Page 1 of 26

Summer internship report

At :

132kv-to-11kv grid station GEPCO zafarwal

Given by:

ARSLAN ARSHAD with reg. No#2016-EE-627

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

SUB CAMPUS NAROWAL

 Page 2 of 26

Key diagram of zwl grid station

General introduction :-

The grid station of zafarwal is collected the transmission line of 132kv from the
narowal.As narowal is in the distance of atmost 30km so due to this the
 Page 3 of 26
transmission line carry the power through 30 km it may have some losses also
but it can be ignored at this time .
There are step wise functions are available for converting the 132k to 11k volts
as briefly .

Main departments of grid station:-

A.out side from transmission to the 11kv conversion

1) Transmission in:
Transmission line comes from narowal.it is 3phase delta connected line of
132kv

2) Line isolator&earth isolator:

To protect the next system isolatores are used if line isolator is open so
transmission line connected with the earth isolator and visevirsa.
 Page 4 of 26

3) 132kv Bus bar:

Bus bar get the 132kv and give three three phase wires to the three transformers
It has aluminium conductor .

4) Line isolator:

Again an isolator connected for the control of the three transformer inputs
As if T1 get fault so this isolator get it off .No earth is used as other two
transformers are in working condition.

5) Current transformer:

This device used to find the load measurement for transformer input.
 Page 5 of 26

6) Circuit breaker:

Circuit breaker is used to automatically switch the circuit off.It is controlled by

gas expanding.if gas full so breaker is on so circuit off.
 Page 6 of 26

The control of these breakers is in side the control room as by these C P panels
as shown below .these circuit breakers can be operated manually in case of
any back fault or it can be operated automatically in on load condition

7) Lightning elesters:

It is used to protect the system from lightning and thunder.

 Page 7 of 26

8) 132kv to 11kv transformer:

There are three transformer used.they convert 132kv to 11kv for distribution
After this lightning elesters.

Transformer features:-
It is a fixed component which transform the voltage step up or step down.
 Page 8 of 26

Introduction of Transformer:-

Essentially, a transformer consists of two or more windings coupled by mutual

magnetic flux. If one of these windings, the primary, is connected to an
alternating-voltage source, an alternating flux will be produced whose
amplitude will depend on the primary voltage, the frequency of the applied
voltage, and the number of turns. The mutual flux will link the other winding,
 Page 9 of 26
the secondary, 1 and will induce a voltage in itwhose value will depend on the
number of secondary turns as well as the magnitude of the mutual flux and the
frequency. By properly proportioning the number of primary and secondary
turns, almost any desired voltage ratio, or ratio of transformation, can be
obtained.The essence of transformer action requires only the existence of
time-varying mutual flux linking two windings. Such action can occur for two
windings coupled through air, but coupling between the windings can be made
much more effectively using a core of iron or other ferromagnetic material,
because most of the flux is then confined to a definite, high-permeability path
linking the windings. Such a transformer is commonly called an iron-core
transformer. Most transformers are of this type. The following discussion is
concerned almost wholly with iron-core transformers.

Schematic views of (a) core-type and (b) shell-type

transformers.

Cutaway view of self-protected distribution transformer typical of sizes 2 to 25

kVA,
7200:240/120 V. Only one high-voltage insulator and lightning arrester is
needed because one side of the 7200-V line and one side of the primary are
grounded.
(General Electric Company.)
 Page 10 of 26

A 660-MVA three-phase 50-Hz transformer used to step up generator voltage of

20 kV to transmission voltage of 405 kV.
( CEM Le Havre, French Member of the Brown Boveri Corporation.)
 Page 11 of 26

NO-LOAD CONDITIONS:-

Transformer with open Secondary is shown in figures.

a small steady-state current i~, called the exciting current, flows in the primary
and establishes
an alternating flux in the magnetic circuit.

In most large transformers, the no-load resistance drop is very small indeed,
and the induced emf very nearly equals the applied voltage.

Ideal transformer and load.

An ideal transformer transforms voltages in the direct ratio of the turns in its
windings.
 Page 12 of 26

Transformers checking test

The short-circuit test can be used to find the equivalent series

impedance Req -k- j Xeq. Although the choice of winding to short-circuit is
arbitrary,for the sake of this discussion we will consider the short circuit to be
applied to then transformer secondary and voltage applied to primary. For
convenience, the high voltage side is usually taken as the primary in this test.
Because the equivalent series impedance in a typical transformer is relatively
small, typically an applied primary voltage on the order of 10 to 15 percent or
less of the rated value will result in rated current.

The open-circuit test is performed with the secondary open circuited and rated
voltage impressed on the primary. Under this condition an exciting current of a
few percent of full-load current (less on large transformers and more on smaller
ones) is obtained. Rated voltage is chosen to insure that the magnetizing
reactance will be operating at a flux level close to that which will exist under
normal operating conditions. If the transformer is to be used at other than its
rated voltage, the test should be done at that voltage. For convenience, the
low-voltage side is usually taken as the primary in this test. If the primary in
this test is chosen to be the opposite winding from that of the short-circuit test,
one must of course be careful to refer the various measured impedances to the
same side of the transformer in order to obtain a self-consistent set of parameter
values.
 Page 13 of 26

Auto transformer :-
Connection as an auto transformer.

a two-winding transformer is shown with N1 and N2 turns on the

primary and secondary windings respectively. Substantially the same
transformation effect on voltages, currents, and impedances can be obtained
when these windings are connected as shown in Fig.b. Note that, however, in
Fig.b, winding bc is common to both the primary and secondary circuits. This
type of transformer is called an auto transformer. It is little more than a normal
transformer connected in a special way.
One important difference between the two-winding transformer and the
auto transformer is that the windings of the two-winding transformer are
electrically isolated whereas those of the auto transformer are connected
directly together. Also, in
the auto transformer connection, winding ab must be provided with extra
insulation since it must be insulated against the full maximum voltage of the
auto transformer.
Auto transformers have lower leakage reactance, lower losses,
and smaller exciting current and cost less than two-winding transformers when
the voltage ratio does not differ too greatly from 1:1.
 Page 14 of 26

TRANSFORMERS IN THREE-PHASE
CIRCUITS:-
Three single-phase transformers can be connected to form a three-phase
transformer bank in any of the four ways shown in Fig. 2.19. In all four parts of
this figure, the windings at the left are the primaries, those at the right are the
secondaries, and any primary winding in one transformer corresponds to the
secondary winding drawn parallel to it.

Common three-phase transformer connections; the transformer windings

are indicated by the heavy lines.

A 200-MVA, three-phase, 50-Hz, three-winding, 210/80/10.2-kV transformer

removed from its tank. The 210-kV winding has an on-load tap changer for
adjustment of the voltage.
(Brown Boveri Corporation.)
 Page 15 of 26

In dealing with Y-A or A-Y banks, all quantities can be referred to

the Y-connected side. In dealing with A-A banks in series with transmission
lines, it is convenient to replace the A-connected impedances of the
transformers by equivalent Y-connected impedances. It can be shown that a
balanced A-connected circuit of ZA f2/phase is equivalent to a balanced
Y-connected circuit of Zy f2/phase if

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:-

Transformers are often used in instrumentation applications to match the

magnitude of a voltage or current to the range of a meter or other instrumention.
For example, most 60-Hz power-systems' instrumentation is based upon
voltages in the range of 0-120 V rms and currents in the range of 0-5 Arms.
Since power system voltages range up to 765-kV line-to-line and currents can
be 10's of kA, some method of supplying an accurate, low-level representation
of these signals to the instrumentation is required.
One common technique is through the use of specialized
transformers known as potential transformers or PT's and current transformers
or CT's. If constructed with a turns ratio of Nl :N2, an ideal potential
transformer would have a secondary voltage equal in magnitude to N2/N1 times
that of the primary and identical in phase. Similarly, an ideal current
transformer would have a secondary output current equal to
 Page 16 of 26
Nl/N2 times the current input to the primary, again identical in phase. In other
words, potential and current transformers (also referred to as instrumentation
transformers) are designed to approximate ideal transformers as closely as is
practically possible.

Equivalent circuit for an instrumentation

Transformer:-

Protection (zwl grid) features of the transformer:-

 It is step down transformer .

 It convert 132kv -to-11kv.
 It is controlled by three type of relays.
 Its oil level also controlled by the control room.
 To cool down oil we used the fans and radiation tube.
 Hot oil can be send to the conservative tank above the transformer.
 All transformers are delta -to -y connected.
 There are two lightning elaster are used to protect from the lightning.
 Gayes are also used in the transformers.
 For other protection of meganetic fluxes of high voltages .for this we use the
gravel stone inside
 Page 17 of 26
The earth of grid and transformer ,also the earthing mesh for neutralize the
fluxes and current flowing.

Auxiliary panel :-

This panel include all the control and the indication or changing abilities of the
transformer like
Oil level
Tap change
Over Heating control
In coming and out going voltages checking

The now a days this one not used in z w l but use below one having advanced
features
 Page 18 of 26

Relays :-

The relays are used to protect the at most all the parts of grid station.it is used
for the protecting purposes like the transformer and fiders of different areas.it
give the indications on the any fault to detect and understand the fault . Some
relays are used for checking the
Different levels control for the transformer oil or tap of transformer and other
things

Relays for the transformer:

There are three types of relays

1. Deferential relay
2. D /C relay
3. E/ F relay
 Page 19 of 26

Deferential relay

It is used to indicate the different level of the transformer’s in put or out put
values .If there is some difference in the two values as measured and the
standard values of the voltages or power.

Bukel relay

It also check the transformer’s components and indicate these if any fault like
oil level tap changing or over load .it indicate the any burning also if held in the
transformer.

Distance relay

For control the current exceed or low the limit if it has so it drip the circuit and
indicate about the fault of the load and it control the breaker of the line to break
the circuit

11 kv control:-

There we use the 11kv bus bar which is connected with the out going of the
transformers .
 The transformer 1 connected to the 4 feders
 The transformer 2 connected to the 2 feders
 The transformer 3 connected to the 6 feders

Every transformer’s out put is first attached to the wires which are called
cables and this transmission is under grounded as the details of wire used is as
 The transformer 1 connected to the 1000 mcm 3 wires
 The transformer 1 connected to the 1000mcm 2 wires
 Page 20 of 26
 The transformer 1 connected to the 1000mcm 4 wires

Every wires are connected to the 11kv bus bar and after this it is connected to
the related feders and at last we use the capacitor banks on every line for better
the power factors . After this every wire connected to the related over head line
of every areas of the feders selected for every transformers output.

The different parts of 11kv:-

In coming to the 11kv is from this panel

There are different parts of the 11kv management:

 Panels of the feders

 Page 21 of 26
For distribution in the commercial and domestic users
 Bus bar

For green yellow blue1000 m c m wires.

 Vacuum circuit breakers

For breaking the circuit of the 11kv feders it use the

vacuum to operate .
 Relays

For detecting the faults either line to ground or line to line

fault.it give the indication of the fault at the control room .
 Hoter circuit

For reset the feder by circuit breaking .if there any fault
is happened or any other reasons

 Capacitor banks

The capacitor banks are used at the end of the 11kv bus
bar . The main feature of the capacitor banks is to improve the power factor of
the distribution lines so that the the active power from the grid to utilization end
for the better performance . Only one bank is enough for the all feder connected
with one transformer.
 Page 22 of 26
11kv capacitor panel

This panel is in side the control room and improve the power factor just before
the distribution on feders .it also consist of the relays for the indication and and
control checking on the out going of the 11kv bus bar .
It also consist of the meters for checking the power factor value and
compare with the ideal one .there if the power factor have to remain with in the
0.94--0.99 .The cosine of t he phase angle between the voltage and the current
is called the power factor . An inductive circuit is said to h ave a lagging power
factor, .and a capacitive circuit is said to h ave a leading power factor. In other
words, t h e terms lagging power factor and leading power factor indicate,
respectively, whether the current is lagging or leading the applied voltage.
but the ideal value of power factor is 1 as by
following formula
kvr
PF= kw
 Page 23 of 26

 DC batteries
The DC batteries are the mother of all the operations held in the grid station .As
the all the micro level calculations and controls are done by the direct current as
well as our relay and other protection units are operated by the dc source so the
dc batteries are used as a DC source for all the functions.
We can say that our AC is controlled by the DC in the grid station .

The following specifications are needed for better performance of batteries

 Page 24 of 26

 Rectifiers
There we also use a rectifier unit in control room for the dc supply to the dc
batteries as we convert the AC to DC by rectifier.
Page 25 of 26