IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

WITH 6.632 M HEIGHT WITH INDIAN
STANDARD
Nisarg Modi1
1
(RKDF Institute of Science and Technology, SRK University. Bhopal (M.P), India)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract— Retaining structures hold back soil or other loose material where an abrupt change in ground elevation occurs. The retained
material or backfill material is push on the vertical member and that reason of wall is overturn or in some case slide it or both. Different
type of Retaining wall is constructed like Gravity Retaining wall, Semi Gravity Retaining wall, Cantilevered retaining wall and counterfort
retaining wall. The cantilever is the most common type of retaining wall is constructed in site. Here in this article presents Analysis and
Design Cantilevered Retaining wall which is made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete. Detailed analyses and
design for this type Retaining of walls which include estimation of primary basic dimensions of the Retaining wall, as per the adopt this
dimension through Design of Retaining wall and must be calculated the different checks for design like stability, overturning and many other
in this paper. The factor of safety against sliding, overturning and bearing were calculated. The shear resistance for the base, the tension
stresses in the stem and the tension stresses for the base were checked. Here in the design of cantilever Retaining wall in the only Vertical
member which is called Stem is only design and as per analyze the member Calculation of reinforcement for stem of the wall were done.

Keywords—Retaining wall, Cantilever, Vertical Stability, shear, Crack and Stress

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1. INTRODUCTION direction and magnitude of movement the retaining structure

moves undergoes. Earth pressures behind the wall will push
Retaining wall is a such type of structure used for
the wall forward or overturn it if not properly set. Also, if
maintaining the ground surfaces at different heights on either
ground water behind the wall or underside of wall that is not
side for it. Retaining wall provide lateral support to vertical
dissipated by a drainage system causes hydrostatic pressure
slopes to soil. They are many types of materials that can be
on the wall. In design of retaining wall the taking some
used to create retaining walls like concrete blocks. Poured
consideration is overturning of the wall does not occur,
concrete, treated concrete rocks or boulders. The material is
forward sliding does not occur, materials used are suitable
retained or supported by wall so this type of material called
and subsoil is not overloaded.
backfill. this may have its top surface Retaining wall to
Horizontal or in some case inclined. The Backfill material is 2. TYPE OF RETAINING WALL
lying above the horizontal plane at the of top of retaining
wall is a called surcharge & its inclination to the horizontal is
called as Surcharge angle. Retaining walls have primary
function of retaining soil at an angle of in excess of the soils
nature angle of repose. The retained soil is referred to as a
backfill. Walls within the design height range are designed to
provide the necessary resistance by either their own mass or
by the principle of leverage. Retaining walls are such a type
of structures to be designed the restrain soil to a slope that it
would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical
or vertical slope). A basement wall is called a cantilever
retaining wall, which is a freestanding vertical Member
without lateral support at its top. The Vertical member must
be resist the lateral pressures which is mostly generated by
loose soils. Always Retaining wall is supports a wedge of 3. OBJECTIVE THE STUDY
soil. The soil which is above a limit of the failure plane of This paper shows the analysis and design of the cantilever
the soil type present at a Backward and Forward portion of retaining wall. In this Paper the different steps of Analysis of
wall and calculated once the soil friction angle is known as a Bending Moment, Lateral & Vertical Force for Active Earth
wedge of retaining wall. The most important consideration in Pressure and Live Load Surcharge and Self-weight of
retaining walls is a retained material to move downslope due abutment & load due to Backfill at base of stem. In this type
to gravity force. In behind of Retaining wall in Backfill of Vertical member check the vertical stability and
material is a develop lateral or Horizontal earth pressure Verification of Structural Strength at abutment shaft bottom
which is depends on the cohesive strength of soil and angle for design. After all this procedure carried out the Design of
of internal friction of the Backfill or retained material, the

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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121

Abutment shaft and different design check like Shear, stress 1.0 Lateral and Vertical Loads due to Active Earth Pressur
and Cracking in this type of member. Horizontal component of active earth pressure =
0.5*ka*g*h2*W*cos(a+d)
4. DATA OF RETAINING WALL Vertical component of active earth pressure =
0.5*ka*g*h2*W*sin(a+d)
Width of the Bridge 1 According to Clause 214.1.1.1, IRC : 6 - 2014,
1 (m)
Skew angle with 0
2 vertical, θ (degrees)
Angle of Repose of 30
3 Soil, f (degrees)
Bulk Density of Soil 2
4 (dry) , gb (t/m3)
30.00
Inclination of Backfill 0s
with horizontal, b 3.00
5 (degrees) 0.00
Equiv. Ht. of backfill 1.2 20.00
earth for Live load ka = 0.794= 0.319
6 surcharge (m)
Coefficient of Friction
0.997 x 0.921 x 2.708
0.5
at base between soil &
7 concrete Active earth pressure in dry condition
Unit weight of 2.5 1 Active earth pressure at Bottom of Stem 2.4 m
8 concrete (in t/m3)
H= 5.732
9 Concrete Grade (MPa) 30 Horizontal component Pah2 =
10 Grade of Steel 500 0.5x0.32x2.00x5.73^2xcos(0.05+0.35) = 9.659 t
Allowable Bearing 32.66
11 Capacity (t/m2)
acting at 0.42h = 2.4074 m
Passive Earth Pressure 2 Vertical component Pav2 =
to be considered (1 for 0.5x0.32x2.00x5.73^2xsin(0.05+0.35) = 4.099 t
12 Yes, 2 for No) acting at x = 0.300 m
Angle of Repose of 30
13 Net Moment = (9.659x2.407) - (4.099x0.300) = 22 t-m
River Soil, f (degrees)
Clear Cover to 75
reinforcement in 2 Active earth pressure at Base of Foundation 1.569
14 foundation (mm) m
Dia. of main 16 H = 6.632 m
reinforcement in
15 foundation (mm) Horizontal component Pah3 =
Clear cover to reinf. in 75 0.5x0.32x2.00x6.63^2xcos(0.05+0.35) = 12.931 t acting
16 stem (mm) at 0.42h = 2.7854 m
Dia. of main 25 Vertical component Pav3 =
reinforcement in stem
17 (mm)
0.5x0.32x2.00x6.63^2xsin(0.05+0.35) = 5.488 t
Top R.L. of Retaining 8.201 acting at x = -0.100 m
18 wall (m) Net Moment = (12.931x2.785) - (5.488x-0.100) = 36.57 t-m
19 G.L. of abutment (m) 3.069
Foundation R.L. of 1.569 2.0 Lateral and Vertical Loads due to Live Load Surcharge
20 abutment (m) Live Load surcharge in dry condition
Live Load Surcharge 1
21 ( 1 for YES, 0 for NO)
1 Live load surcharge at Base of Stem 2.469 m
h= 5.732 m
Horizontal component Ph1 = 0.32x2.00x1.20x5.73x
cos(0.05+0.35) = 4.04 t acting at h/2 = 2.866 m
Vertical component Pv1 = 0.32x2.00x1.20x5.73x
sin(0.05+0.35) = 1.72 t acting at x = 0.300 m

2 Live load surcharge at Base of Foundation 1.569

m
h = 6.632
Horizontal component Ph1 = 0.32x2.00x1.20x6.63x
cos(0.05+0.35) = 4.679 t acting at h/2 = 3.316 m
Vertical component Pv1 = 0.32x2.00x1.20x6.63x
sin(0.05+0.35) = 1.99 t acting at x = -0.10 m
Fig I Section of Retaining wall

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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121

4.0 Verification of Stability

Fig II Part of Retaining wall

3.0 Self-Weight of abutment & Load due to Backfill 5.0 Verification of Structural Strength at Abutment
At Base of Stem Shaft Bottom

5.1 Design of Abutment Shaft

Concrete compressive strength

At Base of Foundation

where,

α= 0.670
fck = 30 MPa
γm =1.500

Design yield strength of reinforcement

where,
fyk = 500 MPa
Load Combinations as per Annex B of IRC:6-2010 γs = 1.150
Notations for Various Loads Now, from Fig. A2-4, IRC:112-2011
EP Active Earth Pressure
LLS Live Load Surcharge
SW Self Weight
BW Back fill Weight
where,
Effective depth d = 512.5 mm

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 IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121

Width b = 1000. 00mm

Factor, η = 1.0 (Cl. A2.9 (2), IRC : 112 - 2011) βcc(t)= exp(S(1-(28/t/t1)^0.5)) (Cl. 6.4.2.2(1), IRC 112-2011)
Factor, λ =0.8 (Cl. A2.9 (2), IRC : 112 – 2011)
Rearranging the above equation, t = age of concrete in days=28 days
t1 = 1 days
βcc(t) = 1.00
α= 0.7 for t >= 28 days
= (βcc(t))α.fctm =2.5
Rearranging the above equation, =2.9 or 2.5 whichever is greter
(Cl. 12.3.3, Page 124, IRC 112-2011)
= 2.9

kc = 0.40 <= 1
k = 0.65 for h > 800 mm
Substituting for the values given and solving for (x/d), Act = 504002 mm2
0.40 (x/d)2 - (x/d) + (x/d) + 0.173 = 0
Therefore, Asmin = 760.036 mm2 For Crack Control
x =95.998mm<xumax=235.8mm Under Reinforced
Therefore, Asmin = 760.036 mm2
Also,
Therefore, As,reqd. = 2366.92 mm2

Hence, Required 25 mm dia bars at 200mm c/c.

Provide 25 mm dia bars at 175 mm c/c Earth face
Provide12mm dia bars at150mm c/c on Outer face
As,prov. =754.0mm2
Thus, As =2366.92 mm2
Width of Stem at Base =0.600 Distribution Reinforcement should be max of 25%
m of total horizontal steel or 0.001Ac.
From Table 6.5, IRC : 112 - 2011, fctm = 2.5 MPa Distribution Reinforcement should be max of 780.2
For R.C. Walls, Distribution Reinforcement = 780.2 mm2
Therefore, At each face of wall = 780.2 / 2 = 390.1 mm2
fctm.fl (Wall) = MAX(1.6-0.6)*2.5 or 2.5 = 2.5 Required 10mm dia bars at 200mm c/c.
Provide 10 mm dia bars at 190mm c/c.
(Eq. 6.6, IRC : 112-2011) Provided =413.367 mm2
Also, diameter shall not be less than 8 mm and minimum
As should not be less than 0.0012*Ac but not less than 12mm Φ & 200
spacing shallmm
notspacing
be more than 300mm
As,min = 720 mm2(Cl. 16.3.1, IRC : 112 - 2011) 5.2Check for Shear (Clause 10.3.2 and 10.3.3 Of IRC : 112 - 2011)
For wall, VEd = 19.34 t
takes account of stress distribution within section just prior to cracking
NEdand= 0.00 t
of the change of the lever arm distance deff from face of abutment wall.
=0.4(1-(  12.2,
(Eq. c/ k1*(h/h*)*fct.eff))
IRC 112-2011) <= d1 =513 mm
=NEd/bh (Eq. 12.4, IRC 112-2011) =(0.12*K*(80* 1*fck)^0.33+0.15*
>
Ned=0.000kN (vmin+0.15* cp)*bw.d
b=1000.0mm K=1+(200/d)^0.5 or 2mm
h=600mm whichever is less
Therefore, = 1.62 or 2
c=0.000 N/mm2 = 1.62 mm
k1=coefficient considering the effects of axial forces and stress distribution
cp = NEd/Ac or 0.2*fcd whichever is less
=1.5 bw =1000.0mm
Now Ac = 512500 mm2
h*=h for h< 1.0 m cp = 0.000<2.68
fct.eff=mean value of tensile strength of the concrete effective at the 1 = Asl/bw.d
time when the cracks may first be expected to occur Asl = 2805 mm2
fct.eff=fctm or lower, fctm(t) 1 = 0.0055
= 0.0055
fctm(t) = (βcc(t))α.fctm
vRdc = 23.37 t
(Cl. 6.4.2.3(5), IRC 112-2011)

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vmin = 0.031*k1.5*fck0.5
= 0.352 = 1.916
Therefore, modification factor=1/(1+1.92) x (45/(30+10))^0.5
vRdc = 18.02 t 0.36376
Ved = 19.34 t < 23.37 t (Amendment No. 2, IRC:112-2011)
Hence Shear Reinforcement is not required
Therefore, long term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ecm
Limit State of Serveciability Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Es=200000
Modular Ratio (Es/Ecm) =200000/11,344=17.63
Short term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ecm = 22(fcm/12
(Sr no 88, Errata to IRC:112-2011) 6.0Verification of Serviceability Limit State at Abutment
Shaft Bottom
In general, the effects of long term loading (due to creep) shall
be obtained seperately and added to those obtained
from short term analysis. The value of Ecm can be modified
by a factor (1/1+ ) accounting for long term creep effects.
(Cl. 6.4.2.5 (4) (iii), IRC : 112-2011)
For long term creep effects at age of 70 years,
Notional size ho, 2Ac/u
(Table 6.9, IRC-112 : 2011)
Ac = Cross sectional area =600000mm2
u = Perimeter in contact with atmosphere =12264mm
Therefore, Notional size, 2Ac/u =97.85mm
Final creep coefficient of concrete for 70 yrs at 28 days age of loading
6.1Stress Check
= = 1.923 (Table 6.9, IRC-112 : 2011) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec = 11344.328 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Es = 200000 Mpa
The development of creep with time Modular Ratio (m = Es/Ec) = 17.63
Width of Section, b (Eq. 6.16, IRC-112
= : 2011)
1000 mm
Depth of Section, D = 600 mm
where Effective Depth of Section, d = 512.5 mm
Moment of Inertia, I (Eq. 6.17, IRC-112
= :1.80x10
2011) 10 mm4
Depth of neutral axis x = As*fyd / η∗fcd*λ*b
where X =113.8mm<xumax=235.8mm Under Reinforced
t is the age of concrete in days at the time considered Moment,t M=32.53
= 36500t-m days ( 100 years)
Actual Max. Tensile stress in concrete=8.79MPa > 2.50 MPa
t0 is the age of concrete in days at time of loading Section is
t0 Cracked
= 28 days
(t-t0) is the actual duration of loading in days (t-t0) =36472 Cracked Moment of Inertia
Days Icr = b*x3/3 + m*Ast*(d-x)2
Ast =2805 mm2
Icr =8.35x109mm4
Cl. 12.2.1 and 12.2.2 of IRC : 112 – 2011
for fcm <= 45 (Eq. 6.18, IRC-112 :
Max. Compressive Stress in Concrete for Rare Combinations
2011)
fc =M*x/Icr<0.48*fck
fc =4.430 MPa<14.4MPa OK
where Max. Compressive Stress in Concrete for Quasi-Permanent Combination
RH = Relative humidity expressed as percent fc ==M*x/Icr<0.36*fck
80 %
RH0 = 100 (i.e. 100 percent) = 100MPa<10.8MPa
fc =3.167 % OK
h0 = notional member size Max.
= Tensile
98 mm Stress in Steel for Rare Combinations
fy =m*M*(d-x)/Icr<0.80*fyk, 300 Whichever is lesser fy = 273.729
βH = 467.163 ≤ 1500 MPa< 300 MPa OK
Therefore, βH = 467.163 Max. Tensile Stress in Steel for Quasi-Permanent Combinations
fy =m*Mxx*(d-x)/Icr<0.80*fyk, 300 Whichever is lesser
fy =195.692MPa<300MPaOK
β(25550,28) = 0.996 6.2 Check for Cracking (Clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112)
Crack width Wk Sr,max (εsm-εcm)
=
(εsm-εcm) = σsc-(kt*fct,eff*(1+αe*ρpeff)/ρpeff)/Es
φ(25550,28) =β (25550,28) X = 0.996x1.923

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Or 0.6*σsc/Es whichever is more Structures like Residential, industrial, water structure and Bridge
Structure Retaining wall is used in a small type of Bridge structure
which is called Culverts. Here in this paper the Retaining Wall is
design for Bridge Structure. In Bridge Structure the Retaining wall is
provided backward side of Retaining wall which is 90o perpendicular
to abutment. The Retaining wall is Resist the earth pressure of behind
the abutment material and another side of Retaining wall is the resist
the pressure of protection material of Bridge. Generally, in Bridge
Structure the Cantilever Retaining wall. In this paper, the Design of
Retaining wall in the first of take the analysis of Bending moment
and calculation of Lateral and Vertical Force of Retaining wall. In this
the Check two type of Design one of its Vertical Stability and another
one is the Structural Strength at abutment shaft at bottom portion.
As per this all of result take Step of Design of Retaining wall, and as
per configuration of Retaining Wall Shear Check, Cracking check and
stress Check. Here show all of Results for Design of Retaining wall for
stem and detailing.

REFERENCES

5*(c+ /2) = 437.5 > 175 [1] IRC: 6-2014. Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road
Hence, Sr,max = 501 mm Sr no 56, Errata to IRC:112-2011 Bridges SECTION II Load and Stresses.
[2] IRC: 78-2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road
Wk = 0.294 < 0.3 OK (Table 12.1, IRC : 112 - 2011) Bridges.
[3] IRC: 112-2011 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road
Bridges
[4] Yash chaliawala, gunvant solanki and Anuj.K.Chandiwala,
“Comparative Study of Cantilever and Counter fort Retaining wall”,
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development, Dec-2015.
[5] Ivan Nešović, Stepa Paunović,Milan Petrović,Ninoslav Ćirić,
“The Stability of Gravity Retaining Structures” Contemporary
achievements in civil engineering 24. April 2015
[6] Design of Reinforced Concrete Design Part-2 by H.J. SHAH

Table I : Schedule of Reinforcement of Retaining wall

SR. NO. TYPE OF DIA OF SPACING
BARS BARS (mm)
1 a 10 190
2 b 12 150
3 c 25 175
4 d 10 190

5. CONCLUSION
Retaining wall provide as a stability member to resist the soil in a site
of retaining wall. Retaining wall is mostly used member vertical for
3 to 8 m height. If a small height requires retaining wall then using a
PCC Retaining wall, but Required Strength of member is above 25
n/mm2 and height is more than 3 m so that reason RCC Retaining
wall used in structure. Retaining wall is used in different type of

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