Basic

 Electricity  

EAS  199A  Lecture  Notes  

 Learning  Objec:ves  
Successful  comple:on  of  this  module  will  enable  
students  to  
•  Link  the  basic  model  of  an  atom  to  the  flow  of  
electricity  
•  Apply  the  defini:ons  of  Amp,  Volt,  Coulomb,  
Joule,  WaJ  to  unit  conversions  and  basic  
problems  involving  current  and  voltage  
•  Apply  Ohm’s  Law  to  simple  DC  circuits  
 Defini:on  

Electricity  is  a  form  of  energy  resul2ng  

from  the  existence  of  charged  par2cles  
(such  as  electrons  or  protons),  either  
sta2cally  as  an  accumula2on  of  
charge  or  dynamically  as  a  current.  
 

Concise  Oxford  English  Dic:onary,  revised  10th  edi:on  

 Defini:on  

Electricity  is  a  form  of  energy  resul2ng  

from  the  existence  of  charged  par2cles  
(such  as  electrons  or  protons),  either  
sta2cally  as  an  accumula2on  of  
charge  or  dynamically  as  a  current.  
 

Concise  Oxford  English  Dic:onary,  revised  10th  edi:on  

 Defini:on  
Conductor:  
 A  conductor  is  a  material  that  
readily  allows  the  flow  of  electricity.  A  
good  conductor  has  a  high  numerical  
value  of  a  conduc2vity,  and  a  low  
numerical  value  of  resistance.  
 Defini:on  
Conduc+vity:  
 All  materials  have  a  measurable  
property  called  electrical  conduc:vity  
that  indicates  the  ability  of  the  
material  to  either  allow  or  impede  the  
flow  of  electrons.  Materials  that  easily  
conduct  electricity  have  a  high  
conduc:vity.  
 Defini:on  
Insulator:  
 An  insulator  is  a  material  that  tends  
to  impede  the  flow  of  electricity.  A  
resistor  has  a  low  numerical  value  of  
conduc:vity  and  high  numerical  value  
of  resistance.  
 Defini:on  
Semiconductor:  
 A  semiconductor  is  a  material  with  
conduc:vity  between  that  of  a  
conductor  and  insulator.  
 The  conduc:vity  of  a  semiconductor  
can  be  changed  by  exposing  it  to  an  
electrical  field,  light,  mechanical  
pressure,  or  heat.  
Simplified  Func:onal  Differences  

Semiconductors  can  be  used  

in  devices  that  act  like  a  
switch.    
 Elements  
•  Pure  substances  are  made  of  elements.  
•  An  element  consists  of  atoms  
•  Atoms  have  a  nucleus  consis:ng  of  protons  
and  neutrons  
•  Electrons  move  in  shells  around                                                
the  nucleus  
 Elements  
•  Number  of  protons  determines  the  element  
•  Number  of  electrons  varies  
–  State  of  electrical  charge  
–  Is  the  element  in  a  chemical  bond?  
•  Number  of  neutrons  varies  with  isotope  
 
 GROUP
1
1
IA
1.0079
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS http://www.periodni.com
18 VIIIA
2 4.0026
PERIOD

1 H GROUP NUMBERS GROUP NUMBERS He

IUPAC RECOMMENDATION CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE
HYDROGEN 2 IIA (1985) (1986) 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA HELIUM

3 6.941 4 9.0122 13 IIIA 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180

ATOMIC NUMBER 5 10.811 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1)
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM
SYMBOL B BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON

11 22.990 12 24.305 BORON ELEMENT NAME 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
VIIIB
SODIUM MAGNESIUM 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR CHLORINE ARGON

19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956 22 47.867 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.693 29 63.546 30 65.38 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.798

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON

37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.224 41 92.906 42 95.96 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM IODINE XENON

55 132.91 56 137.33 57-71 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)

6 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Lanthanide
CAESIUM BARIUM HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD MERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON

87 (223) 88 (226) 89-103 104 (267) 105 (268) 106 (271) 107 (272) 108 (277) 109 (276) 110 (281) 111 (280) 112 (285)

7 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
FRANCIUM RADIUM
Actinide RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM HASSIUM MEITNERIUM DARMSTADTIUM ROENTGENIUM COPERNICIUM

LANTHANIDE Copyright © 2010 Eni Generalic

57 138.91 58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.05 71 174.97
(1) Pure Appl. Chem., 81, No. 11, 2131-2156 (2009)
Relative atomic mass is shown with five La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
significant figures. For elements have no LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM
stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets
indicates the mass number of the longest-lived
ACTINIDE
isotope of the element. However three such
elements (Th, Pa, and U) do have a 89 (227) 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)
characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition,
and for these an atomic weight is tabulated. Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM
Periodic  Table:  Copper  
Bohr  Model  of  the  atom  (Cu)  
Electrical  current  in  a  trivial  circuit  

Conductor

+ Battery –
Electrical  current:  atomic  model  

+ Battery –
Electrical  Current:  electron  flow  

+ Battery –
Electrical  Current:  electron  flow  

Electron flow:
negative to
positive

+ Battery –
Electrical  Current:  current  conven:on  

Current flow: Electron flow:

positive to negative to
negative positive

+ Battery –
How  many  electrons?  
How  many  electrons?  
Electrical  current:  poten:al  
Electrical  current:  electron  flow  
Electrical  current:  conven:on  
 Defini:on:  Charge  
Elementary  charge  
1  electron  =  1.602    ×  10–19  coulomb  
Coulomb  
1  coulomb=  6.24    ×  1018  electrons  
 Defini:on:  Current  

C
1A = 1
s
18
1 C = 6.24 "10 electrons

!
 Defini:on:  Voltage  

J
1V = 1
coulomb

!
 Voltage  and  electrical  work  

e–
A B

If  the  voltage  between  A  and  B  is  one  

volt,  then  one  Joule  of  work  is  done  
when  6.28  ×  1018  electrons  move  from  
A  to  B.  
 Ohm’s  Law  

V
V = IR
R

I
Ohm’s  Law  
Ohm’s  Law  
Ohm’s  Law  
Ohm’s  Law  
 Example:  Current  through  a  light  bulb  
A  1.5  volt  AA  baJery  is  wired  to  a  light  bulb  with  
a  resistance  of  30  Ω.  
a.  Sketch  the  components.  
b.  Draw  the  circuit.  
c.  Find  the  current  flowing  through  the  light  
bulb.  
 Example:  Current  through  a  light  bulb  
A  1.5  volt  AA  baJery  is  wired  to  a  light  bulb  with  
a  resistance  of  30  Ω.  
a.  Sketch  the  components.  
 
 Example:  Current  through  a  light  bulb  
A  1.5  volt  AA  baJery  is  wired  to  a  light  bulb  with  
a  resistance  of  30  Ω.  
a.  Sketch  the  components.  
b.  Draw  the  circuit.  
 
 
 Example:  Current  through  a  light  bulb  
c.  Find  the  current  flowing  through  the  bulb  
 
Apply  Ohm’s  Law  to  the  loop  
     V  =  I  R  
V  and  R  and  known,  so  solve  for  I  
     I  =  V/R      
Subs:tute  the  known  values  and  compute  the  value  of  I  
        I = 1.5V = 0.05 A = 50 mA
  30 !
where  1  A  =  1000  mA.