Lect - I - Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers - MDA I

CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I
Cryogenic Fundamentals &

Cryocoolers
Dr M. D. Atrey
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Bombay - 400 076
Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Outline
• Cryogenics?
• Cryocoolers – Why?
• Types of Cryocoolers
• How do they work ?
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Cryocooler Selection and comparison
• Conclusion

What is Cryogenics?
• Kryo – Very cold

(frost)
• Genics – to produce
• “Science and art of

producing cold”

The Chronology
Year Event
1877 Cailletet and Pictet liquefied Oxygen.
1879 Linde founded the Linde Eismaschinen AG.
1892 Dewar developed a vacuum insulated vessel for
cryogenic fluid storage.
1895 Onnes established Leiden Laboratory.
1902 Claude established l’Air Liquide and developed air-
liquefaction system.
1908 Onnes liquefied helium.
1911 Onnes discovered superconductivity.

The Chronology
Year Event
1926 Goddard test fired the first cryogenically propelled
rocket.
1934 Kapitza designed the first expansion engine.
1952 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST),
USA, Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory established.
1966 Development of Dilution refrigerator.
1975 Record high superconducting transition temperature (23
K) achieved.
1994 Matsubara developed a 4 K cryocooler

Introduction
What is Cryogenics?
• Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with
generation of low temperature below 123 K.
0K 123 K 300 K
Cryogenics Refrigeration
O2 (90.19 K) R134a (246.8 K)
Air (78.6 K) R12 (243.3 K)
N2 (77.36 K) R22 (233 K)
H2 (20.39 K) Propane (231.1 K)
He (4.2 K) Ethane (184 K)
Temperature
Kelvin Celsius (°C) Rankine (°R) Fahrenheit

(K) (°F)
0 -273.15 0 -459.67
273.15 0 491.67 32
373.15 100 671.67 212
Increment
• 1 K = 1°C = 1.8°R = 1.8°F

Temperature
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
• K = C + 273 (Note it is Kelvin, but not degree
Kelvin).
Room Temperature ~ 300 K
Cryogen Temp (K) Cost

(Rs/Lit)
LN2 77.36 25
LH2 20.39
LHe 4.2 1000
Cryogen
Cryogen
• Fluid with normal boiling point less than 123 K.
Cryogen Boiling Point (K) Triple Point (K)
Methane, CH4 111.67 90.69

Oxygen, O2 90.19 54.36
Argon, Ar 87.30 83.81
Air(N2+O2+Ar) 78.6 59.75

Cryogen
Cryogen Boiling Point (K) Triple Point (K)
Nitrogen, N2 77.36 63.15

Normal H2 20.39 13.96
He4 4.230 -
He3 3.191 -

T – s diagram of a Cryogen
300 K, 1atm A
Absolute Temperature
B Isobar
C Critical Point
Liquid
Normal Boiling F
Point E Vapor
L+V
Entropy
Properties of few Cryogens
Sat. Liq. at 1atm LHe 4 LH2 LN2 LAir LOX
Normal
Boiling K 4.214 20.27 77.36 78.8 90.18
Point
Critical
Mpa 0.229 1.315 3.39 3.92 5.08
Pressure
Density kg/m3 124.8 70.79 807.3 874 1141
Latent Heat kJ/kg 20.90 443 199.3 205 213

T – s diagram of Helium
Critical Pt.
2.29 atm,
5.2 K
T – s chart for He – 4
1 atm, 4.2 K •Pressure (P) – atm
•Density – gm/mol-lit
•Temp (T) – K
•Enthalpy (h) – J/gm-
mol
•Entropy (s) – J/g-
mol-K
T – s diagram of Nitrogen
T – s chart for N2
•Pressure (P) – atm
•Density – gm/mol-lit
•Temp (T) – K
•Enthalpy (h) – J/gm-
mol
•Entropy (s) – J/g-
mol-K
Critical Pt.
33.9 atm,
126 K
1 atm,
77.36 K
Materials at Low temperature

• The properties of materials change, when cooled to cryogenic
temperatures (demo video).
• The electrical resistance of a conductor decreases as the

temperature decreases.
• Wires made of materials like Nb – Ti, exhibit zero resistance

when subjected to LHe temperatures (superconductivity).

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 15
Superconductivity
• The electrical resistance
Electrical Resistance, Ohms
of a material decreases
with the decrease in the
temperature.
• Few of the materials,

when cooled to lower
temperatures, the
resistance suddenly
drops to zero at a
Sudden drop particular temperature.
Temperature, K

Superconductivity
• In 1911, Onnes
discovered the
phenomenon of
0.13
Superconductivity.
Resistance, Ohms
Mercury • During his

0.1 investigation on
mercury, he observed
that the resistance
0.05 dropped to zero at 4.2
K.
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3

Temperature, K
Superconductivity
Jc • The state of the SC is governed by
three parameters.
• They are Temperature (K), Current

Density (A/mm2) and Magnetic
Field (Tesla) as shown in the
Tc figure.
• The blue region in the figure is

Superconductivity
Hc enclosed by the critical values of
region
Tc, Jc and Hc.

High Tc and Low Tc Materials
• Superconducting materials are distinguished depending upon

the critical temperature they exhibit.
• Earlier, the materials having transition temperature above 30

K are called as High Tc or HTS materials.
• Recently this value has been changed to 77 K, due to easy

availability of LN2.

Development of SCs
T(K)
Copper
273
Oxide
160
Conducto
HgBaCaCuO
140
1993 & 1994 rs
120 TlBaCaCuO
1988
100 under pressure BSCCO HTS
YBCO
1987
80
60 Metallic
Conducto
40 LaBaCuo
rs
NbN Nb3Sn Nb3Ge
20 LTS
Pb NbTi
Hg
1900 1911 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

Prof.
Indian Institute of M D Atrey,
Technology 20Bombay
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT
Bombay
Meisner Effect
• At room temperature, if a material is
subjected to a magnetic flux, the flux lines
of force penetrate through the material.
TRoom
• As soon as the material becomes
superconducting, it repels the magnetic flux
lines.
• This phenomenon is called as Meisner

Effect and was first discovered by Meisner
TC and Robert in the year 1933.

What is a Cryocooler?
• Generation of low temperature due to compression and
expansion of gas – Refrigerator.
• Closed Cycle cooler.
• Consists of compressor, Heat exchanger and Expander.
• Can replace Cryogens like LN2 (77 K), LH2(20 K) and LHe
(4.2K).

Cryocoolers – Why?
• No Cryogen requirement.
• Reliable and Maintenance free.
• Cost of Cryogen is going up – Cost of Cryocoolers coming

down.
• Scope for new Technology.
• Advances towards Invisible Cryogenics.

Classification
Joule-Thomson Solid Liquid Supercritical
Stored Gas Stored Cryogen

High pressure Ambient pressure
Ambient temp. Low temperature
Open Cycle
Cryogenic Refrigeration
Closed Cycle
Dynamic Cryocooler Static
Radiator
Regenerative
Recuperative
Sorption
Joule-Thomson compressor
Valves Valveless Brayton
Claude Solid state
Stirling Magnetic
Gifford-McMahon Vuilleumier Thermoelectric
Pulse tube Pulse tube Laser

Important Parameters
• Mass, Volume, Cool down • Reliability, Shelf life
time
• Split or Integral systems,
• Vibration, Acoustic noise, Costs
Electromagnetic interference
(EMI) • Ambient cooling method
• Operating life • Vibration tolerances

• MTBM
• MTBF • Orientation, Low/Zero
• MTTF gravity environment

Technical Parameters
• Cooling effect : --- W@---K.
• Compressor power requirement : ------kW.
• Cooling water requirement.
• Service requirement of the compressor.
• Vibration levels and Costs.

Heat Exchangers – Two types

RECUPERATIVE REGENERATIVE
Hot
Separate channels with solid walls A single flow channel filled
separatingthe continuously flowing with a matrix of finely divided
hot and cold fluids. Fluids usually material subject to alternating
in counterflow. flows of hot and cold fluids.
Hot For continuous flow one must
Cold
have two identical matrices with
periodic switching Hot
Q or
a disc rotating slowly (thermal wheel)
and passing alternately through
Cold the hot and cold fluid ducts
Cold

Recuperative Cryocoolers

Regenerative Cryocoolers

Stirling Cryocooler
• Advantages
• High efficiency
• Moderate cost
• Small size and weight
• Over 140,00 made to date
• Disadvantages
• Dry or no lubrication
• Intrinsic vibration from displacer
• Long lifetime expensive (3 – 10 years)

Stirling Cryocooler
• Uses
• IR sensors
• High temperature superconductors
• Space experiments
• Recent Developments
• Flexure bearings
• Gas bearings
• Diaphragm compressor and expander
• Two stage cold heads

Ideal Stirling Cycle

• a  b – Isothermal
compression process.
• b  c – Isochoric heat
transfer process.
• c  d – Isothermal
expansion process.
• d  a – Isochoric heat
transfer process

Stirling & Carnot – Comparison
Stirling
Carnot
Courtesy: G. Walker, Cryocoolers, Plenum (1983)

Stirling System – Piston/Disp.

. Two Moving Parts .
W0 W0
 
Piston Piston

.
T0
 Q. ,T
Q0 ,T0 0 0
Displacer
Regenerator
Regenerator
.
Qc ,Tc
.
Qc ,Tc
External Regenerator Internal Regenerator

stirling3c.cdr

Stirling Refrigerator – LN2 liq.

Actual Arrangement of Components in Integral

Stirling Cycle Cryocooler

Early Philips Stirling Air Liq.
• First developed
in 1953
Courtesy: G. Walker, Cryocoolers, Plenum (1983)

Modern Stirling Air Liquefier
• 700 W @ 80 K
• 500 W @ 65 K
• 12 kW input
• 15% Carnot @ 80 K

Miniature Stirling Cryocoolers

• Use of miniature cryocoolers for Infra-red detectors.
• With sensor maintained at low temperatures the contrast of the

images improves and locating a target or locating specific
resources such as minerals, water, crops becomes easier.
• Temperature of 77 K (LN2) serves the purpose.
• Basic requirement – low mass and reliable operation. They are

also suitable for use in Space.

Infrared Camcorder
With Stirling Microcooler
• 0.15 W @ 80 K
• 3 W input power
• 14% of Carnot
SQUID & Stirling Cryocooler

• HTS SQUID package
cooled by miniature Stirling
cooler
• Khare and Chaudhari

(1994)
• 10-9 T/Hz noise @ 43 Hz.

Flexure Bearing Stirling Cooler

Linear Compressor Design

• Moving Coil / Moving Magnet – Magnet Design.
• Flexure bearings – design analysis.
• Dynamic analysis – spring mass system.
• Compressor should operate near the resonance frequency –

minimum power input.
• No rubbing parts, no lubrication requirement.

Flexure Bearing Linear Comp.
To cold head Spiral flexure

bearing
Clearance
gap
Flexure bearing
Piston
Back iron
Permanent
magnet Stationary Flexing
rigid element
clamp
Moving
coil
Moving rigid
Position spider
sensor
a Linear Linear flexure

compressor bearing b
Stirling Systems (Linear Drive)
0 mm 100

Stirling Systems (Linear Drive)
mm
267
Clearance seals 6 W @ 77 K, 180 W input

StirlingLeybold.cdr
Leybold POLAR SC-7 COM

Protoflight Space Cryocooler
Flexure bearing Stirling 3 W @ 60 K, 87 W input

9.0% of Carnot @ 35 K 1.2 W @ 35 K, 100 W input
Hughes/Ratheon
Raytheon psc1.cdr

PSC Stirling Cryocooler

Indian Institute of Technology BombayRaytheon PSC.ppt
Commercial Stirling Coolers
0 mm 100
2 Stg 30 K Striling Cryocooler

Ball Aerospace
Flexure-bearing
compressor 2nd stage
1st stage

Gifford – McMohan Cryocoolers

• Advantages
• High reliability (1-3 years)
• Moderate cost
• Good Service
• Over 20,000/yr made
• Disadvantages
• Large and heavy
• Intrinsic vibration from the displacer
• Low efficiency

Efficiency of Pressure Oscillations


• Uses
• Cryopumps (15 K)
• MRI Magnets
• Laboratory magnets
• R and D Labs
• 4 K operation
• Rare earth regenerator materials
• Improved valve timing

• Used for cryopumps
• Used for MRI shield cooling

GM Cryocoolers for LTS system

Leybold Coolpower 4.2LAB Sumitomo SRDK-101D-A11C
400 mm
0
• 0.25 W @ 4.2 K
• 2.5 kW – 1 phase 208/220 V • 0.10 W @ 4.2 K
• Air or water cooled • 1.3 kW – 1 phase 120 V
• $20,000 • Air cooled

2 stg Displacer Unit 1. Electrical Connections and current lead through for
cold head motor
2. Helium high pressure connection
3. Helium low pressure connection
4. Cylic 1st stage
5. Displacement piston 1st stage
6. Regenerator 1st stage
7. Expansion volume 1st stage
8. 1st (refrigerating) stage (copper flange)
9. Cylinder 2nd stage
10. Displacment piston 2nd stage
11. Regenerator 2nd stage
12. Expansion volume 2nd stage
13. 2nd (Refrigerating) stage (copper flange)
14. Vapour pressure measurement chamber
15. Control piston
16. Control volume
17. Control disc
18. Control vlave
19. Gauge for hydrogen vapour pressure thermometer
20. Cold head motor

Advantages Disadvantages
• Can reach low • Rubbing seal at lower
temperatures – 2.5 K temperatures
• Are widely used in • Use Oil flooded

MRI systems Helium compressor –
needs maintenance
• Works at low
frequency of 1-2 Hz, • Use rotary valve –
established brand. needs maintenance
Pulse Tube Cryocoolers

• Advantages
• No cold moving parts
• Higher reliability
• Lower vibration and EMI
• Lower cost
• Disadvantages
• Gravity induced convective stability
• Lower limit to size for efficient pulse tube

PT Cryocoolers (History)
250 Type Investigator Year
200 195 K Resonant Wheatley 1985

Temperature (K)
165 K Basic (valveless) Gifford 1967

150
124 K Basic (valves) Longsworth 1967
105 K Orifice (valves & air) Mikulin, et al. 1984
100 90 K TADOPTR Radebaugh, et al. 1990
60 K Orifice (valveless & He) Radebaugh et al. 1985

50 38 K Orifice (valveless, split) Radebaugh 1990
33 K Orifice (valveless, integral) Tward, et al. 1990
28 K Double inlet Ravex, et al. 1992
0 23.5 K Warm expander Ishizaki & Ishizaki 1992

Phase Shift in PT Cryocoolers

• There is no driven displacer in Pulse tube cooler.
• The phase shift between the pressure and the mass

flow rate at the cold end should be as small as
possible
• This is done by having various configurations like

orifice, Double inlet and inertance tube etc.

OPTR/Stirling
OPTR/
W
. Stirling PTR comparison
.
0
Wo

Stirling OPTR  Reservoir
volume
Piston Piston

Orifice
. T0
Q 0 , T0
. .
Q 0 , T0 Q h ,Th
Regenerator Displacer
Regenerator Pulse
tub e
.
Qc ,Tc .
Q c ,Tc
Two moving parts One moving part

Double
W
. Inlet PTR
o
 Zhu, Wu, and Chen,
Reservoir
volume Xi’an Jiaotong Univ.,
Piston Cryogenics 30, 514 (1990)
Secondary Primary
orifice orifice
. .
Q 0 , T0 Q h ,Th Single Double
173 K 132 K
52 K 43 K
Regenerator Pulse
tub e
.
Q c ,Tc
Pt3c.c dr
Explanations in various PTRs
Due to heat transfer

between gas and
Basic Pulse tube walls
Orifice Pulse Double Inlet PT

tube

Pulse Tube Geometry

2 Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler

Reservoir
Volume
Orifices
Th
1st
1st Stage Pulse
Regenerator Tube
2nd
Pulse
Tube
Tc 1
2nd Stage
Regenerator
T c2
Miniature PTR (Space app.)
• 0.62 W at 80 K
• 20 W input power
• Space applications
•1.3 kg

High efficiency PTR
• 7.3 W at 80 K
• 107 W comp. input power
• 19% Carnot @ 80 K
• Space applications
• 4.3 kg

GM-type
Now 15 W @ 77 K
First Commercial
Pulse Tube

4 K GM type PTR
Cooling Power – 1 W @ 4K
and 40 W@45 K
Power Input – 7 KW
Use of Rotary valve –

G-M type

J – T cooler

J – T cooler
• Advantages
• No cold moving parts
• Steady flow (No vibration)
• Transport cold long distance
• Cold end can be miniaturized
• Disadvantages
• Relies on real gas behavior
• Requires high pressures (200:1)
• Small orifice susceptible to clogging
• Low efficiency below 90 K
J – T cooler
• Uses
• Cooling IR sensors on missiles
• Cooling IR sensors for surveillance
• Cooling semiconducting electronics
• Cryogenic catheter (heart arrhythmias)
• Liquefaction of natural gas
• Mixed refrigerants
• Sorption compressors
• Electrochemical compressors
Miniature J – T Cryostat
• Open cycle
– Gas vents
– Gas supply from
cylinder
– Fast cooldown

Miniature J – T Cooler
For cooling infrared sensors

Missile guidance
3 s cool down

Miniature J – T Cooler

Mixed Refrigerant J – T Cooler

• If single component is used, like Nitrogen, the pressure at the
end of compression is more than 80-100 bar.
• Use of mixture of various components depending on their b.p.

from 300 K to lower temperature of interest – leading to
condensation of each component in HX – leading to higher
effectiveness of HX.
• Understand the thermodynamics of mixture.

Mixed Refrigerant J – T Cooler
• Nitrogen cycle – 200 bar and 1 bar

• MRJT – 18 bar and 1 bar
• To = 80 K
Cryocooler Applications
p. 2
COMMERCIAL (Cont.)
4. Superconductors for high-speed communications
5. Semiconductors for high-speed computors
6. Infrared sensors for NDE and process monitoring
7. Industrial gas liquefaction
MEDICAL
1. Superconducting magnets for MRI
2. SQUID magnetometers for heart and brain studies
3. Liquefaction of oxygen for hosp. and home use
4. Cryogenic catheters and cryosurgery

Cryocooler Applications
p. 3
TRANSPORTATION
1. LNG for fleet vehicles
2. Superconducting magnets in maglev trains
3. Infrared sensors for aircraft night vision
ENERGY
1. LNG for peak shaving
2. Superconducting power applications
3. Infrared sensors for thermal loss measurements
POLICE AND SECURITY

1. Infrared sensors for night-security and rescue
Cooled Infrared Sensors
• Military tactical applications

• Night vision
• About 140,000 coolers to date
since 1970s
• 0.3 to 1.75 W at 65 – 80 K

Cryopumps
60 K
15 K
• Used to produce clean vacuum

• Required for semiconductor processing
• About 20,000/yr at peak of semiconductor business

SC Microwave filter
Use in Cellular Phone Base Stations
• High Tc @ 77 K 20
10
• Better filtering 0
-10 Typical Conventional
Rejection (dB)
• Improved gain -20
-30
• Less loss from -40

SuperLink Rx
filter and LNA -50
-60
• >3000 installed -70

800 805 810 815 820 825 830 835 840 845 850 855 860 865 870 875 880
(1% of stations) Frequency (MHz)
($50M revenue Superconducting filter
in 2003)
Source: A. Karandirkar, STI (MCALC-IV)

SC Microwave filter
• STI rack-mounted system
• HTS microwave filter
• Stirling cryocooler (77 K)
Source: A. Karandirkar, STI (MCALC-IV)

High Speed communications
• Military requirements
–Universal receiver
(Software radio)
• Low-Tc superconductors
• High-speed A/D
• 1 W at 4 K
• 5 year lifetime

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• 1.5 T Superconducting magnets

• 1 W at 4 K
• Non-magnetic regenerators
• >7000 4 K cryocoolers since 1995

Cryo Catheter
• Heart arrhythmia
– 2 million cases in US
– Currently treated with
medication or rf catheter
• Advantages of cryogenic
– Sticks to tissue
– Thermal mapping possible
– Clinical trials underway
For atrial fibrillation ablation, the target is the ostia of the pulmonary veins. Femoral vein
access is obtained at the groin by venapuncture and the 11 Fr. transseptal balloon-
sheath with dilator is inserted and advanced to the right atrium. In the right atrium, the tip
of the dilator is extended about 1 cm beyond the end of the balloon-sheath and pressed
against the intra-atrial septum.

MagLev
• Japan Railway
• 500 km/hr
• 10 cm lift
• LTS magnets
• 4 magnets/cryostat
• 2 cryostats/coupling
• 7 W at 4 K
• 18 km test track

SC Motors
Motor-hts-AmSC-5mwmotor.jpg
Motor-hts-siemens_neu.jpg
• Use high temperature superconductors

• 1 & 5 MW R&D motors built
• 35-65 K
• ¼ size of conventional motors
• Large market for ship motors

Summary
• Cryocoolers are fastly emerging technology in Refrigeration
and Cryogenics.
• High capacity, reliable and low temperature generation are the

current requirements of the cryocoolers.
• Pulse Tube Refrigerators seem a natural candidate to stay for

long due to less vibrations but others are also competing with
them.
• Space, MagLev, SC devices need cryocoolers.

Thank you !


Lect - I - Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers - MDA I

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lect - I - Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers - MDA I

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CEP’ 2013 – Cryogenic Fundamentals & Cryocoolers Lecture – I

Cryogenic Fundamentals &

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• How do they work ?

• Advantages and Disadvantages

• Cryocooler Selection and comparison

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Kryo – Very cold

• “Science and art of

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Kelvin Celsius (°C) Rankine (°R) Fahrenheit

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Cryogen Temp (K) Cost

Cryogen Boiling Point (K) Triple Point (K)

Methane, CH4 111.67 90.69

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Cryogen Boiling Point (K) Triple Point (K)

Nitrogen, N2 77.36 63.15

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Properties of few Cryogens

Sat. Liq. at 1atm LHe 4 LH2 LN2 LAir LOX

Latent Heat kJ/kg 20.90 443 199.3 205 213

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Materials at Low temperature

• The electrical resistance of a conductor decreases as the

• Wires made of materials like Nb – Ti, exhibit zero resistance

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Few of the materials,

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Mercury • During his

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3

• They are Temperature (K), Current

• The blue region in the figure is

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

High Tc and Low Tc Materials

• Superconducting materials are distinguished depending upon

• Earlier, the materials having transition temperature above 30

• Recently this value has been changed to 77 K, due to easy

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

1900 1911 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• This phenomenon is called as Meisner

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Closed Cycle cooler.

• Consists of compressor, Heat exchanger and Expander.

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Reliable and Maintenance free.

• Cost of Cryogen is going up – Cost of Cryocoolers coming

• Scope for new Technology.

• Advances towards Invisible Cryogenics.

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Stored Gas Stored Cryogen

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Operating life • Vibration tolerances

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

• Compressor power requirement : ------kW.

• Cooling water requirement.

• Service requirement of the compressor.

• Vibration levels and Costs.

Prof. Milind D. Atrey, Dept. of Mech. Engg.,

Heat Exchangers – Two types