GROUP 6

NEVER STOP LEARNING

Featuring
EARTH’S INTERIOR

EARTH’S
INTERIOR
 PRE TEST
1. What layer is below the mantle?
A. The outer core
B. There is no layer below the mantle
C. The inner core 7. What layer has properties of both a
D. The crust
solid and a liquid?
2. What layer is made of mostly
A. Mantle
iron and nickel? B. Inner core
C. Outer core
A. Core
D. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Crust
8. What is the coldest layer?
3. What layer is below the outer
core? A. The mantle
B. The crust
A. The crust C. The inner core
B. The mantle D. The outer core
C. The inner core
D. There is no layer below the outer core
4. What is the hottest layer in the 9. How do we know about the interior of
Earth? the Earth?
A. Mantle A. We have sent robots down to the core
B. Core B. We have giant ex-ray machines
C. Crust C. Earthquakes
D. We have sensors that can take pictures of the
5.Oceanic crust is layers
A. Thin and light
B. Thin and heavy 10. The crust is
C. Thick and light
D. Thick and heavy A. Flexible
B. A liquid and a solid
6. Continental crust is C. Metallic
D. Solid rock
A. Thin and light
B. Thin and heavy
C. Thick and light
D. Thick and heavy
STUDYING EARTH’S
Scientists tried to explore and study the interior of
the earth. Yet, until today, there are no mechanical
probes or actual explorations done to totally discover
the deepest region of the Earth.
The Earth is made up of three layers: The crust, the
mantle and the core. The study of these layers is
mostly done in earth’s crust since mechanical probes
are impossible due to the tremendous heat and very
high pressure underneath the Earth’s surface.
Seismic waves from earthquakes are used to analyze
the composition and internal structure of the earth.
INTERIOR
WHAT ARE SEISMIC
WAVES?
You learned that an earthquake is a vibration
of the earth produced by the rapid release of
energy most often because of the slippage
along a fault in the Earth’s crust. This energy
radiates in all directions from the focus in the
form of waves called Seismic waves, which
are recorded in seismographs.
 DISCUSSION
EARTH’S
Introducing

INTERIOR

Earth's interior is made up of a series of layers that sit

below the surface crust. In order of depth, these layers
include the solid, but flowing mantle, the liquid outer
core and the solid iron outer core, which helps create
Earth's protective magnetic field. The layers can also be
categorized into the rigid outer lithosphere (which
includes the crust and top portion of the mantle and
makes up Earth's tectonic plates) and the athenosphere,
the portion of the mantle that is solid, but made up of
hot, weak, flowing rock.

LET ‘S
FIND OUT
TWO MAIN TYPES OF SEISMICS WAVES ARE:

BODY WAVES AND SURFCE WAVES

SURFACE WAVES
In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that
propagates along the interface between differing media,
usually as a gravity wave between two fluids with different
densities. A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a
seismic) wave, such as with a Rayleigh or Love wave. It can
also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive
index gradient. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a
surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the
Earth

LOVE WAVES

Travel along the surface of the earth from the point directly
to the epicenter. It travels through lithosphere. It is faster
than Rayleigh waves and it moves the ground in a side-to-
side horizontal motion, like that of a snake’s causing the
ground to twist. This why love waves cause the most damage
to structures during an earthquake.

RAYLEIGH WAVES

Rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or
an ocean. It moves the ground either up and down or side to
side similar to the direction of the waves’ movement. Most of
the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh
wave.

P WAVES (Primary waves)

Is a pulse energy that travels quickly through the earth

through liquids. It is faster than S-Wave. P waves are also

body wave called compressional eaves, travel by particles vibrating

parallel to the direction the wave travel.

is a seismic wave that moves S-wave (Secondary waves)

through the interior of the earth
Or shear wave. Is a pulse energy that travels slower than
P-waves through Earth and solids. S-waves move as
shear or transverse waves, and force the ground to sway
from side to side. In rolling motion that shakes the
ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction of
the waves.
 CRUST
THE OUTERMOST
LAYER
OF THE EARTH
The crust is underlain
by the mantle.

The crust of the Earth is

composed of a great variety
of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks.

Clarke calculated that a little more than
47% of the Earth's crust consists of
oxygen.
It occurs principally in combination as
oxides, of which the chief are silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium,
potassium and sodium oxides.
Silica is a major constituent of the crust
occurring as the silicate minerals, which
are the most common minerals of
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The boundary between the crust and mantle is
conventionally placed at the Mohorovicic
discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in
seismic velocity.
Earth's crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.
The oceanic crust of the Earth is different
from its continental crust.
The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick
and is composed primarily of basalt, diabase, and
gabbro.
The continental crust is typically from 30
km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick, and it is mostly
composed of less dense rocks than is the oceanic
crust.
Some of these less dense rocks, such as granite, are
common in the continental crust but rare to absent in
the oceanic crust.
The temperature of the crust increases with depth,
reaching values typically in the range from about 500
°C (900 °F) to 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) at the boundary with
the underlying mantle.
The crust and underlying relatively rigid mantle make
up the lithosphere.
Because of convection in the underlying plastic,
although non-molten, upper mantle and
asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic
plates that move.
The common rock constituents of the Earth's crust are
nearly all oxides; chlorine, sulfur and fluorine are the
only important exceptions to this and their total
amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%.
 MANTLE
THE MANTLE IS A LAYER
BETWEEN THE CRUST AND
OUTER CORE

The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is
solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.

The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and
planets, is chemically divided into layers. The mantle contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves
is a layer between the crust and the outer core. and P-waves pass through it.
Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell with an
average thickness of 2,886 kilometres (1,793 mi). The attempt to study the Earth’s mantle extended as far
The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's as studying the rocks from volcanoes, simply because
volume. It is predominantly solid but in geological they were from ocean floor. They have determined that
time it behaves as a very viscous fluid. The mantle the mantle is mostly made of elements
encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel,
which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume. Past silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium.
episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower
levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of
crystallized melt products near the surface.
Information about the structure and composition of
the mantle has been obtained from geophysical
investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses
of Earth mantle-derived xenoliths and mantle that
has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

Two main zones are distinguished in the upper
mantle: the inner asthenosphere composed of plastic
flowing rock of varying thickness, on average about
200 km (120 mi) thick, and the lowermost part of the
lithosphere composed of rigid rock about 50 to 120
km (31 to 75 mi) thick. A thin crust, the upper part of
the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5
to 75 km (3.1 to 46.6 mi) thick. Recent analysis of
hydrous ringwoodite from the mantle suggests that
there is between one and three times as much water
in the transition zone between the lower and upper
mantle than in all the world's oceans combined.
MANTLE
The lower mantle also contains some
discontinueous zones, called "thermochemical
piles" which have been interpreted as either
thermally differentiated, upwellings bringing
warmer material towards the surface, or as
chemically differentiated material. A principal
source of the heat that drives plate tectonics is the
radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and
potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.
The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden
increase in seismic velocity, which was first
noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this
boundary is now referred to as the
Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho".The
uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are
relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an
irregular layer with a maximum thickness of
perhaps 200 km (120 mi). Below the
lithosphere the upper mantle becomes
notably more plastic. In some regions below
the lithosphere, the seismic shear velocity is
reduced; this so-called low-velocity zone
(LVZ) extends down to a depth of several
hundred km. Inge Lehmann discovered a
seismic discontinuity at about 220 km (140
mi) depth; although this discontinuity has
been found in other studies, it is not known
whether the discontinuity is ubiquitous. The
transition zone is an area of great complexity;
it physically separates the upper and lower
mantle.Very little is known about the lower
mantle apart from that it appears to be
relatively seismically homogeneous. The D"
layer at the core–mantle boundary separates
the mantle from the core. In 2015, research
using gravitational data from GRACE satellites
and the long wavelength nonhydrostatic geoid
indicated viscosity increases by a factor of ten
to 150 about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) below
earth's surface; separate research also
indicates sinking tectonic plates stall at this
depth, leading Robert van der Hilst to
speculate "In term's of structure and
dynamics, 1,000 kilometers could be more
important" (than the currently accepted 660
km depth upper—lower division.
The core is subdivided into
two layers: The inner and
the outer core. Aside from seismic data analysis, the Earth’s magnetic field strengthens the idea
that the Earth’s outer core is molten/liquid. The outer core is mainly made up of
The outer core is 2900
kilometers below the iron and nickel moving around the solid inner core, creating Earth’s magnetism.
Earth’s surface It is 2250
The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of 1300
kilometer thick and made
kilometers. Its temperature reaches to about 5000 degrees Celsius. The extreme
up of iron and nickel. The
temperature could have molten the iron and nickel but it is believed to have
temperature in the outer
core reaches up to 2000 solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to liquids subjected
degrees celcius at this very under tremendous pressure.
high temperature, iron and
nickel melt.

WHAT TELLS US THAT INNER CORE IS
MADE UP OF IRON?
Aside from the fact that the Earth has a magnetic field and
that it must be iron or other materials which are magnetic
in nature, the inner core must have a density that is about
14 times that of water. Average crustal rocks with
densities 2.8 times of water could not have the density
calculated for the core. So iron, which is three times
denser than crustal rocks, meets the required density.
Some clues that the inner core and outer
core are made up of iron include the
following:
Iron and nickel are both dense and magnetic
The overall density of the earth is much higher
than the density of the rocks in the crust. This
suggests that the inside must be made up of
something denser than rocks.
Meteorite analysis have revealed that the most
common type is chondrite. Chondrite contains
iron, silicon, magnesium and oxygen; some
contains nickel. The whole earth an the meteorite
roughly have the same density, thus Earth’s
mantle rock and a meteorite minus its iron have
the same density.
Label the earth’s Layer and
describe it. DESCRIPTION

2 DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION

Try until you reach

the bottom!
Label the earth’s Layer and
describe it. DESCRIPTION

The outermost layer of the earth.

The crust of the Earth is composed

of a great variety of igneous,
metamorphic, and sedimentary
crust rocks.
1
mantle
2 DESCRIPTION
Outer core
3 THE MANTLE IS A LAYER
Inner core
BETWEEN THE CRUST AND OUTER
4 CORE. mantle is mostly made of
elements silicon, oxygen, iron and
magnesium.

The outer DESCRIPTION

core is 2900 kilometers
below the Earth’s surface It is 2250
kilometer thick and made up of iron and
nickel. The temperature in the outer
core reaches up to 2000 degrees celcius
at this very high temperature, iron and
nickel melt.

DESCRIPTION

Try until you reach The inner core is made up of solid

iron and nickel and has a radius of
the bottom! 1300 kilometers. Its temperature
reaches to about 5000 degrees
Celsius.
 JUNGLE WORDS
BYOD VWAES
is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the
earth.

SMEIMSIC VSAWE
Is a vibration of the earth produced by the rapid release of
energy most often because of the slippage along a fault in
the Earth’s crust

SRFUAEC VSAWE
Travels through the surface of the earth.
 6. Which layers make up the lithosphere?
A. Crust, mantle, and core
B. Bottom part of the upper mantle
C. Crust and uppermost part of the mantle
1. What is the inner most layer of the earth? D. Only the crust
A. Inner core E. The lithosphere does not exist.
B. Outer core
C. Mantle 7. Which layers make up the tabosphere?
D. Crust A. Inner and outer core.
E. Asthenosphere B. Mantle.
C. Inner core, outer core, and mantle
2. What is the outer most layer of the earth? D. Crusts and mantle.
A. Inner core E. The tabosphere doe not exist.
B. Outer core
C. Mantle 8. The mantle makes up ___________ of the Earth's
D. Crust volume.
3. Which layer of the earth consists of molten? 9. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
A. Inner core make up the __________.
B. Outer core
C. Mantle 10. The bottom part of the upper mantle makes up
D. Crusts the __________.
E. Lithosphere

4. Which layer of the earth is a solid and why?

A. The inner core is solid because of the movement
of the outer core.
B. The inner core is solid because of the low
pressure and below freezing temperatures.
C. The inner core is solid because of a balance
between hot and cold temperatures.
D. The inner core is solid because of the high
pressure that drop the temperature inside the core.
E. The inner core is solid because of the sky high
pressure and temperatures.

5. Which layers make up the asthenosphere?

A. Crust, mantle, and core
B. Bottom part of the upper mantle
C. Crust, and uppermost part of the mantle
D. Only the crust
E. The asthenosphere does not exist
 6. Which layers make up the lithosphere?
C.Crust and uppermost part of the mantle
1. What is the inner most layer of the earth?
A. Inner core 7. Which layers make up the tabosphere?
E. The tabosphere doe not exist.
2. What is the outer most layer of the earth?
D. Crust 8. The mantle makes up 80%, eighty percent, 80
percent of the Earth's volume.
3. Which layer of the earth consists of molten?
B. Outer core 9. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
make up the lithosphere, Lithosphere
4. Which layer of the earth is a solid and why?
E. The inner core is solid because of the sky high
pressure and temperatures. 10. The bottom part of the upper mantle makes up
the asthenosphere, Asthenosphere
5. Which layers make up the asthenosphere?
B. Bottom part of the upper mantle
 POST TEST
1. What is the hottest layer in the Earth?
A. Mantle
B. Core
C. Crust
2. What is the Earth's 'internal heat source'?
A. Mantle
B. Crust
C. Core
3. What layer is made of mostly iron and nickel?
A. Core
B. Mantle
C. Crust
4. What layer is a solid because of the pressure of overlying rocks?
A. Crust
B. Outer core
C. Mantle
D. Inner core
5. What layer has convection currents?
A. Inner core
B. Crust
C. Mantle
D. Outer core
6. What layer has properties of both a solid and a liquid
o A. Mantle
o B.Inner core
o C. Outer core
o D. Crust
o 7. What layer has 2/3 of Earth's mass?
o A. Outer core
o B. Mantle
o C. Crust
o D. Inner core
o 8. What causes the plates to move?
o A. Ocean currents
o B. Large machines
o C. Movement in the core
o D. Convection in the mantle
o 9. What are the pieces of the Earth's crust called?
o A. Rocks
o B. Plates
o C. Puzzle pieces
o D. Continents
o 10. Oceanic crust is
o A. Thin and light
o B.Thin and heavy
o C. Thick and light
o D. Thick and heavy
 KEY TO CORRECTION

POST TEST PRE

1. What is the hottest layer in the Earth?

TEST
B. Core
1. A
2. What is the Earth's 'internal heat source'?
C. Core 2.A
3. What layer is made of mostly iron and nickel?
A. Core
3.E

4. What layer is a solid because of the pressure of 4.B

overlying rocks?
D. Inner core 5. B
5. What layer has convection currents?
C. Mantle 6. C

o
6. What layer has properties of both a solid and a liquid
A. Mantle
7.A JUNGLE WORDS
o
o 7. What layer has 2/3 of Earth's mass? 8. B 1. Body waves
o B. Mantle
o 9. C
o
o
8. What causes the plates to move?
D. Convection in the mantle
2. Seismic waves
o 10.D
o
o
9. What are the pieces of the Earth's crust called?
B. Plates
3. Surface waves
o
o 10. Oceanic crust is
o B.Thin and heavy