CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

ROSE School Bending Members Bending Members

Steel and Composite Structures • F1. General Provisions
March-April 2007 • F2. Doubly-Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and
Chapter
Chapter FF applies
applies toto members
members subject
subject to
to Channels Bent About their Major Axis
simple
simple bending
bending about
about one
one principal
principal axis.
axis. For
For • F3. Doubly-Symmetric I-Shaped Members with
Roberto T. Leon Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent
Georgia Tech simple
simple bending,
bending, thethe member
member isis loaded
loaded in
in aa About their Major Axis
plane
plane parallel
parallel to
to aa principal
principal axis
axis that
that passes
passes • F4. Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact
through
through the
the shear
shear center
center or
or isis restrained
restrained Webs Bent About their Major Axis
Materials furnished by AISC and • F5. Doubly-Symmetric and Singly-Symmetric I-shaped
Dr. D. White (Georgia Tech) against
against twisting
twisting at
at load
load points
points and and supports.
supports. Members with Slender Webs Bent About their Major
Copying is expressly forbidden Axis

There’s always a solution in steel 1 There’s always a solution in steel 2 There’s always a solution in steel 3

Bending Members Bending Members Bending Members

• F6. I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About their
Minor Axis
F1. The design flexural strength, φbMn, and the • Summary of changes from 1989 ASD and 1999
• F7. Square and rectangular HSS and Box- allowable flexural strength, Mn/Ωb, shall be LRFD Specifications
Shaped Members determined as follows: – Removed web-tapered member design provisions
• F8. Round HSS – Removed hybrid member terminology
• F9. Tees and Double angles Loaded in the Plane of
For all provisions in this chapter
– Removed plate girder terminology
Symmetry φb = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωb = 1.67 (ASD)
• F10. Single Angles – Added single angle and HSS provisions
• F11. Rectangular Bars and Rounds
and the nominal flexural strength, Mn, shall be – Integrated noncompact and slender web provisions
• F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes determined according to Sections F2 through – New treatment for tension flanges with holes
• F13. Proportions of Beams and Girders F12.

There’s always a solution in steel 4 There’s always a solution in steel 5 There’s always a solution in steel 6

Adapted from AISC slides 3.1

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

• User Note showing

Bending Bending Members where to go for different Design for Flexure
types of sections
Members Compact I-Section Members
• 1989 ASD – 5 equations based on unbraced
length of compression flange (LTB)
• 1999 LRFD – 3 equations based on lateral-
• User Note
showing where torsional buckling (LTB)
to go for
different types • 2005 – 3 equations based on LTB
of sections

φb = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωb = 1.67 (ASD)

There’s always a solution in steel 7 There’s always a solution in steel 8 There’s always a solution in steel 9

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Design for Flexure Design Aid

Compact I-Section Members
Mn • Lb < Lp Æ Limit State of Yielding
plastic
Mp
inelastic Mn=Mp=FyZx (F2-1)
Mr elastic
User note: All current ASTM A6 W, S, M, C and MC shapes
except W21x48, W14x99, W14x90, W12x65, W10X12,
W8x31, W8x10, W6x15, W6x9, W6x8.5, and M4x6 have
Lp Lr Lb compact flanges for Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa); all current ASTM
unbraced length A6 W, S, M, HP, C and MC shapes have compact webs for Fy
< 65 ksi (450 MPa).
There’s always a solution in steel 10 There’s always a solution in steel 11 There’s always a solution in steel 12

Adapted from AISC slides 3.2

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Design Aid Design for Flexure Design for Flexure

Compact I-Section Members Compact I-Section Members
• Lb between Lp and Lr (Inelastic Buckling)
2
Cbπ 2 E Jc ⎛ Lb ⎞
Fcr = 1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
⎡ ⎛ L − Lp ⎞⎤ 2 (F2-4)
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) ⎜ b ⎛ Lb ⎞ S x ho ⎝ rts ⎠
⎜L −L ⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ M p (F2-2) ⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ r p ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ rts ⎠

• Lb greater than Lr (Elastic Buckling)

User Note: The square root term in Equation F2-4
2
Cbπ 2 ES x Jc ⎛ Lb ⎞ may be conservatively taken equal to one.
M n = Fcr S x = 2
1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟ (F2-3, F2-4)
⎛ Lb ⎞ S x ho ⎝ rts ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rts ⎠

There’s always a solution in steel 13 There’s always a solution in steel 14 There’s always a solution in steel 15

Elastic LTB Eqs Elastic LTB (background) Elastic LTB (background)

⎧ 1 for doubly - symmetric I - shapes
π2E 0.078 ⎪
⎪
Fcr = C b 1+ (KL b / rt ) 2 C π ⎛ πE ⎞
2
c = ⎨
(KL b / rt ) 2 X2 Fcr = b ⎜ ⎟ I y C w + EI y GJ Timoshenko & Gere (1961) ⎪ h Iy
S x L b ⎜⎝ L b ⎟⎠
for channels
⎩⎪ 2 C w
S xcho
X2 = X2 varies from 13 to 2500 for ASTM A6 W shapes
J π2E I yCw 1 Jc Sx
2I x G=
E Fcr = C b 1+ L2b
≅ doubly − symmetric sections 2(1 + ν) L2b Sx π 2 (1 + ν) Sx h I yCw
J

b fc I yCw Iyh 2 Sx h
rt ≅ , a w = hc t w / A fc in general rt2 = Cw = X2 =
⎛ 1 ⎞ π2 E I yCw 1 J Iy Sx Sx 4c 2 Jc
12⎜1 + a w ⎟ Fcr = C b 2 1+ 2 L2b
⎝ 6 ⎠ Lb Sx 2π (1 + ν ) C w S x I yCw
(I y C w )1 / 4 π2E 0.078
rt = 1/2
, doubly − symmetric sections Fcr = C b 1+ ( L b / rt ) 2
Sx (L b / rt ) 2 X2
There’s always a solution in steel 16 There’s always a solution in steel 17 There’s always a solution in steel 18

Adapted from AISC slides 3.3

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Lateral-Torsional Buckling Design Aid

• Yielding •Elastic Buckling Lb > Lr
E E
Lb < L p = 1.76ry = 1.0 rt
Limit of elastic lateral-torsional buckling; Eq F2-6
• Inelastic Buckling Fy Fy 2
E Jc ⎛ 0.7 Fy S x ho ⎞
Lr = 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76 ⎜ ⎟
in (AASHTO 2004) 0.7 Fy S x ho ⎝ E Jc ⎠
E
1.76ry < Lb < Lr
Fy

There’s always a solution in steel 19 There’s always a solution in steel 20 There’s always a solution in steel 21

AISC (2005) vs AISC (1989) LTB Resistances

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Local Buckling
W18x55 in Uniform Bending, Fy = 50 ksi
Mn
• a matter of plate slenderness
M n = Fy Z x
⎡ ⎛ L − Lp ⎞ ⎤
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) ⎜ b ⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ M p X2 = Sxho/J = 750
bf
⎜
Mp ⎣⎢ ⎝ Lr − Lp ⎠ ⎦⎥ – flange local buckling (FLB) λf =
40 % 2t f
greater
Mn (ft-kips)

290
capacity h
Mr
Cbπ 2 ES x Jc ⎛ Lb ⎞
2
207 – web local buckling (WLB) λw =
M n = Fcr S x =
⎛ Lb ⎞
2
1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
S x ho ⎝ rts ⎠ tw
⎜ ⎟
⎝ rts ⎠

Lp Lr – No real change to the limits from past Specifications,

except for elimination of reduction in noncompact web
Unbraced Length, Lb
limit for combined axial and flexural condition

There’s always a solution in steel 22 There’s always a solution in steel 23 There’s always a solution in steel 24

Adapted from AISC slides 3.4

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Table
Flange Local Buckling Flange Local Buckling
B4.1
• Compact Flanges • Slender Flanges
bf E
< λ pf = 0.38
2t f Fy
E bf
• Noncompact Flanges 1.0 = λrf <
Fy 2t f
E bf E
λ p = 0.38 < < λrf = 1.0
Fy 2t f Fy

There’s always a solution in steel 25 There’s always a solution in steel 26 There’s always a solution in steel 27

Flange Local Buckling Flange Local Buckling Flange Local Buckling

Nominal Strength • Noncompact M n = Fy Z

• Compact M n = Fy Z Mp ⎛ λ − λp ⎞
⎛ λ − λp ⎞ M n = M p − (M p − M r ) ⎜
⎜ λr − λ p
⎝
⎟⎟
⎠
M n = M p − (M p − M r ) ⎜ ⎟⎟
0.9 Ekc S xc ⎜ λr − λ p
• Slender
Mn = ⎝ ⎠ Mr Mn =
0.9 Ekc S xc

λrf2
λrf2
M r = 0.7 Fy S x Compact Noncompact Slender

4 λ pf λ rf
and kc = but 0.35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.76
h Slenderness, bf /2tf
tw
There’s always a solution in steel 28 There’s always a solution in steel 29 There’s always a solution in steel 30

Adapted from AISC slides 3.5

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Flange Local Buckling Flange Local Buckling

Web Local Buckling – Compact Limit
Compact-Flange Limit Compact Flange Limit
E
• FLB • User Note: All current ASTM A6 W, S, M, C • WLB λ p = 3.76
E Fy
λ p = 0.38 and MC shapes except W21x48, W14x99,
Fy W14x90, W12x65, W10X12, W8x31, W8x10, A36 λ p = 107
A36 λ p = 10.8 W6x15, W6x9, W6x8.5, and M4x6 have
A992 λ p = 90.5
compact flanges for Fy = 50 ksi (345 MPa); all
A992 λ p = 9.15 current ASTM A6 W, S, M, HP, C and MC • All Wide Flange shapes have compact webs for A992
• Ten Wide Flange shapes noncompact for A992 shapes have compact webs at Fy < 65 ksi (450 • The influence of Web Local Buckling is handled via
• One Wide Flange shape noncompact A36 MPa). the web plastification factors Rpc & Rpt, and the bend
buckling strength reduction factor, Rpg
There’s always a solution in steel 31 There’s always a solution in steel 32 There’s always a solution in steel 33

Basic Design Values

Design for Flexure Flexural Strength
• Chapter F also includes:
– Other singly- and doubly-symmetric I-section
members
– Square and Rectangular HSS

Strength Mn/Mp
– Round HSS and Pipes
– Tees and Double Angles
– Single Angles
– Rounds and Rectangular Bars
– Unsymmetrical Shapes
Slenderness Parameter

There’s always a solution in steel 34 There’s always a solution in steel 35 There’s always a solution in steel 36

Adapted from AISC slides 3.6

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Behavior of a W16x50 Beam Behavior of a W16x50 Beam Beam Curves

Moment-Rotation (Uniform Bending)
• The Limit State of Yielding Unbraced length
Relationship between Plastic and Yield Moments Mn=Mp=FyZx charts for beams
My=FySx
Shape Factor is defined as the ratio
Ma
Mp 383 ft-kips 92 in.3
Fy Z
= = = = 1.14
M y Fy S 338 ft-kips 81 in.3
θ

There’s always a solution in steel 37 There’s always a solution in steel 38 There’s always a solution in steel 39

Beam Steel Tool

Moment of Inertia Table
Curves

There’s always a solution in steel 40 There’s always a solution in steel 41 There’s always a solution in steel 42

Adapted from AISC slides 3.7

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Lateral-Torsional Buckling Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Based on uniform moment along unbraced segment, For variable moment along unbraced segment • For singly-symmteric members in single-
Cb = 1.0 curvature bending, Rm = 1.0
12.5M max • For singly-symmetric members in reverse-
Cb = Rm
M M 2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C curvature bending 2
⎛I ⎞
Rm = 0.5 + 2 ⎜ yc ⎟
⎜ Iy ⎟
Rm accounts for reversed-curvature bending effects ⎝ ⎠
It is taken as 1.0 for doubly-symmetric members I y = moment of inertia of shape about principal y -axis
Moment diagram I yc = moment of inertia of the compression flange

There’s always a solution in steel 43 There’s always a solution in steel 44 There’s always a solution in steel 45

Lateral-Torsional Buckling
• Moment diagram over unbraced length

Mmax

MA MB MC

four equal segments

There’s always a solution in steel 46 There’s always a solution in steel 47 There’s always a solution in steel 48

Adapted from AISC slides 3.8

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

AISC (2005) vs AISC (1989) LTB Resistances

Effect of Cb Effect of Cb
W18x55, Moment Gradient (Cb = 1.75) Fy = 50 ksi

Mn Mn 467
Cb M Cb M
72 %
Mp Mp greater
capacity

Mn (ft-kips)
272

Mr Mr
plastic inelastic elastic plastic inelastic elastic

Lp Lr Lb Lp Lr Lb
unbraced length unbraced length

There’s always a solution in steel 49 There’s always a solution in steel 50 There’s always a solution in steel 51

Example 1(LRFD) Example 1(LRFD) Example 1(LRFD)

Simply supported 20 ft span beam Pu = 1.2(8.0) + 1.6(24.0) = 48.0 kips
concentrated load at midspan 48.0(20)
PL = 24 kips Mu = = 240 ft-kips
4
PD = 8 kips for a compact, fully braced section
full lateral support
240(12)
Z req = = 64.0 in.3
0.9(50)

There’s always a solution in steel 52 There’s always a solution in steel 53 There’s always a solution in steel 54

Adapted from AISC slides 3.9

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Example 1(LRFD) Example 2 (LRFD) Example 2 (LRFD)

select W18x35 assume lateral supports at ends only • Table 3-10
Lb = 20 ft • Page 3-124
assume Cb = 1.0 (conservative)
Z x = 66.5 in.3 > 64.0 in.3
select W12x58
φb M p = 249 ft kips > 240 ft-kips
L p = 4.31 ft is the maximum unbraced length φb M n = 1.0 ⎣⎡324 − 5.66 ( 20 − 8.87 ) ⎦⎤ = 261 ft-kips
> 240 ft-kips
There’s always a solution in steel 55 There’s always a solution in steel 56 There’s always a solution in steel 57

Example 3 (LRFD) Example 3 (LRFD) Weak Axis Bending

Using the correct Cb determine the best shape Limit states for I-shaped members and channels
LTB - no
Cb = 1.32 from Table 3.1
WLB - no
M u = 240 1.32 = 182 ft-kips
FLB – yes; same criteria as for strong-axis bending
from beam curves select, at Lb = 20 ft
W14x48 M p = Fy Z y ≤ 1.6 Fy S y
All but 4 W-shapes have a y-axis shape factor less than 1.6
φb M p = 294 > 240 ft-kips ∴ ok

There’s always a solution in steel 58 There’s always a solution in steel 59 There’s always a solution in steel 60

Adapted from AISC slides 3.10

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Singly-symmetric section in bending Singly-symmetric section in bending Singly-symmetric section in bending

WT 16.5x59 WT 16.5x59 WT 16.5x59
• Elastic Neutral Axis (NA) • Shape factor
– Moment of Area above NA = Moment of Area • Plastic Neutral Axis (PNA)
Z 70.8 in.3
below NA – Area above PNA = Area below PNA = = 1.81
11.5 11.5
S 39.2 in.3
0.740 0.740
0.862
4.47
Z x = 70.8 in.3 • However, by F9.1 for stems in tension
Sbottom = 39.2 in.
3
15.66 11.93 15.66 15.56
M n = M p = ZFy < 1.6 Fy S
0.550 0.550
This is essentially a limit on the shape factor
There’s always a solution in steel 61 There’s always a solution in steel 62 There’s always a solution in steel 63

Built-up I-Section Members Built-up I-Section Members Built-up I-Section Members

F4 - Lateral-Torsional Buckling (noncompact-web members) F4 - Flange Local Buckling (noncompact-web members)
• All flexural provisions are in Chapter F
– (Sections F2 through F5)
RpcFySxc RpcFySxc
• Removed use of “Plate Girder” terminology

Nominal Moment
Nominal Moment

• Members with noncompact webs: Section F4

• Members with slender webs: Section F5 FLSxc FLSxc

φb = 0.90 (LRFD) Ωb = 1.67 (ASD)

Lp Lr λ pf λ rf
Unbraced Length Slenderness, bf /2tf

There’s always a solution in steel 64 There’s always a solution in steel 65 There’s always a solution in steel 66

Adapted from AISC slides 3.11

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Built-up I-Section Members Built-up I-Section Members Built-up I-Section Members

• Web Plastification Factor Rpc (noncompact web) • Bend Buckling Strength Reduction Factor, Rpg (Slender web) F5 - Lateral-Torsional Buckling (slender-web members)
• Rpc is an effective shape factor
RpgFySxc
1.0
1.6
1.2 Rpg(0.7FySxc)
1.0

λ pw λ rw λrw
slenderness Lp Lr
slenderness
Unbraced Length, Lb

There’s always a solution in steel 67 There’s always a solution in steel 68 There’s always a solution in steel 69

Ch. F – Generalized form of FLB & LTB Eqs Ch. F – Generalized form of FLB & LTB Eqs
Built-up I-Section Members
Base Eqs for Fmax or Mmax accurately account for
web slenderness effects FLB resistance; LTB FLB resistance; LTB
F5 - Flange Local Buckling resistance in uniform bending resistance in uniform bending
Fn or M n Anchor Point 1 Fn or M n Anchor Point 1
LTB resistance under LTB resistance under
moment gradient moment gradient
Fmax or MMmax
max Fmax or MMmax
max
Influence of Cb
RpgFySxc
Anchor Point 2 Anchor Point 2
RpgFL or RpgFL or
r r
RpgFL S xc
RpgFL S xc
Rpg(0.7FySxc) compact noncompact compact noncompact
(inelastic buckling) (inelastic buckling)
FL = 0.7Fy
most cases
nonslender
nonslender slender nonslender
nonslender slender

λ pf λ rf (elastic buckling) (elastic buckling)

Slenderness, bf /2tf

There’s always a solution in steel 70 L p orp pfin steel

There’s always a solution Lr or
r rf KL b or bfc /2tfc 71 L p orp pfin steel
There’s always a solution Lr or
r rf KL b or bfc/2tfc 72

Adapted from AISC slides 3.12

CEE 6527 Week 3, Lecture 2

Ch. F – Generalized Mmax vs hc/tw Ch. F – Generalized Mn (TFY) vs hc/tw

Generalized Mmax (LTB & FLB) & Mn (TFY)
Mmax E Mn(TFY) E
λ rw = 5.7 = 137 for Fy = 50 ksi λ rw = 5.7 = 137 for Fy = 50 ksi
Fy Fy
Mp Mp • NOTE: In some extreme cases with singly-
symmetric cross-sections
Myc R hMyt
RpcMyc Resistance larger than Myt
– Mp can be less than Myc … NA
Resistance larger than Myc RpgMyc RptMyt
(usually)
(usually)
(Rpg = 1, • Therefore, max Rpc = Mp/Myc < 1.0
(Rpg < 1, (R pt > R1h)
Rpc = effective shape factor Rpc > 1) • Rpt >> 1.0
Rpc = 1) Rpt = effective shape factor
– or Mp can be less than Myt …
Usually but not always > 1
Usually but not always > 1 • Therefore, max Rpt = Mp/Myt < 1.0
Compact Noncompact Slender Compact Noncompact Slender • Rpc >> 1.0

Improved web compactness hc/tw Improved web compactness λpw(Dc) λrw 2D

h /t
c/tcw w
pw rw
limit, singly-symmetric
There’s always aI-sections
solution in steel 73 limit, singly-symmetric
There’s alwaysI-sections
a solution in steel 74 There’s always a solution in steel 75

Ch. F – General I-Section Member Limit States

• Members with Sxc < Sxt

– Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
– Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
• Members with Sxc > Sxt
– Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
– Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
– Tension Flange Yielding (TFY)

There’s always a solution in steel 76

Adapted from AISC slides 3.13