Table of Contents

Preface iii

Preface vi
1 Electrical Safety 1
Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Electrical Injuries 3 1.2 Dealing with Shock Victims 7
1.3 National Electrical Code® 7 1.4 Electrical Grounding 8 1.5 Circuit Protection 11 1.6 Circuit Lockout
Procedures 13 1.7 Electrical Safety Guidelines 15 Summary 16 Review Questions 17

2 Basic Electricity 19
Objectives 19 Key Terms 19 Introduction 20 2.1 Atomic Theory 20 2.2 Positive and Negative
Charges 22 2.3 Flow of Electrons 23 2.4 Conductors and Insulators 26 2.5 Electric Potential 27
2.6 Current Flow 28 2.7 Resistance 29 2.8 Electric Power and Energy 30 2.9 Ohm’s Law 33
2.10 Calculating Electric Power 35 Summary 36 Review Questions 38

3 Electric Circuits 40
Objectives 40 Key Terms 41 Introduction 41 3.1 Basic Concepts of Electric Circuits 41 3.2 Series
Circuits 43 3.3 Parallel Circuits 47 3.4 Series-Parallel Circuits 51 Summary 53 Review Questions 54

4 Electric Meters 56
Objectives 56 Key Terms 57 Introduction 57 4.1 Electric Meters 58 4.2 Ammeters 64
4.3 Voltmeters 68 4.4 Ohmmeters 71 Summary 76 Review Questions 77

5 Components, Symbols, and Circuitry of Air-Conditioning

Wiring Diagrams 79
Objectives 79 Key Terms 80 Introduction 80 5.1 Loads 81 5.2 Contactors and Relays 85
5.3 Magnetic Starters 88 5.4 Switches 89 5.5 Safety Devices 93 5.6 Transformers 95
5.7 Schematic Diagrams 96 5.8 Pictorial Diagrams 97 5.9 Installation Diagrams 97
Summary 101 Review Questions 102

6 Reading Schematic Diagrams 105

Objectives 105 Key Terms 106 Introduction 106 6.1 Schematic Diagram Design 108 6.2 Reading
Basic Schematic Diagrams 112 6.3 Reading Advanced Schematic Diagrams 133 Summary 172
Review Questions 173

7 Alternating Current, Power Distribution, and Voltage Systems 175

Objectives 175 Key Terms 175 Introduction 176 7.1 Basic Concepts of Alternating Current 176
7.2 Power Distribution 182 7.3 240-Volt–Single-Phase–60-Hertz Systems 183 7.4 Three-Phase Voltage
Systems 185 7.5 240-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz Delta System 185 7.6 208-Volt–Three-Phase–60-Hertz
Wye System 187 7.7 Higher-Voltage Systems 188 Summary 191 Review Questions 192

iii

38740_00_fm_pi-x.indd iii 01/06/10 6:09 PM

 IV Table of Contents

8 Installation of Heating, Cooling, and Refrigeration Systems 194

Objectives 194 Key Terms 194 Introduction 195 8.1 Sizing Wire 195 8.2 Disconnect Switches 204
8.3 Fusible Load Centers 207 8.4 Breaker Panels 208 8.5 Distribution Centers 211 8.6 Installing
Electrical Circuits for Refrigeration, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Equipment 213 Summary 218
Review Questions 219

9 Basic Electric Motors 221

Objectives 221 Key Terms 222 Introduction 222 9.1 Magnetism 222 9.2 Basic Electric Motors 226
9.3 Types of Electric Motors 228 9.4 Shaded-Pole Motors 231 9.5 Capacitors 235
9.6 Split-Phase Motors 240 9.7 Permanent Split-Capacitor Motors 246 9.8 Capacitor-Start–Capacitor-Run
Motors 249 9.9 Three-Phase Motors 251 9.10 Electronically Commutated Motors 253
9.11 Hermetic Compressor Motors 259 9.12 Service Call Protocol 270 9.13 Service Calls 272
Summary 279 Review Questions 281 Practice Service Calls 284

10 Components for Electric Motors 287

Objectives 287 Key Terms 287 Introduction 288 10.1 Starting Relays for Single-Phase Motors 288
10.2 Current or Amperage Relays 289 10.3 Potential Relays 291 10.4 Solid-State Starting Relays and
Devices 297 10.5 Motor Bearings 303 10.6 Motor Drives 305 10.7 Service Calls 309 Summary 315
Review Questions 316 Practice Service Calls 318

11 Contactors, Relays, and Overloads 321

Objectives 321 Key Terms 322 Introduction 322 11.1 Contactors 323 11.2 Relays 328
11.3 Overloads 334 11.4 Magnetic Starters 343 11.5 Push-Button Stations 346 11.6 Service Calls 347
Summary 352 Review Questions 354 Practice Service Calls 356

12 Thermostats, Pressure Switches, and Other Electric Control Devices 358

Objectives 358 Key Terms 359 Introduction 359 12.1 Transformers 360 12.2 Thermostats 362
12.3 Staging Thermostats 378 12.4 Programmable Thermostats 381 12.5 Pressure Switches 384
12.6 Miscellaneous Electric Components 389 12.7 Service Calls 393 Summary 398 Review Questions 399
Practice Service Calls 402

13 Electronic Control Devices 405

Objectives 405 Key Terms 405 Introduction 406 13.1 Electronic System Components 408
13.2 Basic Electronic Control Fundamentals 413 13.3 Simple Electronic Temperature Control 414
13.4 One-Function Electronic Controls 415 13.5 Electronic Timers 415 13.6 Electronic Devices for Electric
Motors 418 13.7 Electronic Motor Protection Devices 418 13.8 Heat Pump Electronic Modules 420
13.9 Electronic Control Modules for Residential Gas Furnaces 423 13.10 Oil Furnace Electronic Controls 428
13.11 Troubleshooting Electric Controls 428 Summary 430 Review Questions 432

14 Heating Control Devices 434

Objectives 434 Key Terms 434 Introduction 435 14.1 Heating Fundamentals 436 14.2 Basic Heating
Controls 438 14.3 Gas Heating Controls 447 14.4 Oil Heating Controls 461 14.5 Electric Heating
Controls 469 14.6 Hydronic and Steam Controls 470 14.7 Service Calls 474 Summary 479 Review
Questions 481 Practice Service Calls 483

38740_00_fm_pi-x.indd iv 01/06/10 6:09 PM