty sand
20
Metramo silty clay
Deviator stress increment, ∆q (kPa)
MO03UT
18
rd
3 cycle Higher
16
σ'c= 392.4 kPa strain rate
14
12 larger strain rate Axial
Axialstrain
strain rate εv
rate:
-5
10 3.52x10 %/min
-4 Different
1.55x10 %/min
8 -4 by a factor
4.11x10 %/min
6 -4 of more
8.08x10 %/min
4 -3 than 1000
2.44x10 %/min
-3 times
2 start of loading 8.00x10 %/min
-2
2.44x10 %/min
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
Axial strain increment, ∆εv (%)
(Santucci de Magistris et al., 1999)
 Essentially rate-independent & reversible (i.e., elastic) stress-
strain behaviour at strains about 0.0001 % !
More rate-dependent behaviour at larger strains !
1400
Essentially elastic property
Secant Young's modulus, Esec (MPa)

1300

Quasi-elastic
1200 property

1100
Yet, the stiffness
Axial
Axial strain:
strain, 2(∆εv)sa
-6
becomes rate-
1000 1.05x10
Metramo silty sand independent when
-6
MO03UT 2.02x10 the strain rate
900 -6
rd
3 cycle 5.00x10 becomes higher
σ'c= 392.4 kPa 1.47x10
-5 than some limit.
800
0.00001 0.00010 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000
ε&.vv (%/min)
Axial strain rate, É
(Santucci de Magistris et al., 1999)
 q Elastic limiting line

Increasing
the strain rate
Creep

; Limit of liner elastic behaviour

at each strain rate
0 ε
0.001 %

General trends of behaviour:

1. The stress-strain relation approaches the elastic limiting line as
the strain rate increases.
2. The elastic zone becomes larger as the strain rate increases.
3. The elastic zone disappears at very low strain rates.

These trends can be described by the non-linear three-component

model.
The test results are interpreted and simulated by:
the non-linear three-component model (Di Benedetto
& Tatsuoka, 1997; Di Benedetto et al., 2002; Tatsuoka
et al., 2002, 2008)

Plastic
Hypo- σf
elastic P σ (stress)
E
V ε&(strain rate)
σv
Viscous
ε&e &
ε ir

ε&
 A large quasi-elastic zone develops upon the restart of ML at a
constant strain rate after creep deformation.
■The size becomes larger with an increase in the creep strain
and2.5the strain rate during ML.
Effective principal stress ratio, R= σv'/σh'

.
ML at ε v =
0.125 %/min
Simulation
2.0 Sustained loading
at q= 300 kPa for 24 hours
Reference stress-strain
relation

1.5 Experiment

Drained TCDrained
test (σ’ = 400
TChtest at σkPa)
'h= 400on
kPa
1.0 loose silicaSilica
No. No.
8 sand
8 sand
0. 3 mm
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
(Kiyota & Tatsuoka, 2006, S&F; Tatsuoka et al., 2008a, S&F)
Multiple large quasi-elastic zones develop by ageing effects (i.e.,
bonding) in addition to creep deformation;
drained TC tests on compacted moist cement-mixed well-graded
gravelly soil (model Chiba gravel)
Ageing effects by initial curing at q= 0
Loading histories CD TC (σh'= 19.8 kPa)
2.5
J016 (ML;
tini= 14.0 days)

Deviator stress, q (MPa)

2.0

JA016
1.5 (ML; tini= 7.5 days)

8.2 hours
JA004 (multiple SL stages;
1.0 13.5 hours
tini= 6.8 days; tc= 9.5 days)
SL for 21.7 hours

q: Experiment
0.5
}

q: Simulation
Respective basic reference curves
0.0
0 7 14 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Elapsed time (day) Axial strain, εv (%)

(Tatsuoka et al. 2008b, S&F)
 Kinematic development of quasi-elastic zone by ageing effects
in addition to creep deformation at multiple stress states
2.4
JA004 (tini= 6.8 days; q (simulation)
2.2 tc= 9.5 days)
Deviator stress, q (MPa)

q (experiment)
2.0 Yield point for
SL(8.2 hours) large-scale
1.8 yielding

1.6 f
SL(13.5 hours) q (simulation)

1.4

1.2
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Axial strain, εv (%)
(Tatsuoka et al. 2008b, S&F)
 Kinematic development of yield locus by ageing and creep:
- initial curing for 9 days at stress point O; and
- initial curing for 7 days at O + re-curing for 2 days at stress
points B, C, D & E (cement-mixed model Chiba gravel)
Cement
Peak mixed
stress Chiba(some
states Peak States
graveldifference Different shapes and
by different
2 days loading
re-curinghistories)
points
locations of YL by
Deviator stress, q (MPa)

4.0
different combined
YL expanded
effects of bonding &
from initial curing friction mechanisms !
point O (9 days) YL expanded
from point E
2.0
From point C
C
B E From point D
D
0.0 o From point B

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Effective mean principal stress, p'(kPa) (Ezaoui et al. 2010, S&F)
 Rate-independent behaviour: summary-1
1) The elastic deformation characteristics can be evaluated
by not only dynamic tests but also static tests.

‘Static’ & ‘dynamic’: terminologies for systems,

not for material properties

Static Young’s modulus & dynamic Young’s modulus:

should not be used.

Static and dynamic measurements of Young’s modulus: OK !

 Rate-independent behaviour: summary-2
2) Statically and dynamically measured elastic deformation
properties are essentially the same with fine-grained
geomaterials.

With heterogeneous materials (e.g., concrete, very coarse-

grained geomaterials and hard rocks having dominant
discontinuities), the elastic modulus from wave velocity with a
short wave length could be significantly larger than the
statically determined average value of a given mass.

3) The size of quasi-elastic zone increases with an increase in:

i) the strain rate and the creep strain (due to the viscous
properties); and
ii) ageing effect.
1) quasi-elastic stress-strain behaviour;
2) rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour; and
3) strength and stiffness of compacted soil related to
field fill compaction control and design;
among other many important topics.

Non-linear pre-peak (Hypo) Elasticity

stress-strain behaviour Ageing effect Plasticity
Viscosity
Peak strength
Inherent anisotropy
Shear stress, τ

Strain softening
Rate effects Shear banding with
particle size effects
Dilatancy
Pressure-dependency
Behaviour at small strains
0 Shear strain, γ (averaged for a specimen)
Rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour

■ Isotach and non-Isotach types in drained TC

■ Viscous behaviour of sand in direct shear
■ Viscous behaviour of clay in 1D compression
■ Mechanism of non-Isotach viscous behaviour
■ Rate-sensitivity and viscosity type parameter
■ Creep and stress relaxation
■ Summary
 Continuous ML at a constant strain rate
.
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 ' ε0,
assumed to be the same for the four
different viscous property types

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
Isotach type: the strength during ML at constant strain rate
increases with an increase in the strain rate; andH...
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
rate 10ε0
.

.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
The current stress is a unique function of instantaneous
strain and its rate. Most classical & popular in modelling
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '

R − γ ir relation
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
Isotach behaviour in drained TC on undisturbed Pleistocene clay
(e0= 0.81; PI= 41.1) and simulation

.
2.2 Creep 5ε0
Elastic relation
Experiment (24 hours)
Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h
σ’v .
2.0
.20ε. ε0
0 (3)
.
σ’h 1.8 2ε0
. Simulation
Creep (12 hours) ε0/2
.
1.6 .ε /2
. 0
2ε0 (2)
.
1.4 . 50ε0
10ε0 . Kitan clay No. 20 (undisturbed)
ε0/2 Depth= 65.02-65.34 m
(1) CD TC: σ'h= 335 kPa
1.2 .
ε0= 0.00078 %/min
.
ε0 Reference relation
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Axial strain, εv (%)
(Tatsuoka et al., 2008a, S&F)
 0.40
Kitan clay No.20
Creep deformation 0.35
Undisturbed Experiment

0.30
Simulation
.
2.2
Elastic relation Creep 5ε0 (1) Creep for 12 hours
Experiment (24 hours) 0.25
Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h

.
2.0
.20ε. ε0
0 (3)
.
2ε0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1.8 Simulation
Creep (12 hours) . 0.80
ε0/2
.
1.6
.
.ε /2
0 Experiment
2ε0 (2)
.

Axial strain, εv (%)

1.4 . 50ε0 0.75
10ε0 . Kitan clay No. 20 (undisturbed)
ε0/2 Depth= 65.02-65.34 m Simulation
(1) CD TC: σ'h= 335 kPa
1.2 .
ε0= 0.00078 %/min
. 0.70
ε0 Reference relation (2) Creep for 12 hours
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Axial strain, εv (%)
0.65
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
1.55
1.50 Experiment
1.45
1.40
Simulation
1.35
1.30 (3) Creep for 24 hours

55 60 65 70 75 80

(Tatsuoka et al., 2008a, S&F) Times (h)

TESRA type: the strength during ML at constant strain rate
is independent of strain rate; andH
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '

Very peculiar TESRA

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0

.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
A positive stress jump upon a step increase in the strain
rate decays with strain towards zero.
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 ' Isotach

TESRA
Very peculiar

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
 TESRA= Temporary Effects of Strain Rate and
strain Acceleration (i.e., rate of strain rate)
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 ' Isotach

TESRA
Very peculiar

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
 TESRA behaviour in drained TC (σ’h= 400 kPa);
saturated loose Silica No. 8 sand
4.0
. . .
Effective principal stress ratio, R = σv'/σh'
No. 10: ε = ε
Drained TC, ε0= 0.0125 %/min . . v 0

No. 12: ε = 20ε

3.5 v 0

. .
No. 9: εv= ε0/10
3.0
.
No. 11: εv= 10ε0
.
2.5

2.0

1.5 .
Drained TC, ε0= 0.0125 %/min

1.0
0. 3 mm
0 5 10 15 20
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)

(Kiyota & Tatsuoka, 2006, S&F; Tatsuoka et al., 2008a, S&F)

 4.0

Effective principal stress ratio, R = σv'/σh'

No.10: εv= ε0= 0.0125 %/min .
. 10ε0
3.5 . ε0
.
.ε 10ε0 ε0
.
. 10ε0 0
. .ε /10
. ε0 ε 0
3.0 10ε0 .ε .ε /10 0
. .
0 0

. 20ε0 ε0/10
No.18:
10ε0
.ε .
.ε ε0/10
2.5 0 εv change from 1/10ε0 to 20ε0
0

Effective principal stress ratio, R = σv'/σh'

. ε0/10
2.0 20ε0 . .
ε0 10ε0
. .ε
10ε0 3.0 . 0 .
10ε0 ε0
1.5
Experiment
.ε Drained
. TC .
20ε0 ε0/10
0 . .
1.0 10ε0 .
ε0
ε0/10
2.5
.ε Simulation
0
0 5 10 15 20
ir Reference stress-strain relation
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
. .
2.0 ε0/10
Drained TC, ε0= 0.0125 %/min
. .
Axial strain rate from 1/10ε0 to 20ε0
TESRA behaviour
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
(Kiyota & Tatsuoka, 2006, S&F; Tatsuoka et al., 2008a, S&F)
 2.5 Creep deformation and its
simulation by the TESRA model
Principal stress ratio, R= σv'/σh'
Simulation
2.0

Reference stress-strain
reration

1.5 Experiment

Drained TC test at σh'= 400 kPa on silica No. 8

with sustained loading at q= 300 kPa for 24 hours
1.0 .
during otherwise ML at εv = 0.125 %/min

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)

Kiyota & Tatsuoka (2006), S&F

 Combined type; combining Isotach & TESRA types,
the strength at a constant strain rate increases with strain
rate, andH Isotach

R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 ' Combined

TESRA

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
rate 10ε0
.

.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
A positive stress jump upon a step increase in the strain rate
decays with strain to a smaller positive non-zero value
Isotach

R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 ' Combined

TESRA

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
rate 10ε0
.
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
Positive & Negative type: the strength decreases with an
increase in the constant strain rate, andH..
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '
Most peculiar
Combined

TESRA

P&N

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0

.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
A positive stress jump upon a step increase in the strain
rate decays with strain towards a negative value.
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '
Most peculiar
Combined

TESRA

P&N

R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate 10ε0
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
.
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
P&N behaviour in drained TC (σ’h= 400 kPa); air-dried dense
Albany sand (poorly-graded & round; D50= 0.30 mm, Uc= 2.22,
Gs= 2.67, emax= 1.335 & emin= 0.73)
0.005 %/min ( 85.4 %)
Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h

5
0.05 %/min ( 86.4 %)

0.5 %/min ( 87.6 %)

.ε = 5.0 %/min (D = 85.3 %)
v rc
3

0.5 mm
Consistently
2 negative effects Albany sand (air-dried)
of strain rate Dense
Drained TC (σ'h= 400 kPa)
1

0 5 10 15 20 25
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
Tatsuoka et al. (2008a, S&F)
 5.0

Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h 4.5

Reference curve
Note: nearly the
4.0
Strain rate=
.
.ε same trend of rate
10ε0 0 .
3.5
5ε0
. . effect when air-dried
Simulation 20ε0 ε0/10
3.0
Experiment and saturated
.ε = 0.0625 %/min
0
2.5
4.4
.ε = 0.0625 %/min

Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h

2.0
0 (air-dried)

1.5
Albany sand A higher strength at
Drc = 85.1 %
Drained TC, σ'h = 400kPa
a lower strain rate
1.0 .
4.0
5ε0
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 Simulation
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
ir .
Experiment . ε0/10
20ε0
3.6

3.2
12 16 20 24
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)
 Interpretation of the peculiar test result
σ f − ε ir relation
σ

ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
.ε
0

.
10ε0
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates

ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
.ε
0
Step increase in
the strain rate .
10ε0
D
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates
B
- The behaviour if the viscous property
A comprises only negative Isotach component
- But, no such materials exist !
ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
−(σ v ) Isotach .ε
0
Step increase in
the strain rate
Actual behaviour .
C 10ε0
D
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates
B

A
ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
−(σ v ) Isotach .ε
0
Step increase in
the strain rate
Actual behaviour .
C 10ε0
D
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates
B TESRA viscosity
v
(positive viscosity); (σ )TESRA
A The behaviour solely by the negative
isotach component
ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
−(σ v ) Isotach .ε
0
Step increase in
the strain rate
Actual behaviour .
C 10ε0
D
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates
B TESRA viscosity
v
(positive viscosity); (σ )TESRA
0
Positive
A & Negative type:
v v . v
σ = (σ )TESRA + {−(εσ0 )isotach } ir
ε
 v 0
Negative Isotach viscosity: −(σ )Isotach
.
σ f − ε ir relation 0.1ε0
σ
.ε
0

Actual creep behaviour .

10ε0
Start of creep
Continuous ML at
different constant
strain rates
B
- The creep behaviour if the viscous property
A comprises solely negative Isotach component
- But, no such materials exist !
ir
ε
Effective principal stress ratio, R= σ'v/σ'h .ε = 0.0625 %/min . Albany sand
4.4 . 10ε0
0 ε0

Simulation
0.5 mm
4.2
Significant positive
.ε Drained creep for two hours
0 creep deformation
4.0 . Experiment
20ε0

3.6

Irreversible shear strain, γ (%)

3.8
ir
2 3 4 5
ir
Irreversible shear strain, γ3.4(%) Simulation

Experiment
3.2

Start of creep for two hours

3.0

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Elapsed time, t (sec)
Summary: At least, four different viscous property types by a
wide variety of geomaterials in TC and PSC tests
Isotach
R = σ 1 '/ σ 3 '
Isotach
Combined
Combined

TESRA TESRA

P&N

P&N
Step increase in the strain
rate by a factor of 10
Continuous ML at a constant strain rate ε 0
Broken curves:
R − γ ir relations
by continuous ML at
a constant strain
.
rate equal to 10ε0
.

γ ir = ε1ir − ε 3ir
Rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour

■ Isotach and non-Isotach types in drained TC

■ Viscous behaviour of sand in direct shear
■ Viscous behaviour of clay in 1D compression
■ Mechanism of non-Isotach viscous behaviour
■ Rate-sensitivity and viscosity type parameter
■ Creep and stress relaxation
■ Summary
 Air-dried dense Toyoura sand
13 seconds to
Stress ratio corrected for friction RDS=τvh/σv

-3.0 complete .
1.0
Toyoura sand (batchI) e0 s [mm/min]
σv=50kPa -2.5 I-01: 0.609 60.907
I-02: 0.606 61.240
0.8
I-03: 0.606 15.389
I-04: 0.605 15.377

Vertical compression, d [mm]

-2.0 I-05: 0.605 15.315
0.6 I-06: 0.603 1.0070
I-07: 0.603 1.0090
-1.5 I-08: 0.606 0.1359
I-09: 0.608 0.1357
0.4 I-10: 0.606 0.0162
I-11: 0.608 0.0132
-1.0 I-12: 0.607 0.0132
I-13: 0.609 0.0016
0.2 I-14: 0.607 0.0006
-0.5
13 days
0.0
0.0 to complete
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Shear displacement, s [mm]
A series of ML tests at shear
displacement rates different
(Duttine et al., 2009a, S&F) by a factor of up to 105
 Peak strength: essentially independent of shear
displacement rate (i.e., TESRA viscosity）

RDS=τvh/σv
1.00

0.95
1 : 100 000

0.90
τfriction,

Peak state
vh/σv

batchI
0.85
batchII
ratio,for

0.80
Dense Toyoura sand
corrected

0.75 σv=50kPa (batchesI&II)

Stress ratioStress

batchI
0.70 Residual state
batchII
0.65 -0.0075

0.60

0.55
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
.
Shear
Shear displacement rate
displacement rate, (mm/min)
s [mm/mn]

(Duttine et al., 2009a; S&F)

 Residual strength: decreases with an increase in shear
displacement rate (i.e., P&N viscosity)

RDS=τvh/σv
1.00

0.95
1 : 100 000

0.90
τfriction,

Peak state
vh/σv

batchI
0.85
batchII
ratio,for

0.80
Dense Toyoura sand
corrected

0.75 σv=50kPa (batchesI&II)

Stress ratioStress

batchI
0.70 Residual state
batchII
0.65 -0.0075

0.60

0.55
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
.
Shear
Shear displacement rate
displacement rate, (mm/min)
s [mm/mn]

(Duttine et al., 2009a; S&F)

 Stress ratio corrected for friction, RDS=τvh/σv
1.0
Significant rate effects reference curve Toyoura sand (batch I)
σv=100kPa; Dr0=95.04%

0.8 experiment

0.6
simulation

0.92 0.4 .
ML s=0.008~0.8mm/mn
Stress ratio corrected for friction, RDS=τvh/σv

TESRA behaviour 0.2

Toyoura sand (batch I)
σv=100kPa; Dr0=95.04%
Parameters for simulation
. ir
α=0.25 ; m=0.025 ; sref=5.10 mm/s
-7
0.90 -15 -25
θi=0 ; θf=-0.54 ; ri=10 ; rf=10
reference curve ir ir
so.θ=so.r1=3.186 mm ; nθ=nr1=1.556
1
0.0 e
GDS=20 /mm
0.88
0 4 8 12
10* Shear displacement, s [mm]
0.86
10
simulation
0.84
100 experiment
Parameters for simulation
100
0.82 . ir -7
α=0.25 ; m=0.025 ; sref=5.10 mm/s
-15 -25
θi=0 ; θf=-0.54 ; ri=10 ; rf=10
ir ir
0.80 so.θ=so.r1=3.186 mm ; nθ=nr1=1.556
* in ratio to the basic disp. rate e
GDS=20 /mm
=0.008mm/min
0.78
0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Shear displacement, s [mm]
 Stress ratio corrected for friction, RDS=τvh/σv
1.0
The viscous property reference curve Toyoura sand (batch I)
σv=100kPa; Dr0=95.04%

type changes with 0.8 experiment

strain in a single test. 0.6

simulation

0.70 0.4 .
ML s=0.008~0.8mm/mn
Stress ratio corrected for friction, RDS=τvh/σv

Toyoura sand (batch I) Parameters for simulation

P & N behaviour 0.2 σv=100kPa; Dr0=95.04%α=0.25 ; m=0.025 ; s. =5.10 ir
ref
-7
mm/s
0.68 θi=0 ; θf=-0.54 ; ri=10
-15 -25
; rf=10
reference curve ir ir
so.θ=so.r1=3.186 mm ; nθ=nr1=1.556
0.0 e
GDS=20 /mm

0.66 1
0 4 1 8 12
100 Shear displacement, s [mm]
1
0.64
100*
simulation

0.62 experiment
Parameters for simulation
. ir -7
α=0.25 ; m=0.025 ; sref=5.10 mm/s
-15 -25
0.60 θi=0 ; θf=-0.54 ; ri=10 ; rf=10
ir ir
* in ratio to the basic disp. rate
so.θ=so.r1=3.186 mm ; nθ=nr1=1.556 =0.008mm/min
e
GDS=20 /mm
0.58
8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.0 10.4
Shear displacement, s [mm]
Rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour

■ Isotach and non-Isotach types in drained TC

■ Viscous behaviour of sand in direct shear
■ Viscous behaviour of clay in 1D compression
■ Mechanism of non-Isotach viscous behaviour
■ Rate-sensitivity and viscosity type parameter
■ Creep and stress relaxation
■ Summary
1D compression changing f Test Name: KLN05
Kaolin
the strain rate, saturated 16
g w0= 48.1 (%)

kaolin made from slurry wL= 44.1 (%)

IP= 21.3
(Isotach type) (Kawabe et
18
al. 2009b). h

hi

Axial strain, εa (%)

i
20 j

Strain rate
gh, ij: 0.005 %/min
k
22 fg; jk: 0.05 %/m
kl: 0.0005 %/min
hi: creep for one day

Experiment
24 Simulation (isotach)
Reference curve
l
300 500 1000
Effective axial stress, σa' (kPa)
1D compression changing f Test Name: KLN05
Kaolin
the strain rate, saturated 16
g w0= 48.1 (%)

kaolin made from slurry wL= 44.1 (%)

IP= 21.3
(Isotach type) (Kawabe et
18
al. 2009b). h

hi

Axial strain, εa (%)

Test Name: KLN05
0.8 i
Kaolin
w0= 48.1 (%) 20Experiment j
Creep axial strain, ∆εa (%)

wL= 44.1 (%) hi: σa' = 500 kPa

0.6 IP= 21.3
Simulation
Strain rate
gh, ij: 0.005 %/min
k
0.4 22 fg; jk: 0.05 %/m
kl: 0.0005 %/min
Experiment
hi: creep for one day
de: σa' = 250 kPa
0.2 Simulation
Experiment
24 Simulation (isotach)
Reference curve
0.0 Sustained loading for one day
l
0 6 12 18 300 24 500 1000
Elapsed time, ∆t (hour) Effective axial stress, σa' (kPa)
 Non-Isotach behaviour (combined type) in 1D compression,
saturated reconstituted Fujinomori clay
(Kawabe et al. 2009a) Sustained loading at σ ' = 900 kPa a
0.3

Creep axial strain, ∆εa (%)

17 Test No. 5:0.2
Irreversible axial strain, εa (%)

Reconstituted
Fujinomori clay
ir

18 Experiment
0.1 Simulation
Experiment Isotach
19 Combined

0.0
20 0 5 10 15 20 25
Simulation Elapsed time, ∆t (hour)
Isotach
21 Combined
Reference curve

22
800 1100 1400 1700 2000
Effective axial stress, σa' (kPa)
Rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour

■ Isotach and non-Isotach types in drained TC

■ Viscous behaviour of sand in direct shear
■ Viscous behaviour of clay in 1D compression
■ Mechanism of non-Isotach viscous behaviour
■ Rate-sensitivity and viscosity type parameter
■ Creep and stress relaxation
■ Summary
Non-Isotach behaviour in DS tests on unbound interfaces
between various types of solid (i.e., rocks and others),
Dieterich and Kilgore (1994)
Mobilised friction coefficient σ ave Real yield shear
A contact stress, τcontact
τ ave ⋅ A τ contact ⋅ α
µ= = τ ave
σ ave ⋅ A σ contact ⋅ α
Real contact area, α

10μm /s 1μm /s 10μm /s 1μm /s Granite

#60 surface
σave = 15 MPa

10μm /s 1μm /s 10μm /s 1μm /s Granite

#60 surface,
1 mm g oug e
σave = 10 MPa
1μm /s 0.1μm /s 1μm /s 0.1μm /s
Soda-lime g lass
#60 surface
σave = 5 MPa