FOREWORD

Praise God, we offer worship and thank you for the presence of God Almighty, who
has bestowed His blessings on us, so that we can complete this Open Mining
paper with the topic of Stages of Coal Mining.

The Open Mining paper is on the topic of Coal Mining Stages. We have tried this as
much as possible and of course with the help of friends, so as to facilitate the
making of this paper. For this reason, we do not forget to express our gratitude
to all those who have helped us in making this paper.

But we can not be separated from all that, we are fully aware that there are
shortcomings both in terms of language compilers and other aspects. Therefore
we openly and openly openly to readers who want to give suggestions and
criticism to us so that we can improve this paper.

Finally the authors hope that from this paper lessons and benefits can be taken so
that they can inspire readers.

Lahat, March 26, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

FOREWORD ii

CONTENTS iii

REGISTER FIGURE iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Objectives of Writing 1

1.3 Problem Formulation 2

1.4 Benefits of Writing 3

1.5 Methods of Writing 3

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1 Stages of General Investigation Activities

(Prospecting)

2.2 Stages of Exploration Activities

2.2.1 Exploration Method

2.2.2 Review Survey

2.2.3 Prospecting

2.2.4 Preliminary Exploration

2.2.5 Detail Exploration Stage

2.2.6 Field Activities (Exploration)

2.3 Feasibility Study

2.4 Mine Planning

2.4.1 Calculation of Ore Reserves

2.4.2 Basic Considerations for Mine Planning

2.4.3 Basic Selection of Mining Systems

2.4.4 Mining Technical Design

2.5 Coal Mining

2.5.1 Coal Mining Method

2.5.2 Mining Method in Mining

2.5.3 Open Mining Mining Methods

2.5.4 Thin Coal Coating Techniques

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Mining with the open pit method is an activity of extracting minerals such as coal,
ore (ore), rocks and so on, where workers are directly related to outside air. And
climate. Open pit mining is also called open cut mining; is a mining method used
to extract mineral deposits that exist in a rock that is or near the surface.

This method is suitable for horizontal ore bodies that allow high production
at low costs. Although "stripping" and "quarrying" are included in open pit
mining, strip mining is usually used for coal mining and quarry mining related to
the production of non-metallic minerals such as dimension stone, rock
aggregates, etc.

If it is believed that the mineral deposits are close to the surface, it can be
ascertained that the selection of the mining method is an open pit only to be
questioned about the "economic cut off limit", allowing changes in mining
methods to underground if the deposition of deposits minerals can guarantee.

B. Purpose and Objectives

1. Purpose

To be used as a basis for determining the selection of whether a reserve (coal seam)
will be mined by an open pit method or deep mine by comparing the value of
waste that must be extracted with the volume or tonnage of coal that can be
mined. This comparison is known as the "stripping ratio". If the stripping ratio is
still within profit limits, the open pit mining method is considered still
economical. Conversely, if the value is outside the profit limit, then the mining
method for mining is chosen.

Aim

- Explain the meanings of open pit / open mine / open paint / open cast

- Explain quarry processes (pittype and sidehillltype)

- Explain alluvialmine processes

- Explain stripmine processes

- Explain CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1.1 Definition of open pity / open mine / open paint / open cast

Open pit is one type of surface mine used to mine ore. Open pit is generally used in
ore which is not too deep from the surface of the earth.

Open pit mining is also called open cast mining; is a mining method used to extract
mineral deposits that exist in a rock that is or near the surface.

Most coal mines in Indonesia use the open pit method, because most of the coal
reserves are in the lowlands or in mountainous areas with sloping topography
with a small slope of coal seams (<30 °). For deposits that are below the surface
but relatively shallow, open pit mining methods will generally be more
economical compared to deep (underground) mines. And if the deposit is far
below the surface with an irregular shape, then mining may be done by
underground mining which is still considered economical.

There are criteria that can be used as a basis for determining the selection of
whether a reserve (coal seam) will be mined by an open pit or deep mining
method by comparing the value of waste that must be extracted with the
volume or tonnage of coal that can be mined. This comparison is known as the
"stripping ratio". If the stripping ratio is still within profit limits, the open pit
mining method is considered still economical. Conversely, if the value is outside
the profit limit, then the mining method for mining is chosen.

To be able to determine which mining method is suitable to be applied, it is

necessary to compare the economic efficiency of open mining and underground
mining, except the advantages of one method are clearly visible.
The basic characteristic used in the economic evaluation of open pit mining is the
"stripping ratio", which is the amount of volume from over burden extracted
per unit of ore obtained.

In open pit mining, costs for waste over burden disposal and waste from country
rock need to be calculated. (See picture 1)

Comparison between waste and ore is therefore a control factor in comparing the
costs of open pit based ore mining with the underground method

Open Mining Activities Open Pit / open mine / open paint / open cast

Preparation stage

Activities carried out at the beginning of the extracting or mining process consist of
the preparation (pre-mining) stage, the activities include:

1. Making a Road

The road to purging serves as a route for passing heavy equipment to the mine site,
then it is developed as a material haul road from the mining front to the
location of the crushing plant. Road making is used using a bulldozer which will
be used as a stripping cover.

2. Land Cleaning
This work is carried out before the stripping stage begins. This work involves
clearing and collecting trees that grow on the surface of the area to be mined
with the aim of cleaning the mining area so that mining activities can be carried
out easily without having to be disturbed by the presence of plant disturbances
in the mining area.

This cleaning activity is done using a bulldozer. Cleaning is carried out in the area to
be mined which has a thickness of several meters overburden by using a
bulldozer and is carried out in stages according to stripping the overburden. In
clearing, trees are pushed towards the bottom of the slope to be collected,
where further handling is left to the local population.

3. Stripping the Cover Land

Disposal of overburden is intended to clean the limestone deposits which will be

excavated from all kinds of impurities that cover the surface, so that it will
facilitate the excavation work as well as the results will be relatively cleaner.

The overburden in the project area consists of two types, namely top soil and the
overburden layer so that the layer is carried out on top soil layers first and
placed in a certain area for later reclamation purposes.

After the top soil layer is peeled, then stripping the overburden layer is then carried
out and placed in a certain area and partly used as road hardener. Stripping
activities are carried out in stages using a bulldozer, where the initial stripping
stage is carried out to prepare the first level and the next stripping can be
carried out simultaneously with the production stage, so the pattern applied is
series and parallel which aims to:

• Save investment and preparation costs.

• Avoid polluting the limestone deposits from the landthe Considerations in Mining
Operations