Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4.50
F2 F2
C2 C2
4.50
F1 F1
B1 C1 C1
2.00
Loads
Minimum thickness of Beams & one-way ribbed slabs
Element Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
One-way l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8
ribbed slabs
hmin 450 / 16 28 cm
hmin 450 / 18 25 cm
hmin 200 / 8 25 cm
Dead Load
• Total volume (hatched) = 0.52 x 0.25 x
0.28 = 0.035 m3
• Volume of one hollow block = 0.4 x 0.20
x 0.25 = 0.02 m3
• Net concrete volume = 0.035 - 0.02 =
0.015 m3
• Weight of concrete = 0.015 x 2.5 (10)=
0.375 kN
• Weight of concrete /m2 =
0.375/(0.52)(0.25) = 2.88 kN/ m2
• Weight of hollow locks /m2 =
20(10)/(0.52)(0.25)(1000) = 1.54 kN/ m2
• Covering Materials = 2.5 kN/m2
66 .6 4.52
Mu 168 .6 kN.m
8
66.6 4.5
Vu max 150 kN
2
Flexural Design
M u 168.6 kN.m
b 80cm 800mm
h 28cm 280mm
d 28 2.5cover 0.8 1.4 14 / 2 24cm 240mm
0.85 f c 2 106 M u
1 1
fy
0.85 f c bw d
M u kN.m
f c' , f y N / mm or Mpa
d , bw mm
assume lim 0.9
3 f c 3 25
lim (0.851 ) (0.85)(0.85) 0.0161
8 f 8 420
y
f c 1.4 25 1.4
m in max , max , 0.0033
4 f y f y 4420 420
lim ok
As bw d 0.0108 800 240 2073.6mm 2 20.73cm 2
use
1414
1116
General Note
if m ax lim
0. 9
2
1
600 f y
1 0.65 0.25 0.65 0.25 600 420 0.21
1000 f y 1000 420
f c 600
2 0.25(0.851 ) 0.25(0.85)(0.85) 25 600
0.011
f y 1000 f y 420 1000 420
0.011
0.21
old
You can check using new
0.85 f c 2 106 M u If there is no clear difference your
new 1 1
fy
0.85 f c bw d solve is OK
Shear Design
25
VCd VC 0.75 240 800 / 1000 120kN
6
0.5 VC 60kN Vu 150 kN
Vcd Vu 0.5Vcd
3 Av f y d 3 200 420 240
sm ax min , ,600 min , ,600 min315,120,600
bw 2 800 2
Vu Vcd
f c 3 Av f y d
Vsd bw d s min , , 300 mm
3 bw 4
25
30 0.75 800 240 / 1000 240
3
Column Design
• For 5 stories
C1 Factored Load is 150kN for 1 floor
For 5 floors P for C1 = 750kN
Area required
qall ( net) 20t / m 2 200kPa
Ps 580 103
Ag 2.9 m 2
1.8 *1.8
qall ( net) 200 10 3
Pu 750 103
qu 230 103 Pa 230kPa
A 1.8 *1.8
Check for punching Shear
d = 43.5 cm
2 fc ' 2
VC 1
bo d 0.75 1
25
435 3140 / 1000 1536.6kN
50 6
c 3
20
fc ' 25
VC bo d 0.75 435 3140 / 1000 1707.4kN
3 3
sd fc ' 40 435 25
VC 2 bo d 0.75 2 435 3140 / 1000 3219kN
b 12 3140 12
VU 230 * 1.82 0.635 * 0.935 608.6kN
VU VC O.K
Check for beam shear
b = 1800mm, d = 435mm
25
VC 0.75 435 1800 / 1000 489.5kN
6
O.K
Bending moment & Area of steel
Wall
L L
D D
L
D D
Wall
L
D D
Two way slab
Two way slabs Types
When the ratio (L/S ) is less than 2.0, it is called two - way slab
Flat Plates
A flat plate floor is a two-way slab with no supporting beams, only columns.
Flat Plate suitable span 7.5 m with LL= 500 kg/m2
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Flat Slabs
A two-way slab with column capitals or drop panels, or both.
Flat Slab Max. suitable span 10m with LL= 700kg\m2
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for
capital and panels
Edge supported solid Slabs
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is
expensive
Edge supported Ribbed Slabs
This system can be economically used for spans up to 7.0 meters. It is similar to the
waffle slab, but the voids between ribs are filled with hollow blocks
Design Methods
Simplified Design Methods
Empirical formulae and approximate theories have been
formulated which give bending moments in slabs supported on
all four edges
Grashoff Method
w ws wl
The central defection of the strip in L direction
5 wl L4
l
384 EI
The central defection of the strip in S direction
5 ws S 4
s
384 EI
5 wl L4 5 ws S 4 ws L4
4
384 EI 384 EI wl S
ws L4
4
ws wl L S 4
Since
w ws wl
L4
ws w 4
let r = L/S
L S
4
r4
ws w w
1 r 4
1
wl w w
1 r
4
0.500 0.594 0.675 0.741 0.793 0.835 0.868 0.893 0.913 0.929 0.941
0.500 0.406 0.325 0.259 0.207 0.165 0.132 0.107 0.087 0.071 0.059
Marcus Method
Marcus has given an approximate method for determining bending
moments in slabs simply supported on four edges with corners
prevented from being lifted, and considering torsion in the slab.
0.292 0.355 0.411 0.470 0.526 0.577 0.623 0.663 0.699 0.730 0.757
0.292 0.240 0.198 0.165 0.137 0.114 0.095 0.079 0.067 0.056 0.047
Egyptian Code Method
The Egyptian code method has extended the last methods for
analysis of continuous slabs, where individual panels have different
supporting conditions.
To account for the various supporting conditions, the rectangularity
ratio r =L/S is modified to be
L ml
r
S ms
S
Shear and moment equivalent load coefficients for trapezoidal load distribution
r =L/S 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
0.500 0.545 0.583 0.615 0.643 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.737 0.750
Cs
0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.830 0.852 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917
Cb
Minimum Slab Thickness of Two-way
Edge-supported Slabs
The following values give some indication for the minimum thickness of
two way slab (solid or ribbed slab)
f y 420 Mpa
f c 25 Mpa
Solution
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction (ACI code)
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness to
control deflection. There are three empirical limitations
for calculating the slab thickness (h), which are based on
experimental research. If these limitations are not met, it
will be necessary to compute deflection.
fy
(a) For 0.2 m 2 ln 0.8
h 1400
36 5 m 0.2
4E cb I b / l E cb I b 2
4E cs I s / l E cs I s 3 1
E cb Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete 4
I b Moment of inertia of uncrackedbeam
m
1 2 3 4
fy in N/mm2.
(b) For m 2
fy
ln 0.8
h 1400
for f y 420 N / mm 2
36 9
1.1ln
h
36 9
(c) For m 0.2
Use the following table
The definitions of the terms are:
f y 420 Mpa
f c 25 Mpa
B B
A
3 - Evaluate load distribution in both directions:
A
B B
A
Sec. A-A
Sec. B-B
Example 2 Ref 2
f y 420 Mpa
f c 25 Mpa
(assumption)
ln
hm in
33
770
23 .33 cm 25 cm
33
wu 1.20 3.64 1.05 2 1.60 3
12.8 kN / m2
Analysis
use
114 straight
116 bent
Two way slab
Direct Design Method
DDM
Direct Design Method for Two-way Slab
Method of dividing total static moment Mo into
positive and negative moments.
2
M0
wll
u 2 n
ACI 13 - 3
8
where
wu factoredload per unit area
l2 transverse width of the strip
ln clear span between columns
for circular columns,calc.ln using h 0.886dc
Column Strips and Middle Strips
Moments vary across width of slab panel
Ecb I b EcbC C
1 t
Ecs I s 2 Ecs I s 2 I s
0.63x x 3 y
C 1 torsional constant
y 3
0.63x x 3 y
C 1
y 3
4.5m
Example 1, Static Moment Computation
Moment Mo for the two directions.
long direction
Ln 750 40 710cm
M ol
wl2 ln
2
14.2 67.12
537kN.m
8 8
short direction
Ln 600 40 560cm
M ol
wl2 ln
2
14.2 7.55.62
418kN.m
8 8
Example 1 – Moments (long)
l2 6
0 .8
l1 7.5
Ib 0.01
1 3 .7
I s 0.0027
l2
1 3.7(0.8) 2.96
l1
Example 1- Column Strip Factors (negative)
d 14.4cm 144mm
b 3m 3000mm
As check _ shear