Manet for Stable Data flow in Smart home and
Smart city
Vishal Dattana
Department of Computing
Middle east College, Muscat,
Vishaldattana@gmail.com
Ashwani Kush
Dept of comp science
Univ. College, Kurukshetra University
India. Akush20@gmail.com
Abstract—Rapid rise in population adds many problems in city.
The notion of Smart city concept is gaining momentum day by
day. Proper usage of infrastructure, making life livable, secure
environment and energy efficient devices are need of the smart
home and thus smart city. The concept is emerging and attracts
many new innovations. An effort has been made in this paper to
carry out some issues and then taking care of stable and fast data
transfer which is utmost important in the process. MANET has
been used as technology to achieve the target of data
communication in smart homes via a base station.
Keywords— Ad-Hoc Networks, MANET, Smart city, Security,
data transfer, stable routing
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of flexible integration into everyday life, the smart
home has received widespread attention. When a wireless
sensor network connects the home atmosphere and facilities
to a remote managed device, the smart home can
conveniently monitor the Atmosphere at home and remotely
control all equipment, such as the home appliance socket,
lighting, temperature, humidity, smoke, infrared, magnetic
door, etc. [1–2] . These days, Smart home encouraged
public research interest. Some studies just focusing on the
energy consumption all over the home system and commit
to reduce energy intake by ensuring a comfortable home
atmosphere. [3, 4]. To improve the old smart home system,
its electronic wiring, wireless and wired networking
technology, transmissions of information and control of
facilities are investigated. Electric cables, networking
technology, transmission of information and control of
facilities are some of the key issues needed to improve the
old smart home system. Many steps have already been
standardized for improvement. One is using ZigBee to
replace the traditional electrical cable system. Secondly,
thanks to the capacity of the self- organized ZigBee network
is used to connect many wireless sensors and facilities. A
new algorithm is used here to find the best route. Finally, if
the smart home system is connected to the Internet using
remote server technology, the home atmosphere and
facilities can be controlled remotely in real time. The
experiments are under way to reduce the system delay and
maintain continuous flow of data in the wireless system of
smart home.
978-1-5386-8046-9/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Arun Kumar
Dept of comp science
Univ. College Kurukshetra University, india
arunkumar9429@gmail.com
Syed Imran Ali Kazmi
Department of Computing
Middle east College, Muscat,
skazmi@mec.edu.om
Rest of the paper is organized as; section II presents some
existing studies, section III represent the proposed plan and
detailed study, last section described conclusion.
II RECENT STUDIES
Energy management [7] strategies and the low-cost of smart
households when renewable power and storing of energy are
combined and use of the stochastic energy management with
electric vehicle power storage and photovoltaic array, where
electricity costs are much lower than the non- optimal
control situation. [8] Designs a non- linear projecting energy
management policy for the identical building with a
photovoltaic rooftop structure and a second- life lithium- ion
battery system for energy storage and introduces an ANN to
forecast the system load. While some other research focuses
on generating a wireless network and selecting routing. In
order to build such a wireless networks, the wireless
modules are already integrated into the corresponding
devices. We pay attention here to the energy utilization of
the wireless nodules and to the delay of the network. To this
end, it will benefit the use of a low- cost network and an
optimum routing approaches. The traditional intelligent
home system generates a wireless network using Wi- Fi or
Bluetooth. [9]
III PROPOSED PLAN
Three basic functionalities exist in the system for smart
homes are remote control, enquiry and alert. The remote
control clients sends the appropriate control commands by
using computers or mobile devices. When the MANET
Router receives the commands transmitted from the remote
server, the home router judges and transmits the commands
to the corresponding devices. Call terminals to parse the
commands and execute the control commands. If a queried
command is used, the sensor collects the data and returns
the data to the MANET router, which sends the data back to
the remote control device. If the household sensor detects
the abnormal situation, the alarm system is triggered and
messages are sent to the coordinator and the remote control
unit receives the alarm message. If the node is identified as a
router, the MANET creates a wireless network
automatically. The routers play a key role in routing and
remote access, and devices offer many functions, because
they have all kinds of sensors. The coordinator when routers
and devices connect to the wireless sensor networks
manages the nodes that handle incidents and remote
requests. In order to ensure remote control in real time, the
number of routing nodes increases and the routing path
becomes more complex. The adoption of the relevant
routing algorithm is therefore especially important. Good
routing will improve the system's performance, such as
quality of communication, shortening time, reducing node
energy consumption, etc.
Proposed Protocol for Stable Routing
A case study has been taken. A small city, more precisely a
small area in a small city has been considered. Total of 50
houses has been taken. Each house has been considered as a
Node. In the said case, node has been considered as a cluster
head of many houses and in this case, each cluster has appx
15 houses. In the said experiment, the cluster head has been
given enough energy to work for 10-12 hours for data
transfer safely to all nodes under that cluster.
To implement stability of route using MANET, the work
proposes a Route stability algorithm. The algorithm will
solve the two main problems of MANET i.e. Route Stability
and Route Recoverability. In the proposed protocol, a route
stability estimation method and a path finding algorithm are
developed and maintain stable routes for communication
services within a cluster.
The proposed protocol aims to improve the performance of
existing routing protocol. In this the route stability of the
node is measured by following parameters:
1. Node energy
2. Node mobility
3. Traffic load
These three parameters help to find out the stable route from
source to destination.
Route Request Phase is similar to AODV Protocol. In order
to allow more stable routes for data transmission in MANET
we propose to include a new field, called Route Stability
(RSTV) route request packet. It measures the stability of
route during route request phase (RREQ). In AODV hello
packets are sent periodically to maintain the routing table, so
that each node know about the connected neighbors. Each
node broadcast the HELLO packet with Node stability
value (NSTV) . If node Stability value of a hello packet is
larger than the threshold value then node adds the sender of
the Hello packet as its neighbor.
Calculation of Node Stability value NSTV(n)
Node stability value can be calculated on the basis of 3
different parameters [4]:
1. Level of energy of node (LOE)
2. Mobility of node (MON)
3. Traffic Load (TL)
NSTV of a node is calculated periodically and transmit to
the network through HELLO packets
If any node receives larger NSTV value than the predefined
threshold value A from some node, it adds that node as its
neighbor node. NSTV of a node is given by
NSTV(n) = LOE+MON+TL Where NSTV(n) > value B - 1
Where value B is the min. stability value of nodes for the
route.
(i) Level of energy of a node (LOE)
In our model of energy, the level of energy(LOE) of a node
refers to the available energy of node n which depends on
total initial energy and consumed energy [11]. Available
energy = total initial energy -consumed energy
AE = TIE(n) - CE(n) Where AE(n) > Value C --- 2
Value C is the threshold energy level for node
The Consumed energy(CE) depends upon the energy used in
transmitting and receiving of a packet.
CE(n) = Etransmit(N) + Ereceieve(N) --- (3)
Energy used in transmitting and receiving of a one packet is
calculated as follows [5]:-
Etransmit(n) = Ptransmit (n)*DOT -- (4)
Ereceived (n) = Preceived(n)*DOT …. (5)
Where Ptransmit is power used n transmitting one packet.
Preceived is power used in receiving of one packet. DOT =
Donates the duration of transmission (transmit + received)
of a packet at node
In our proposed scheme the algo. Choose only those nodes
in the route that have higher energy level than Value C
(ii) Mobility of nodes(MON)
In a dynamic network such as MANET, mobility of nodes
cannot be ignored. They play important role in maintaining
stable route. Therefore, mobility of nodes can be considered
as the deciding factor for route setup, so that better route
stability can be achieved. In our proposed scheme we adopt
the policy given in [6, 7], where a node with average lower
displacement has a higher chance of being an intermediate
node. Weights are assigned to each node which shows their
respective displacement value i.e. the node with lower
average displacement as a higher weight and nodes with
higher displacement has a lower weight. Mobility of a node
is calculated by the average distance covered by mobile
nodes in a given time slot. Calculation of mobility of node
as an average speed
MONT (n) = --- (6)
Where SP(n) is a speed of node in time duration T.
MONT(n) <VALUE D, the threshold mobility value for a
node.
The speed of the node is given by following expression
--- (7)
DC is the distance covered by the node n at time slot ∆t i.e
from time t-1 to t. From position Pt-1(x,y) to Pt(x,y)
DC∆t (n) = √ (x(n)t - x(n)t-1)2 + (y(n)t – y(n)t-1)2 --- 8
 (iii) Load Estimation
Traffic load of a node is measure by total cost incurred in
sending /receiving packet by node. If time arrival b/w
sending/receiving two packets is ∆T seconds and the size of
packet is ∆L bits, then traffic load of a node is given by the
equation [8]
---- (9)
The protocol has the following phase: -
(I) Route Request (RREQ)
(II) Route Reply (RREP)
(III) Data Transmission(DTRAM)
(IV) Route Error (RERR)
(V) Route Repair (RREPR)
(VI) Establishing New Path (ESTNP)
(i) Route Request in Self -heal Stable Routing Protocol
In the proposed scheme a new field route stability RSTV is
introduced in RREQ packet which indicate the route
stability value of a path from source node to destination
node. Initially all nodes are assigned high stability value.
(ii) Route Reply Phase in SSRP
When the Source receives the RREP, it records the route to
the Destination and it can begin sending the data. If multiple
RREPs are received by the Source, it selects the path on the
basis of largest Route Stability Value (RSTV) of RREQ.
(iii) Data Transmission Phase in SSRP
After the stable route is discovered, the source node starts
transferring data packets to destination node and
periodically checks the stability value of route. During data
transmission via stable route, if any intermediate node
becomes unstable node (a node having its NSTV less than
the predefined threshold value) at some point, link breakage
is detected along this route and route error message(RERR)
is generated.
(iv) Route Error Phase in SSRP
Route error phase is activated when node have less node
stability value (NSTV) than the predefined threshold value.
The intermediate node generates the route error message to
upper node, informing about the instability of route because
of lesser value than threshold value selected during the
phase discovery phase of route.
(vi) Route Repair Phase in SSRP
This phase plays important role in stable routing of protocol.
As the upper node receives the Route Error message(RERR)
, automatically it starts the Route Repair (RREPR) Process .
the Route Repair Process includes local route discovery
process.
Route breaking avoidance algorithm
In this algorithm each node periodically calculates the
NSTV and transmit to neighbors through HELLO packets to
maintain the connection. During the transmission if any
node is having NSTV less than threshold value B then
intermediate node (IN) informs the upper node (UP) through
unstable node detection packets (UNN). Upper node then
reinitiates the route discovery process. A new field Unstable
node detection (UNN) is introduce to detect unstable node
in route maintained. UNN node contains the fields sender
node address, upstream node, downstream node, source
node address, and destination node address
Establishing New Path (ESTNP)
If upper node is unstable to find the new route it sends
rerouting request (RERREQ) packets back to the source
node.
Figure 1 : RREP in SSRP
Working of Scheme has been discussed using figures 1 to 3.
Node 1 will be source node and node 14 will be destination
node. In protocol, if node wants to transfer data minimum
RSTV value has been selected. This value has been selected
on the basis of minimum NSTV value in the network. All
nodes use Hello messages to broadcast their NSTV value. In
figures, each node has its NSTV value. and it can be seen
that node 1 has the minimum NSTV value. Which can be
selected as RSTV value for the path. And node 1 is also a
source node. Now node 1 will initiate the route discovery
process. There are two paths used to send the RREP packet
to the Source node 1. i.e. 14-9-7-6-5-2-1 and 14-9-8-4-3-1.
Node 1 will receive RREP packets from node 2 and node 3.
Node 1 will select the node having highest NSTV value.
Node 2 has NSTV [2] = 7 and node 3 has NSTV [3] = 6.
Node 2 has the highest NSTV value therefore Route having
node 2 will be selected for transmission of data i.e. 1-2-5-
6-7-9-14
Protocol SSRP has been proposed to provide the stable
routing to the network. It keeps on checking for the stability
value of path using Hello packets periodically. During the
transmission if any node has the NSTV value less than the
RSTV value selected for the path RERR has been generated
by the upper nodes. this case can be easily understood with
the help of figure 3.9. during the transmission of data node 5
updated its node stability value equals to NSTV [5] = 2,
which is lesser than RSTV value selected for the path. Node
5 is in danger state and can not be considered as member of
data transmission. Node 5 will generate the RERR message
to the node the Upper node about the failure of node 5.
Figure 2: Node failure during
Node 2 will search for the destination node if it is next to the
node 2 it will directly send the packets. But this case it is not
feasible because Destination node is not directly connected
to the node 2. Now node 2 will search for the next available
path but node 2 itself will check the NSTV.
If it is not in the danger state it will initiate the route
discovery process. NSTV value of node 2 is NSTV [2] = 7,
which is greater than the RSTV value of the path. Hence it
will rediscover the path to the destination. Node 2 is
connected to the node 3, again it will check the NSTV value
of node 3. If it has higher node stability value which is true
in case of node 3, will be selected for data transfer. All this
process can be easily understandable using the figure 3.
Intermediate nodes(IN) will rebroadcast it till they get the
final destination node.
The new route selected by the node 2 is 1-2-3-4-8-9-14
Figure 3: setting the new path
IV CONCLUSION
This paper describes a case study involving many homes at
a time treated as nodes. The simulation process is under
progress. Network simulator (NS2) will be used. Metrics
used will be packet delivery i.e. data transfer and Delay
caused in data transfer. Since algorithm is showing all
merits , it is great probability that results will favour the
theory.
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