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Cell Biology
Ruzz Renielle K. Tabasa Ratings:
3.1BSPGEN August 20 2019
19th Century
Francoise Raspail (1825)
He established one of the concepts of cell theory: that all cells arise
from pre-existing cells. The basis of this was the witnessing of binary
fission under a microscope wherein a single cell divided into two
daughter cells.
Theodore Schwann and Matthias Scleiden (1836)
German scientists Theodore Schwann and Mattias Schleiden studied
cells of plants and animals respectively. These scientists identified key
differences between the two cell types and put forth the idea that cells
were the fundamental units of both plants and animals.
In the middle of the 19th century, Scientists had accepted the fact that it was simply not
possible to view cell structures which measure less than a half of a micrometer with the
use of a microscope. But because of the development of the cathode ray tube, they’ve
later discovered that aside from using light, electrons can be used to view these
structures.
1933 The first prototype of the electron microscope was constructed. It is a type
of microscope which utilizes a beam of electrons to create an image of the
specimen.
Erwin Chargaff (1943)
He began to challenge Levene’s previous conclusions.
In 1950, he noted that the nucleotide composition of DNA differs among species
and do not repeat in the same order reached two major conclusions.
Chargaff concluded that almost all DNA, no matter what organism or tissue type
it comes from, still maintains certain properties, even as its composition varies. He
postulated the “Chargaff’s Rule” which says that the amount of cytosine is equal
to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of
adenine. In short, the total amount of pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)
approximates the amount of purines (adenine and guanine)
1953 James Watson and Francis Crick derived the three-dimensional and double
helical model of the DNA (Pray 2009). After that, the process of replicating the
DNA was discovered.
1961 The endeavor of cracking the genetic code started.
As with the rapid growth of molecular biology in the mid-20th century, cell biology
research exploded. It became possible to maintain, grow, and manipulate cells
outside of living organisms. The minimal media requirements for cells were
characterized years later. Sterile cell culture techniques were further
developed. Further advances in electron microscopy greatly facilitated the
development of transfection methods. The process of genetic engineering, or the
act of modifying an organism’s genetic material either by adding genes or deleting
some parts of it, was declared as a separate field in the 1970s.
1970 Reverse transcriptase in retroviruses was first discovered
1996 The first ever successful effort of cloning of an organism (sheep named
Dolly) happened.
1998 Hamilton and Baulcombe discovered the siRNA as part of post-
transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants.