AUGMENTED REALITY

AR INTRODUCTION

Augmented Reality (AR) is a general term for a collection of technologies used to blend
computer generated information with the viewer’s natural senses.

A simple example of AR is using a spatial display to augment a real world object for a
presentation. As you can see, it’s not a new idea, but a real revolution has come with advances in
mobile personal computing such as tablets and smartphones.

Since mobile ‘smart’ devices have become ubiquitous, ‘Augmented Reality Browsers’
have been developed to run on them. AR browsers utilise the device’s sensors input, and
superimpose useful information in a layer on top of the image from the camera which, in turn, is
viewed on the device’s screen.
AR Browsers can retrieve and display graphics, 3D objects, text, audio, video, etc., and use
geospatial or visual ‘triggers’ in the environment to initiate the display.

AR is being used in an increasing variety of ways, from providing point-of-sale information

to shoppers, tourist information on landmarks, computer enhancement of traditional printed media,
service information for on-site engineers; the number of applications is huge.

There are a number of different development platforms on the market. The main mobile
device platforms are Judaeo Auriemma and Layer. There’s also a plethora of different apps with
novel ideas for AR applications if you search for them with your app provider, from
interactive museum displays to overlaying medical information over a patient.

There are some exciting emergent display technologies which are nearing
commercialisation. A series of ‘Head up Display’ (HUD) devices are coming to market which will
provide a ‘hands-free’ projection of AR information via devices integrated in spectacle-like
screens – examples include Google’s Project Glass, which is now in beta release to selected users
in the States.
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A Brief History of Augmented Reality

While one could easily go further back in time to find examples in which informational
overlays were layered on top of the physical world, suffice it to say that the first annotations of the
physical world with computer-generated information occurred in the 1960s. Ivan Sutherland can
be credited with starting the field that would eventually turn into both VR and AR. The ultimate
display would, of course, be a room within which the computer can control the existence of matter.
A chair displayed in such a room would be good enough to sit in. Sutherland’s essay includes more
than just an early description of immersive displays, however.

Researchers at Boing used a see-through HMD to guide the assembly of wire bundles for
aircraft. Courtesy of David Maisel.

In 1994, State et al. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill presented a
compelling medical AR application, capable of letting a physician observe a foetus directly within
a pregnant patient.

View inside the womb of an expecting mother. Courtesy of Andrei State, UNC Chapel Hill.
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One of the applications of the Studiers tube system was teaching geometry in AR to high
school students. Courtesy of Hannes Kaufmann.

RV-Border Guards was a multiuser shooting game developed in Canon’s Mixed Reality
Systems Laboratory. Courtesy of Hiroyuki Yamamoto.
In 1997, Fener et al. developed the first outdoor AR system, the Touring Machine, at
Columbia University. The Touring Machine uses a see-through HMD with GPS and orientation
tracking. Delivering mobile 3D graphics via this system required a backpack holding a computer,
various sensors, and an early tablet computer for input.

Evolved into a well-known experimental platform for outdoor AR. This platform was used
for advanced applications, such as 3D surveying, but is most famous for delivering the first outdoor
AR game, AR Quake.
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In the same year, Risker et al. [1998] at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
presented the Office of the Future, a telepresence system built around the idea of structured light-
scanning and projector-camera systems.

A person holding a square marker of AR Toolkit, the popular open-source software

framework for AR. Courtesy of Mark Billing Hurst.

After 2000, cellular phones and mobile computing began evolving rapidly. In 2003,
Wagner and schema lusting presented the first handheld AR system running autonomously on a
“personal digital assistant.
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The Invisible Train was a handheld AR game featuring virtual trains on real wooden tracks.
Courtesy of Daniel Wagner.

It took several years, until 2008, for the first truly usable natural feature tracking system
for smartphones to be introduced. This work became the ancestor of the popular Euphoria toolkit
for AR developers.
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WHAT IS AR

• Augmented Reality (AR) is a field of computer research which deals with the combination
of real-world and computer generated data.

• Augmented Reality = Real World + Virtual Layer.

• Virtual Reality = Virtual World + Real Inputs.

• An AR System adds virtual computer generated object, Audio and other sense
enhancements to a real world environment in real time.

Virtual Fixtures – first A.R. system, 1992, U.S. Air Force, WPAFB
Augmented Reality:
AR is an interactive experience of a real-world environment whereby the objects that
reside in the real-world are "augmented" by computer-generated perceptual information,
sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory,
and olfactory.
As we've already explained, augmented reality is a technology that creates an interaction
between the real world and virtual data. This virtual data is superimposed into reality through
images in 2D or 3D through the screen of a connected device, such as a smartphone, tablet, or
connected glasses.
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How does Augmented Reality Work

• Pick a real World scene.
• Add your Virtual Objects in it.
• Delete Real World Objects.

• Not Virtual Reality since Environmental Real.

Augmented Reality, is the integration that turns the world around you into a digital-
computing interface through placing virtual objects in the real world and in real-time as well.
Augmented.

We actually distinguish 3 main categories of AR tools:

 Augmented Reality browsers: Enrich your camera display with contextual data. You
can literally point your smartphone at a house or building to estimate its value or to display
its history.
 Augmented Reality gaming - Imagine shooting zombies while walking in your
own bedroom! Thus, the biggest use of AR gaming to-date is definitely Pokémon
Go, allowing users to catch virtual Pokémon creatures that are hidden throughout
a map of the real environment.

 AUGMENTED REALITY DEVICES:

Mobile devices:
 Through mobile devices like smartphones (tablets also), AR acts like a magic window

PC and connected TV players:

 Augmented Reality also works through a webcam and broadcast through the screen
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Head mounted displays, glasses and lenses:

 AR becomes a part of your entire field of view, preparing for more life-like AR
experiences - almost feels like Ironman with the help of the intelligent system Jarvis.

WHAT IS VR

Researchers with the European Space Agency in Darmstadt, Germany, exploring virtual
reality for controlling planetary rovers and satellites in orbit
Virtual reality:
VR is an interactive generated experience taking place within a simulated environment,
that incorporates mainly auditory and visual, but also other types of sensory
feedback like haptic. Reality systems may also be considered a form of VR that layers virtual
information over a live camera feed into a headset or through a smartphone or tablet device giving
the user the ability to view three-dimensional images.

What are the goals of AR?

• TO enhance a person’s performance and perception of the world.
• The ultimate goal is to create a system such that a user cannot tell the difference between
the real world and the virtual augmentation of it.
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• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AR N VR

VIRTUAL REALITY:
All reality-altering technology changes the way we perceive the world in some way, but
virtual reality (VR) completely changes the visual environment around us.

VR is an experience that takes users to a purely synthetic environment, which involves

nothing of the immediate reality that surrounds them. VR involves rendered graphics that fill your
entire vision and is usually complemented by 3D sounds to make the experience more real.

AUGMENTED REALITY:
Augmented reality is "an enhanced version of reality created by the use of technology to
overlay digital information on an image of something being viewed through a device

Augmented reality is the most versatile of the “VR” technologies today. Unlike VR
systems that require users to remain tethered to a stationary unity, AR is typically delivered through
a visor or portable screen that allows for mobile use.

Augmented and virtual reality have one big thing in common. They both have the
remarkable ability to alter our perception of the world. Where they differ, is the perception of our
presence.

Putting a VR headset over your eyes will leave you blind to the current world, but will
expand your senses with experiences within. You might even find yourself on top of Mount
Kilimanjaro. The immersion is quite dramatic, with some users reporting feelings of movement as
they ascend a staircase or ride a rollercoaster within the virtual environment.
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Augmented reality however, takes our current reality and adds something to it. It does not
move us elsewhere. It simply "augments" our current state of presence, often with clear visors.
Seen below, Samsung is near ready to introduce its Monitor less AR glasses, which would connect
to phones or PCs via WIFI and replace the screen on those devices.
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APPLICATIONS IN AR
HANDHELD AR EQUIPMENT:
The long list of AR software development kits for Android smartphones and Apple's AR
Kit for its mobile devices give developers the tools they need to add AR elements to their apps.
The number of AR apps for the iPhone and Android devices has expanded dramatically,
and they aren't limited to games. Retailers are showing tremendous interest in AR possibilities.

HAND SET:
These high-end headsets were eagerly awaited by all, but only a lucky few could afford
them. Meta 2 head-mounted display headset is a third the price of the HoloLens. Like most AR
headsets, it operates while tethered to a PC. Budget-priced headsets are available for use with
smartphones and tablets. The future may see smart glasses be all the rage or smart contact lens.

AR Applications:

Early PC, smartphone and tablet applications for augmented reality focused on games, but
the uses of AR are much broader. The military uses augmented reality to assist men and women
as they make repairs in the field. Medical personnel use AR to prepare for surgeries. The possible
commercial and educational applications are unlimited.

 Military AR uses.
 Medical AR uses.
 AR Apps for Navigation
 AR Gaming task off
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MILITARY AR USES:

The Head-Mounted Display (HMD) is used by ground troops. Critical data such as enemy
location can be presented to the soldier within their line of sight. This technology is also used for
simulations for training purposes.

MEDICAL AR USES:

Medical students use AR technology to practice surgery in a controlled

environment. Visualizations aid in explaining complex medical conditions to patients.
Augmented reality can reduce the risk of an operation by giving the surgeon improved
sensory perception. This technology can be combined with MRI or X-ray systems and
bring everything into a single view for the surgeon.

AR APPS FOR NAVIGATION:

Navigation applications are possibly the most natural fit of augmented reality with our
everyday lives. Enhanced GPS systems use augmented reality to make it easier to get from point
A to point B. using the smartphone's camera in combination with the GPS, users see the selected
route over the live view of what is in front of the car.
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AR Gaming Takes Off:

With recent advances in computing power and technology, gaming applications in
augmented reality are on the upswing. Head-worn systems are affordable now and computing
power is more portable than ever. Before you can say "Pokémon Go," you can jump into an AR
game that works with your mobile device, superimposing mythical creatures over your everyday
landscape.
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BOTTLENECKS IN AR
• Limited Hardware capabilities.
• Software Issues.
• Unsatisfying Experience.
• Uncomfortable Architecture.
• Public Acceptance.

1. Limited Hardware Capabilities:

In case of mobile AR, we face many issues in perfecting the visuals. Sensors like
accelerometer fail to filter electric interference which is common in urban areas. Cell phones
cameras are made for 2D capture and are not good at rendering 3D images. Currently, GPS
readings are precise only up to 6 meters but for deploying AR markers we need more accuracy.

2. Software Issues:

As for software we have many interoperability issues which are yet to be answered. The
current application architecture does not support the integration of functions like social media with
AR browsers. On top of that, many augmented reality vendors have confirmed privacy issues
persistent in their apps.
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3. Unsatisfying Experience:

The hype surrounding the augmented reality is so extreme that we end up expecting too
much. Hence, no matter how good an AR app or game is we constantly feel that it is not good
enough. Part of the reason is that unlike virtual reality, AR keeps users constantly in touch with
the real world objects hence it fails to bring a truly immersive experience.

4. Uncomfortable Architecture:

The whole idea of mixing virtual and real world seems kind of messy. With glasses taking
control over our everyday surroundings, chances are that we will soon be surrounded by the virtual
mess that will too overwhelming to bear. Think of it, computers, television, cars all gave some
kind of health issue. We are a lot less active and digital unplug has become the “new trend”.
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5. Public Acceptance:

Like any other emerging technology augmented reality is bound to take time to be widely
accepted by the masses. Thus companies investing in it today need to keep a long-term vision as
in short-term high ROI is unlikely. No doubt companies that make a good move today will get
returns in future but it is too much to put on a stake for small players.
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ADVANTAGES IN AR:
• It enhance the knowledge and ADTA of the people.
• It aids the people in sharing the experiences over a long distance.
• The games of augmented reality furnish more real experience.
It has a form of escapism

Teaching and Training

Augmented reality seems like a natural fit for teaching in the classroom or the workplace.
The ability to slip on a headset like the HoloLens or Google Glass and have a live tutorial play
before your eyes as you perform a task for the first time sounds like the perfect solution for learner
and teacher alike.

Sports
We’ve all been there when a referee’s wrong decision has cost our team that pivotal goal
or try. Imagine we could avoid that heartbreak, those sorrowful pints in the pub afterwards. Well,
the future is now.
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DISADVANTAGES IN AR:
• The augmented reality does not have the strong security features.
• The avail of augmented reality in social situations is improper.
• In this, the people can advance their own layers of contents.
• It also has the problem like performance issues, interaction issues, and alignment issues.
• Virtual Reality Sickness- VR headsets contain 2 small LCD monitors, each projected
at one eye, creating a stereoscopic effect which gives users the illusion of an artificial
environment created all around you. And longer time of screen focus increase feeling
of nausea and distortion, a phenomenon called Virtual Reality Sickness.

• Eye Strain- While using AR/VR headsets we are confined in a limited area from our
environment. And we see and focus on particular details for long due to which we
may tend to blink less compared to normal frequency of blinking. This results in
drying of the front surface of our eyes and strain on eyes.

• VR games may be a very interesting for children or adults but prolong use of VR
headsets may not only result in headaches and eye strain it may increase the chances
of early myopia for children.
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CONCLUSION:
Human beings are vital driver for technology evolution.
AR Solutions has to appeal through simplicity, agelessness, and ergonomic factors.
A new approach to user interface.
A new way of interacting with UI.
Possibly will be used in our daily use and all applications.
AR as a kind of real life social bridge.
From different ways of researching and analysing, most of the data and information convince
that AR technology is applicable not only on architecture industry, but also sectors that relating
to architecture and design such as construction and visualisation. With AR being rather new and
innovative in every aspect, I have done a general research on AR technology. This has allowed
me to collect more information about AR before me focusing down my aims and objectives.
Simultaneously, these researches also help supporting my studio projects as I get to know what
AR can achieve in every aspects.
It has proven that with the characteristic of AR, people could comprehend and appreciate
design more thoroughly. Indeed with all the supporting resources and analysis, I have to state
that AR can change the dynamic of design by making the process more transparent and
comprehensive between designer and the community involved.
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REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality

https://www.quora.com/How-does-Augmented-Reality-Work

How does Augmented Reality Work? - Quorawww.quora.com

Quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-virtual-reality-augmented-reality-and-mixed-reality
augmented reality vs virtual reality.

What is the difference between virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality? -
Quorawww.quora.com
Solutions to Top 5 Augmented Reality Challenges and Problemswww.newgenapps.com
Applications of Augmented Realitywww.lifewire.com

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-AR

https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-disadvantages-of-virtual-augmented-
realitykeanhwa.wixsite.com/augmented reality/conclusion