The Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance of AUPA

Sampaguita Hall Occupants

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

GRADE 12 STEM - BERYL

James Karl G. Riosa

Kiana Kate A. Villaseñor

Konstantin Von D. Genebago

Michelle Anne L. Doligosa

Shekinah Zhushter L. Serrano

December 2018
The Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance of AUPA

Sampaguita Hall Occupants

A Research

Presented to the

Academy Senior High

Adventist University of the Philippines

In a Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subjects

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

James Karl G. Riosa

Kiana Kate A. Villaseñor

Konstantin Von D. Genebago

Michelle Anne L. Doligosa

Shekinah Zhushter L. Serrano

December 2018
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled The Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the

Academic Performance of AUPA Sampaguita Hall Occupants by Michelle Anne L.
Doligosa, James Karl G. Riosa, Kiana Kate A. Villaseñor, Konstantin Von D.
Genebago, and Shekinah Zhushter L. Serrano has been examined and approved by the
Panel of Oral Examiners for the subject

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION

Michelle M. Dulay, LPT, MAEd

Adviser/Subject Teacher

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Inquiries ,

Investigations, and Immersion.

Mr. Jonathan A. Perdido, LPT, MAEd Mrs. Ardelma V. Sarmiento LPT, MAEd
Assistant Principal Academy Principal
SHS Coordinator
 ABSTRACT

Skipping breakfast is one of the factors that greatly affect the academic performance of

students. The occupants of Sampaguita hall in AUP specifically the academy students

cannot deny the fact that they often skip breakfast due to such situations. This study was

conducted to assess the relationship between skipping breakfast and academic

performance among high school students. A total number of 100 academy students were

surveyed within this study and from those surveys the participants administered the

questions adopted from Meenakshi Garg et. al. and The Breakfast Survey, Public

Health. It was found that there was a significant negative correlation between skipping

breakfast and academic performance. The higher the frequency of student in skipping

breakfast, the lower the academic performance he or she creates.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers’ deepest gratitude goes to the Lord who strengthen the will of

each members and to the excellent people that became the stepping stones towards to

success.

The deepest gratitude and heartfelt appreciation is due to the following:

To Ms. Michelle M. Dulay, an excellent adviser of Inquiries, Investigation, and

Immersion, for guiding the researchers in considering skipping breakfast affecting the

academic performance as the study to conduct and for sharing wonderful insights for the

refinement of the entirety of the research.

To Mr. Jonathan Perdido, assistant principal, SHS Coordinator, and Mrs.

Rosamond Balane, teacher, for willingness to be part of the panel, for sharing insights

and for the counsel in the oral defense.

To Mrs. Jeneva Genebago, dean, Sampaguita Residence Hall, for giving

permission to conduct the research in Sampaguita Hall.

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 DEDICATIONS

The researchers are genuinely thankful for the support and love received that

gave motivation for success.

The conducted study is dedicated to the following:

To the Parents and Teachers who devoted their time for the success of the

study.

To the Youth who participated in the study which became one for the stepping

stones towards success.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
DEDICATIONS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Significance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Scope and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Skipping Breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Skipping Breakfast affecting the Academic Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Population and Sampling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Data Gathering Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

vi
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Demographic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

The Effects of Skipping Breakfast to a Student’s
Academic Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Responses for the Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Frequency of Skipping Breakfast among Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Proper Amount of Food Intake during Breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance . . . . . . . . .36

CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. Research Instruments

APPENDIX B. Research Instrument Validation of Experts
APPENDIX C. Statistical Output

CURRICULUM VITAE

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Age…………….18

Table 2. The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Grade Level……19

Table 3. Effects of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance………………...21

Table 4. Frequency of Skipping Breakfast Among Students…………………………...27

Table 5.1. Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade Level……………………….….32

Table 5.2.The Analysis of Variance table regarding the Prevalence of

Skipping Breakfast to GradeLevel……………………………………………………...32
.
Table 5.3. Post Hoc test table regarding the Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to
Grade Level………………………………………………………………………….......33

Table 6.1 The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age……………………………….34

Table 6.2. The Analysis of Variance of the prevalence to the Age…………………....35

Table 6.3. The Turkey Post Hoc test of the prevalence to the Age…………………..…35

Table 7. Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance…………..36

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Research Paradigm…………………………………………………………..12

Figure 2. Distribution of the Respondents According to Age…………………………..19

Figure 3. Distribution of Respondents According to Grade Level……………………..20

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Adventist University of the Philippines Academy (AUPA)……………………………..2

x
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In the past, skipping breakfast has become a problem to which it affects the

academic performance of a certain student. Way back decades ago, the studies of

Gagnard, 1986; Mathhews, 1996; Worobey & Worobey, 1999 etc. has already examined

that skipping breakfast and the academic performance are linked and were consistently

pointing the importance of breakfast in our daily life (Phillips GW., 2005). It has been

reminded to us since childhood that breakfast is a must (Maldarelli, C. 2017). Other

nutritionist such as Greene, Merendino and Jibrin (2009) and Wright and Larsen (as cited

by Ramos, 2014) etc. had emphasize how important breakfast is, because we need more

energy in the morning than in the night due to the task that are needed to be performed.

However, as we age, it is often that people who are busy and live far from home

have insufficient time to eat breakfast due to the change in their personal lifestyle and

hectic schedules of various works in our community (Garg M., Radesh V., Kumar P.

2014). Although such act must not be practiced as it affects our overall health even after

the adolescence hood. Breakfast is an essential part of life (Morse and Pollack, 1988).

That being said, breakfast is the most important meal of the day as it boosts our body and

brain throughout the day in order to fulfill our personal task, notably to students, and yet,

breakfast is often missed and underestimated by many (J Am Diet Assoc., 2007).

It has been a problem mostly of dormitorian occupants of every school, notably

the Adventist University of the Philippines Sampaguita Hall occupants. Students need

such nutrients in order to be active in school. Phillips (2005) found out those students

who are

i
breakfast eaters have a higher rate of succeeding in every subject. This can be aided by

the studies of Hoyland et al. (2009) that breakfast affects the children’s learning ability in

terms of behavior, cognitive, and school performance, thus making them physically

active in every activity.

Although, it is very much likely that in this generation, majority of the students

are no exception when it comes to not having a proper breakfast meal. Such problem

exists in the school preferred by the researchers. Students who skip breakfast have a

tendency to be less physically active and be more uninterested in every aspect of every

activity compared to those who have eaten breakfast (Sandercock et al., 2010; Remond

V., 2018).

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to determine the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic

performance of Sampaguita Hall occupants in AUPA. It is claimed by many that

breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, skipping breakfast has been a

major problem and an unavoidable habit of most AUPA occupants due to the hectic

school works and schedule, and so affecting their academic performance.

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic performance of

Sampaguita occupants in AUPA?

2. How often do AUPA Sampaguita occupants skip breakfast or what is the

frequency of skipping breakfast by the AUPA Sampaguita occupants?

3. What is the sufficient and proper amount of food intake that is needed by

adolescent women for breakfast?

2
 4. What is the prevalence of skipping breakfast among AUPA Sampaguita Hall

occupants in terms of:

a) Age and,

b.) Grade Level?

5. Is there a relationship between skipping breakfast and academic performance?

Significance of the Study

This study aims to examine the effects of skipping breakfast on the Academic

Performance of Sampaguita Hall Occupants in AUPA. This research will enlighten the

occupants of Sampaguita Hall on the importance of breakfast.

The findings of this study will be beneficial to students as well to dormitorians for

them to be aware that skipping breakfast may affect not just their academic performance

but their overall wellness. It will also give them positive impact to their health and as

well to their eating habits.

And, for the Teachers, this study will make them aware to their students’

performance in the class. Through this research, they will be able to understand their

students that some of them are not active to the class due to the common practices of

skipping breakfast.

Moreover, this study will also benefit the parents; they will become aware of their

child’s eating habits and through the result of this research, it will enable them to know

the effects of skipping breakfast to their child’s academic performance and why such

behavior is being practiced or being done moderately.

3
 Lastly, this research will be beneficial to future researchers to serve as a future

reference. It provides some knowledge that will guide them as they conduct the same

topic for further improvement.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study mainly focuses on the relationship of skipping breakfast and academic

performance among the Academy occupants of Sampaguita Hall of the Adventist

University of the Philippines. Moreover, only the respondents' age and grade level are the

moderating variables of this study. The factor in this study that affects the academic

performance which is skipping breakfast and its effects are the only factors that will only

be discussed.

Furthermore, this study is limited only to the AUPA students present in the

Sampaguita Hall. College students and non-dormitorians are not included in this study.

The study is expected to be complete by November 2018.

4
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discuses on the literature and studies related to the main focus which

is the relationship of skipping breakfast to the academic performance of the AUPA

Sampaguita Hall Occupants. It introduces frameworks on the basic understanding on how

does skipping breakfast affects the students’ academic performance. This also entails

related studies that show support for the variables presented in the study, the research

paradigm, hypotheses and the definition of terms.

Skipping Breakfast

The right amount of food depends on the person’s activities, physical condition,

and health conditions. It is better to consult a physician or a nutritionist dietitian for a

specific diet plan. The best time to eat a lot of food is in the morning for energy and other

needs because daytime is where the work and activities are concentrated and the source

of energy will be from the breakfast eaten. Thus, breakfast should be eaten heavily but

not overload.

Furthermore, skipping breakfast decreases the glucose levels as it increases the

blood pressure levels resulting in experience migraines and headaches (Shrikant, 2017).

Moreover, those who don’t eat breakfast struggles in doing performing and

concentrating in the demands of the task in school (Drummond, 2014). Also, it can lead

academic problems such as having a low score, arises of attention and changes in

behavior.

5
Skipping Breakfast affecting the Academic Performance

There is a quote by Davis (2004) cited by Alhafiza (2014) stated that, “Eat

breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a paper.” It only tells that

breakfast is important meal compare to other meals. Eating breakfast contributes some

benefits and effects to our body especially to our health. However, even they knew that

breakfast has a great impact to our overall health, they habitually skip breakfast. Based on

a survey, 55% of adolescents are tending to skip breakfast (Alhafiza, 2014). Therefore,

skipping breakfast is common among teenager students.

One of the biggest factors that contribute to a student’s final grades is their

academic performance. Taha & Rashed (2017) determined that the academic

performance pretty much depends on variety of factors such as health or nutrition and the

socioeconomic status, however, the extent differs from every country due people having

different practices and culture.

It is vital for a student to eat their breakfast. Taha and Rashed (2017) also

determined that breakfast, as we know it, is the foremost important meal of the day

because it contributes for about 20% to 30% total of energy which keeps us from going

through the day. In comparison to the works of Jain (2016), the researcher stated that

breakfast provides at least one-fourth of energy needed to keep the body going first thing

in the morning. Eating breakfast increases an individual’s performance through their

cognitive performance, level of concentration, and alertness (Galang, E.; Taha & Rashed,

2017; Babaeer & Wraith, 2018). They work more efficient and commit less mistakes in

every school activity and by eating breakfast, the ability to recall or human memory

retention is enhanced (Galang E., 2017). Galang (2017) also added that eating breakfast

6
daily and completely does reduce the rate of absenteeism and tardiness of an individual.

It was stated in an interview in a group of students that eating breakfast does increase

their energy and helps them be more focused in the class (Madeline, 2016).

Individuals who do not eat breakfast suffers in having a low-energy and

stamina in the mid-morning that contributes in affecting their school performances and

grades (Bennett, 2008). Madeline (2016) stated that when a student does not eat their

breakfast, there is a tendency that they might learn less or absorb insufficient information

at school. In return, they may be less physically active to participate in the class. It is

because it can cause them fatigue and have low energy levels that may be a reason why

they are not active in class (Schwartzbard, 2016). This can be supported from an article

of Remond (2018) that students who skip breakfast tend to be less physically active and

be more uninterested in participating. The act of skipping breakfast results to lower

performance in school. Jain (2016) said that whenever we are skipping breakfast, the

memory is the most affected factor due to the fact that the brain needs a continuous or

from time to time supply of glucose. Students for example, during examinations are

having a hard time remembering what they have reviewed whenever they skip breakfast.

Not only that they easily forget things, they also get easily irritated and have lesser or

lower energy to keep them going throughout the first hours in the morning. Having low

energy and concentration leads to a failing grade or a bad academic performance.

A hungry student may repeat a grade, thus organizations from other countries held

programs which makes breakfast possible for all students who attends. Students who skip

breakfast are mainly less active or lack of focus in class due to hunger. It is because it can

cause them fatigue and have low energy levels that may be a reason why they are not

7
active in class (Schwartzbard, 2016). The Center for Disease Control (CDC), as cited by

Remond (2018), determined that hunger is associated with failing grades and

performance and it also increases the possibility of absenteeism. It also can be the cause

of a repeated grade and the inability to concentrate or perform well. While it is true that

breakfast is vital, some students just cannot help but to skip due to personal issues. Not

eating in the right time can lead to lower performance in school. A study held at Cardiff

University in 2015 (as cited by Remond, 2018) found out that eating breakfast before

going to school are more likely to obtain higher score twice.

Theoretical Frameworks

The theory is borrowed from the 5th volume of the book entitled “The

Relationship of Food and Academic Performance: A Preliminary Examination of the

Factors of Nutritional Neuroscience, Malnutrition, and Diet Adequacy.” Maslow’s (1943)

hierarchy of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow organizes human needs from basic to

more sophisticated levels. In order of increasing importance, the clusters of needs

included in Maslow’s hierarchy are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and

love needs, esteem needs, and the need for self -actualization. Maslow (1943) describes

the body’s physiological nepdfed for food, especially in terms of maintaining

homeostasis of water, salt, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and temperature within the

bloodstream. He elaborates,

“Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most pre-potent of all

needs...If all the needs are unsatisfied, and the organism is then dominated by
the physiological needs, all other needs may become simply non-existent or
be pushed into the background...for consciousness is almost completely
preempted by hunger. For the chronically and extremely hungry man...life
itself tends to be defined in terms of eating. Anything else will be defined as
unimportant” (p. 373-374).

8
 In contrast to the directive authority of food, achievement is among the least

potent of needs. Maslow once stated that every people in the society is in dire need for

self-steam which is based on the real capacity, achievement, and respect from other

people (p. 381, italics added). It is important to note Maslow’s postulation that once

needs on one level are satisfied, needs at higher levels emerge and dominate the

organism’s thoughts and behaviors. Therefore, according to Maslow’s hierarchy, the need

or desire for achievement will not drive a person’s thoughts and behaviors until need on

the lower levels have been satisfied. As a result, the cognitive processes and behaviors

associated with the more sophisticated levels on the hierarchy cannot be achieved; great

academic performance cannot be expected from students experiencing basic needs

deprivation. While Maslow’s hierarchy offers an expository connection between food and

learning, it also raises three germane questions: What must be consumed to meet basic

physiological needs?; Do certain diets meet basic needs better than others?; and Can

people surpass their basic needs, thereby enabling themselves to reach superior

achievement on subsequent hierarchal levels?

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides a framework for understanding a

fundamental link between food and academic performance. At a very basic level, humans

who have not met their basic nutritional needs cannot attain needs at the higher levels.

Vygotsky, however, adds another layer of understanding with his apt consideration of the

socio-cultural dynamics germane to this topic.

Nutrition and academic performance are affected by an array of sociocultural

factors. Distinct differences in nutrient consumption appear both internationally and

among population subcultures because of food availability, preference, and social norms;

9
these dietary trends are 3 especially prominent in comparisons of socioeconomic status

and ethnicity. Likewise, academic performance varies greatly among cultures and

subcultures.

Vygotsky and the socio-culturalists explain these phenomena by saying that a

person’s context shapes his or her behavior, such as by influencing eating habits and

determining priorities in learning. They argue, “a culture defines what knowledge and

skills children need to acquire” and that values and processes “differ among different

races, social classes, dual-career versus one-career families, rural versus urban

communities, single-parent versus two-parent families, and so on” (Vygotsky, 1978, p.

47, 50). Sociocultural factors will be more thoroughly examined through the discussion

of malnutrition on academic performance.

Maslow and Vygotsky provide a context for physiological and cultural

approaches for how food affects human brain function and capability as well as

sociocultural attitudes toward food and academic performance.

Conceptual Framework

The AUPA Occupants of Sampaguita Hall usually cannot stop the act of skipping

breakfast during crucial situations. Skipping breakfast means that the person loses

opportunity to gain the nutrients which provides the energy throughout the beginning of

the day. Ramos (2014) propounded that skipping breakfast results to an inactive student

that is less interested in every aspect of school activity and there, affecting the academic

performance. This can be supported by Sandercock and his co-researchers (2010)

wherein they pointed out that the students who skip breakfast tend to be less physically

active compared to those who have eaten breakfast.

10
 Depending on their daily activity, there are times when there is too much work

from school in which they do not sleep in the right time which affects their health and

their academic performance suffers a lot. It also relates to their age, the AUPA occupants

of Sampaguita Hall may differ in their breakfast habits and reasons to why they skip

breakfast. The lower graders usually have more time to eat their breakfast than the higher

graders such as Senior High School students of AUP due to the different school works.

Having more work increases the rate of skipping breakfast.

The Social Status or the pocket money received may also play a role to the study.

If a certain dormitorian runs out of cafeteria load, they may skip breakfast unless a friend

of them answers their breakfast meal.

The Health Status can also be the cause of skipping breakfast, the AUPA

occupant of Sampaguita Hall may be health conscious or a picky eater. When they dislike

the food served in the cafeteria, they may skip breakfast. Their BMI also play a factor

whether they are underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese.

However, it is not only these factors are the trigger of skipping breakfast affecting

their academic performance. Skipping breakfast and the taking frequency of food may

also be a factor. Skipping too much may result to a negative health in which it affects the

students’ academic performance. The amount of food intake during breakfast may also

play a role as some students are health conscious that they eat less than normal.

11
Research paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Skipping Breakfast Academic Performance

Moderator Variable

 Age
 Grade level

Figure 1. Shows the connection of skipping breakfast, the independent variable, to the
academic performance, the dependent variable, and other factors put into consideration.

Hypotheses
The null hypotheses of the study are the following:

There is no relationship between the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic

performance of Sampaguita occupants in AUPA.

There is no relationship between the frequency of skipping breakfast by the

Sampaguita occupants of AUPA to their academic performance.

There is no prevalence of skipping breakfast regarding to age.

There is no prevalence of skipping breakfast regarding to grade level.

There is no relationship between skipping breakfast and academic performance.

The alternative hypotheses of the study are the following:

12
 There is a relationship between the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic

performance of Sampaguita occupants in AUPA.

There is a relationship between the frequency of skipping breakfast by the

Sampaguita occupants of AUPA to their academic performance.

There is a prevalence of skipping breakfast regarding to age.

There is a prevalence of skipping breakfast regarding to grade level.

There is a relationship between skipping breakfast and academic performance.

Definition of terms

The study prepared by the researchers includes the following operational and technical

terms:

Academic Performance (Technical) is the level of schooling you have

successfully completed and the ability to attain success in your studies (YourDictionary,

2018). (Operational) The factor affected by the act of skipping breakfast.

Breakfast (Technical) is the first meal of the day especially when taken in the

morning (Davis, 2004). (Operational) Is the meal which is often missed and

underestimated by many.

Skipping Breakfast (Technical) is a common part of many intermittent fasting

methods (Healthline, 2007). (Operational) It is the common problem of dormitorian in

AUP Sampaguita Hall.

13
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methods used in the study conducted by the researchers

to give more information and to maximize the understanding of the norms existing in the

residence hall selected. This chapter also entails the research design, the sample and

population included, the technique used for the population, research instruments used, the

data gathering procedure, and lastly, the analysis of data.

Research Design

This study is a descriptive correlational research design to determine the

phenomenological relationship between skipping breakfast to the academic performance

among the Sampaguita Hall occupants in Adventist University of the Philippines

Academy (AUPA). It will describe the relationship among these two variables rather than

to infer cause-and-effect relationship. The chosen design is relevant to the study because

it is in curiosity and assurance that this design will facilitate adequate data collection

basically by the use of questionnaires and interview scripts for guidance (Kajubi, 2007).

In agreement to Creswell’s statement in 2003 that the process of correlational research

helps reveal and understand the best predictions that influences the outcome of the study.

In addition to that, Correlation research is an effective technique that shows and describes

the relationship of one variable to another or vice versa that indicates the correlation of

the variables involved (Salkind, 2003).

The foremost nature of employing this method is to describe a certain situation as

it exists at the time of the study and to explore the knowledge upon the relationship of

skipping breakfast to the academic performance.

14
 A survey method design is also used to garner information and data from the high

school occupants in Sampaguita dormitory at AUP. The data for this study will be

collected and examined in one occasion with the intended subjects.

The researchers concluded the use of this type of research due to the desire of the

researchers to obtain first hand data and also to formulate rational and sound conclusions

and formulate recommendations for the study.

Population and Sampling Technique

The populations chosen by the researchers are the occupants of Sampaguita hall,

consisting of the high school students of Adventist University of the Philippines wherein

every respondent is female, for they are the focus of the study and are the ones yielding

the data for the research being conducted. For the sampling procedure, stratified random

sampling technique was the most suitable sampling method to employ in this research.

The researchers will group them according to their age, grade level and characteristics

that are most appropriate for the research then randomly selected from each chosen

group. The technique was chosen to avoid being biased in data collection for a fair, more

accurate and precise information obtained. The sample consists of 100 Junior and Senior

High School Students occupants of Sampaguita Hall in the Adventist University of the

Philippines.

Instrumentation

The research instruments are thoroughly examined and were selected for the

success of the research conducted. The survey was done in a form of questionnaire

consisting of 18 items and are divided into 3 parts which are the demographical data of

the respondent, the polar questions pertaining to the relationship of skipping breakfast to

15
the academic performance of AUPA Sampaguita Hall Occupants which was adopted and

modified from the work of Meenakshi Garg et al. (2014), and finally, the questions

adopted and modified from The Breakfast Survey, Public Health (2018). Though it is

adopted and modified, the questions were still checked by the experts to ensure the

success of the study and for the researchers to solicit the correct and right data. Finally,

the selected instrument is employed to obtain first-hand information.

Data Gathering Procedure

The procedure took place in the Sampaguita dormitory inside a private school in

Silang, Cavite distributing questionnaires within a span of one week which is from

November 5 to November 9. Before the actual data gathering commence, the researchers

were to adopt and modify selected items into a qualitative-quantitative type of questions

from the questionnaires used from the works of Meenakshi Garg et al. (2014) and from

The Breakfast Survey, Public Health (2018) and create few more qualitative-quantitative

questions that were then validated. Following that, a letter stating the purpose and the

importance as well as seeking permission will be sent to the academy principal, discipline

officer, and their teacher. Once the consent is granted and the date has been sent, the

researchers will then go to Sampaguita hall and distribute the survey questionnaires only

for academy student occupants. Two of the researchers will distribute the questionnaires

personally to the academy occupants in Sampaguita to ensure the validity as well be able

to reach a larger understanding of the study from the occupants’ perspective about

skipping breakfast to their academic performance while the rest of the researchers are

assigned for encoding data results.

16
Analysis of Data

The researchers used quantitative-qualitative questionnaires with the Alpha level

of 0.05 or one-tailed. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is used to determine the

relationship of the dependent and independent variables of the study. Statistical Package

for Social Sciences will be used to encode and to find results in the quantitative questions

and answers fit for statistical records. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the Turkey

Post hoc test is also used to determine whether the moderators have an effect in skipping

breakfast and if the groups also relates to one another.

On qualitative data, it includes an open-ended-questions that is designed to gather

respondents’ opinions, observations, knowledge, and feedback. The qualitative results

were presented to support results derived from the statistical test. The data collected were

addressed and analyzed through the use of proximity matrix.

17
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter will deal with the discussions of results from the data collected that

supports the study regarding the relationship of skipping breakfast to the academic

performance. The first-hand data are obtained from the adopted and modified

questionnaires, answered by 82 respondents. Supposedly, the target population is one

hundred respondents, however only eighty-two are answered leaving eighteen

questionnaires unanswered. The collected data are treated with both quantitative and

qualitative means of analyzation to identify the information that will benefit the study.

This study will entail the demographic profile of the respondents, the effects of skipping

breakfast to the student’s academic performance, the frequency of skipping breakfast

among students, the proper amount of food intake during breakfast, the prevalence of

skipping breakfast regarding to the age and grade level and the correlation of skipping

breakfast to the academic performance.

Demographic Profile

Age

Table 1.

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Age.

Age Frequency Percent

12-14 yrs. old 8 9.8

15-17 yrs. old 57 69.5

18-20 yrs. old 17 20.7

18
 Total(Valid) 82 100.0

Missing 0 0

Total 82 100.0

Figure 2. Distribution of the Respondents According to Age.

Table 1 and Figure 2 shows the age distribution of the respondents that

participated in the study. There are about eight (9.8%) that are 12-14 yrs. old, fifty-seven

(69.5%) that are 15-17 yrs. old, and seventeen (20.7) that are 18-20 yrs. old with a total of

eighty-two respondents (100%).

Grade Level

Table 2.

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Grade Level.

Grade Level Frequency Percent

19
 Grade 7 0 0

Grade 8 5 6.1

Grade 9 5 6.1

Grade 10 11 13.4

Grade11 29 35.4

Grade 12 30 36.6

Total(Valid) 80 97.6

Missing 2 2.4

Total 82 100.0

Figure 3. Distribution of Respondents According to Grade Level.

Table 2 and Figure 3 shows the grade level distribution of the respondents

participated. There are about five participants ( 6.1%) from both the Eighth and Ninth

20
Grade, eleven participants(13.4%) from the Tenth Grade, twenty-nine participants

(35.4%) from the Eleventh Grade and thirty participants (36.6%) from the Twelfth Grade

with a total of eighty (97.6%) who answered the grade level section of the questionnaire.

There are about two (2.4%) missing data. There are no participants from the Seventh

Grade during the period of distribution.

The Effects of Skipping Breakfast to a Student’s Academic Performance

Table 3.

Effects of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance.

The Effects Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Effects of .10 1.00 .6512 .23583

Skipping
Breakfast to the
Academic
Performance

Table 3 illustrates the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic performance

as perceived by the participants from the target residence hall. The part that talks about

effects has a mean of .6512 and a standard deviation of .23583. It shows that skipping

breakfast affects both the student and that student’s academic performance. Whenever a

student skips breakfast, majority of them agrees that they feel the difference when doing

their tasks, they get tired easily, and they are having trouble remembering things. In

general, it affects both their physical and mental health.

The result from the computed data is supported by the following responses that

are arranged according to their responses and are encoded the way it was written by the

respondents in the questionnaire:

21
R1:” I don’t think it does applies to me since I always skip breakfast.”
R3:” My body has well-adjusted to not having breakfast on a daily basis.”
R6: “I rarely eat breakfast when it’s weekdays and has classes.”
R10:”Because I don’t have much time having breakfast due to getting up later,
giving up for the CRs, getting ready for School. All these adds up and take too
many time for having breakfast.”
R12:” I don’t usually eat breakfast because I don’t have time to go the cafeteria.
I rather sleep than go there. Sometimes I feel work and “SABOG” when I
don’t eat my breakfast.”
R13:”Because most of the time I can’t wake early enough for breakfast, so
instead, I miss it. That’s when I realized a change in my mental,
emotional,physical state.”
R14:” Because sometimes I don’t eat breakfast and it affect my concentration in
school/academic performance.”
R18:” I experienced this before and yes those statements are true.”
R19:” I often skip breakfast and the statements above applies to me because those
statements are what I usually feel whenever I miss that important meal of the
day.”
R20:” I am used to skip breakfast eversince so this is nothing new to me, but
yeah, sometimes I do feel weak.”
R31:”Because I usually skip breakfast.”
R34:” The answers which I gave applies to me because I’m experiencing them
and I feel the difference whenever I eat or not. My body weakens whenever I
don’t eat breakfast but after awhile, I became a little active because I’m
looking something to eat.”
R35:” The statements applies to me because, I think I notice them pretty well.”
R42:”It applies to me because I often skip breakfast but it doesn’t affect my day
actually but I know that it makes a difference on my health.”
R45:” Eating breakfast to every individual and if you tend to skip breakfast, it
will affect your body and also your performance in studies. The statements above
applies to me because some of them are situations where I can also relate
myself.”
R46:” Because I sometimes skip my breakfast and some of the statements that are
written above tells alot about me. I think it would help me get reminded to
eat my breakfast regularly.”
R50:” Because my body is not used in skipping breakfast.”
R51:” Half of these statements applies to me because in the statement it shows the
importance of having breakfast daily.”
R57:” Because this is what I am and this lessens my stress.”
R58:” Because I always skip my breakfast that I am able to notice these things
happening in me.
R59:” because I rarely eat breakfast. I skip breakfast.”
1R60:” Because I usually skip breakfast.”
R61:” These statements applies to me because this is how I felt when skipping

22
breakfast. I am one of those who does not eat breakfast regularly. However, I
already got used to it.
R62:” These statements apply to me because as a resident in Sampaguita Hall, I
know I often skip breakfast due to my failure to wake up.”
R67:” I think these statements applies to me as I am a human and it is within our
nature to be affected by our regular food intake. In addition to this, we are not
self-sustaining organisms therefore we need nutrients that can be acquired from
food.”
R70:” These statements apply to me because I am a student used to constantly
skip breakfast just to get to class on time. However I started eating
breakfast more often and I have seen the difference it has made in my academic
life.”
R71:” Before transferring to AUP, I was used to skipping breakfast almost
everyday. This is why it doesn’t affect my mental body functions that much. Since
I transferred through, my body has adjusted to having breakfast regularly, so I
now feel dizzy when I do happen to skip breakfast.”
R73:” It applies to me due to the fact that I would normally have to skip breakfast
and throughout the day I would experience all that was stated about.”
R74:” It applies to me because I also do it.”
R77:” These statements applies to me because I had times when I didn’t take my
breakfast and I just can related whenever I feel hungry during morning class!”
R85:” Because I can relate since I take my breakfast sometimes and whenever I
skip I feel those kinds of negative outcomes.”
R88:” That’s exactly how I feel everyday at school.”
R94:” Because I have times that I skip breakfast.”
R96:” It reminds me of what would happen if I didn’t have breakfast.”
R97:” Because I experience it in my daily activities. I tend to space out especially
If the subject is not interesting.”
R98:” Because I usually skip breakfast and I can see the changes in my body,
mind and school performance.”
R5:” I used to ship meals and I feel something bad whenever I’m doing it.”
R15:” A breakfast is more important than having 2 dinner.”
R16:” My answers are mostly based on what I know because I haven’t really
proved that skipping breakfast can affect my concentration, memory, etc. But I
know that breakfast is really important and I rarely eat breakfast when
I’m here at AUP.”
R22:” I used to have a complete meal back when I am at my home town and that
made my body shocked after transferring here (AUP) because of that
reason I feel everything that is included at the question above.”
R26:”Whenever I eat breakfast, my mind tend to function ineffectively unlike
whenever I skip breakfast.”
R33:”I don’t know.”
R36:” I don’t know.”
R43:” These statements do not apply to me because skipping breakfast has no

23
significant effect on my performance.”
R44:” Because its my routine since junior high school and I don’t feel any change
about myself.”
R54:” Coz sometimes whenever I had breakfast I am more active at school but I
rarely have breakfast that’s why my body/ mind is used to it.”
R95:” Because I experience it everyday and I get used to it.”
R2:” These statements applies to me since it is how my body reacted.”
R7:” Skipping breakfast is needed to stop to have energy all day.”
R8:” Because b-fast is a need to have energy all day.”
R9:” Because breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Once you skip
breakfast, your daily routine is affected in a bad way. It gives us energy for the
whole day. I can’t concentrate when I’m hungry.”
R23”I need to eat breakfast regularly for if I won’t, it would surely affect my all
different aspects.”
R28:”I wish to have a continues intake of breakfast everyday because I want to be
fully energized to do all my tasks.”
R30:” The statements applies to me because breakfast is really important to me.
I’m not used to skipping breakfast meals, especially breakfast.”
R32:”No”
R40:” As a student we need to eat our meals daily, especially our breakfast.
Having an empty stomach in the morning will make our body function slowly. As
a student we need to concentrate so we should have a balanced diet as to not have
our minds wander around.”
R41:” Because I know that breakfast is highly significant.”
R52:” Because breakfast is important.”
R53:” Because it’s not my wish not to eat for breakfast.”
R56:”Eating breakfast everyday is very important. While on the other hand,
skipping breakfast can have bad effect on you physically and mentally.”
R64:” Because it is important to have breakfast. The answers above exactly tells
how I feel when skipping meals specially breakfast.”
R65:” Its important to have breakfast cause it is what gives you energy
throughout the day and a quote days that breakfast is the most important meal of
the day.”
R66:”Because as a student we need energy to be productive throughout the day to
achieve something because eating is necessary not just only to us students but
also to everyone.”
R68:”Breakfast is a must in our body, so our mental/physical body will be fully
active throughout the day. But for me I don’t much like eating breakfast but I
make sure I eat break but not in a heavy meal.”
P69:” I believe that having sustenance for the day ahead strongly affects your
performance. Breakfast is the most important as you are “breaking the past” of
the previous 4-6/8 hours of no eating. It is important to replenish your body’s
energy supply to be able to work to the best of your abilities.”
R78:” Because I am a fan of not eating breakfast in the morning, also the main

24
 reason why I now have ulcer.”
R79:” These statements are related to me because I usually don’t eat breakfast.”
R82:” The statements above is about how eating breakfast important to all
especially students and works who need enough energy to start the day. It’s very
significant since the statements are to inform students about the benefits of
breakfast to us.”
R83:” Breakfast should not be skipped no one is excluded to the result of poor
performance mentally and physically.”
R84:” Breakfast is important so it shouldn’t be skipped.”
R89:” Because everything is relevant regarding my actions and behavior, mood
in the academy.”
R90:” Because it’s important to have 3 meals a day.”
R92:” I don’t let small things affect me easily.”
R93:” Because its important to eat everyday.”
R100:” To always have my breakfast or even lunch and Dinner. So Basta its like
that. I need to have meals/ eat everyday, do not ever skip breakfast, lunch,
Dinner.”

Negative Response on the Effects of Skipping Breakfast

Based on the given responses, majority of the participants agreed on the

statements wherein they relate. Majority also mentions about feeling something bad

whenever they skip breakfast. Some respondents say that when they experience dizziness,

changes in their physical, mental and emotional health, they are less focus in their

academics and feel weaker. In an agreement to Hoyland et al. (2009), Sandercock et al.

(2010), Remond (2018) and, Drummond (2014), students tends to have more chances of

failing and that people tends to be more uninterested in participating in activities. . It also

affects their daily routine in a bad way, they also tend to space out whenever they are

uninterested and in worst case scenario, having ulcer.

Factors such as not having enough time to eat their breakfast and making it a

hobby are some of the reasons as to why they skip breakfast. Some clarifies that they skip

25
breakfast due to tardiness in which they rather sleep than wake up early and wait in line

at the cafeteria.

However, there are some who says that they skip breakfast but are not being

affected at all. Some clarifies that this is due to the fact that they are already used to

skipping breakfast that they get a hold of it even before transferring to the Adventist

University of the Philippines. It appears to be that the effect of skipping breakfast

depends on the person’s immunity; some who are breakfast skipper appears to be not

affected by not eating breakfast. In contrast to one of the response, it is within the nature

of man to be affected by the food we intake daily and in addition, no one is excluded

from the result of poor performance.

There are those participants who used to be breakfast skipper and are now starting

to eat breakfast every day. Based on what they wrote down, they can tell the difference

due to the effects of not having and having breakfast. In some cases, they are reminded

on the consequences of not eating breakfast.

Positive Response on the Effects of Skipping Breakfast

Base on the responses of those who appear to be non-breakfast skipper and some

breakfast skipper, breakfast is the most important meal of the day in which our energy is

replenished and that energy is essential for us to work in the entire day and it is not be

missed because of the four to six or eight hours of sleep. It must be eaten in the morning

due to the work and activities present in the morning. In taking breakfast results to a

much more accurate concentration. It also leads them to perform well in school. In an

agreement to the article found in J Am Diet Assoc. (2017), it is said that breakfast is what

boost the student’s body and brain throughout the day to fulfill their personal task.

26
According to a response, breakfast is said to be eaten like a king and the nutrients that are

supposedly to be taken in breakfast cannot be replenish in dinner. This can be supported

by Greene, Merendino and Jibrin (2009) and Wright and Larsen as cited by Ramos in

2014, and a quote from Davis (2004) cited by Alhafiza (2014).

Frequency of Skipping Breakfast among Students

Table 4.

Frequency of Skipping Breakfast Among Students.

The Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Frequency
The Frequency .20 1.20 .7122 .21105
of Skipping
Breakfast

The table above shows the frequency of skipping breakfast of the Adventist

University of the Philippines Academy Students of Sampaguita Hall. The mean or

average of the frequency of students skipping breakfast is .7123. The standard deviation

is .21105. It means that most of the academy students of Sampaguita have a high

frequency of skipping breakfast.

The result of the computed data is supported by other responses from the

participants regarding the choices they ticked and were arrange the way how the

responses relate to one another.

R2:”Because I prefer sleep than eating breakfast.”

R5:”Waking up late.”
R6:”It’s hard to wake up early in the morning.”
R9:”Because no take out box available in the cafeteria and walang kasama.”
R14:”I’m too lazy to wake up early.”
R15:”Because there are a lot of people lining for breakfast.”
R19:”The line in the cafeteria is too long sometimes, and is very time-
consuming.”

27
 R34:”Sometime0s I’m too tired to wake up and/or doesn’t have enough hours of
sleep.”
R20:”I feel lazy. I’m not a morning person tho.”
R26:”I choose sleep over eating breakfast in the cafeteria.”
R36:”I’m sleepy and the cafeteria closes early.”
R37:”Sleepy.”
R38:”The parents didn’t want the name used for fear it would reflect to offer
breakfast after the official start of the school day.”
R39:”I need more sleep after worship, not comfortable to sleep after breakfast.”
R44:”Because I’m lazy to go up from bed and walk to the cafeteria.”
R45:”Because I’m saving my cafload.”
R52:”I woke up late.”
R58:”Because I always choose sleep over food.”
R59:”I sleep too much.”
R60:”I’m more sleep deprived and catch up more on my sleep since I get atleast 5
or less hours of sleep everyday.”
R61:” I prefer to sleep longer than spending time for breakfast.”
R67:”I tend to sleep in on days I’ve stayed up on the night before. Therefore, I
sacrifice breakfast for sleep.”
R64:”Because sometimes I woke up late and if I eat breakfast, I’ll be late for
school and I prefer sleeping more than eating.”
R69:”Because I can’t prepare my own food/have nothing to cook.”
R70:”Sometimes, I skip breakfast in exchange for sleep.”
R73:”I usually wake up late and end up having to rush class.”
R82: “Laziness, sleepy.”
R97:”Because the line in the cafeteria is long sometimes that will make me late.”
R98:”Because the caf closes at 7AM and I wake up at 6:59AM.”

Academy dormitorian students applied other reasons why they usually skip their

breakfast meal. The highest number of reason explains that students are lazy to go to the

cafeteria, second common reason is that they wake up late and the cafeteria closes early

so they didn’t get to eat the first meal of the day. Third reason is that students prefer to

sleep rather than consume their time eating breakfast, and lastly is they think that the line

at the cafeteria is too long and they also do not like the food served in them. These

statements are supported by the works of Garg M., Radesh V., and Kumar P. (2014) in

which it is indirectly implied that it is often that there are changes in our lives which

affect our hobbies such as staying in a dormitory. Majority of the people residing in the

28
dormitory have insufficient time to eat their breakfast due to the changes in lifestyle as

well as the hectic schedules that an individual have.

Proper Amount of Food Intake during Breakfast

Below are the responses of the respondents regarding the proper amount of food

that should be eaten by an individual during breakfast.

R2:”A person must eat heavy meals during breakfast since it is the most
important meal throughout the day and it will be the source of most of your
energy.”
R6:”They said “Eat like a king in the morning”
R10:”A person said to eat heavily during breakfast/morning so that he or she will
have strength to get into class. or participete in class.”
R12:”Heavy breakfast (carbohydrates, protein milk,) fruits)”
R13:”A lot. It’s the biggest meal of the day”
R14:”Eat a lot of food”
R16:”Breakfast must be heavy meal, because this is where your body get the
energy your body needed for the whole day.”
R18:”EAT LIKE A KING! Breakfast is the most essential meal.”
R20:”I believe a person must eat as much as he could cause I believe that
breakfast is the most important meal of the day.”
R22:”A ton. Hihe.”
R23:”At least one rice or must eat more at breakfast than on different meals.”
R26:”A lot, as much as possible.“
R30:”A person should eat a lot in breakfast to have energy the whole day.“
R33:” A lot.”
R37:”During Breakfast a person must eat a lot. Because a woman might cat 300
to 400 calories at each meal and then eat two 100. Calorie snack in the late
morning and afternoon“
R46:”A heavy meal. “
R50:”A big meal to energized them throught the day.”
R52:” A lot.”
R54:”Eat like a king during breakfast, thats what I know.”
R58:”Full Breakfast – meaning heavy meal”
R61:”Eat like a king. Breakfast should be a complete/ balance meal. MORE
compared to lung and dinner.”
R65:”Probably like a lot”
R68:”A full meal with fruits and vegetable.”
R79:”For me my mom usually tells me tells me eat like a king during breakfast
because it will help you gain the energy you need for the day”
R89:”You should eat like a king for more energy and it is more important to eat
specially in the mornings.”
R90:”A lot so there will be more energy for you to start your morning.”

29
R94:”A lot that could sustain the body”
R97:”My father says that it is better to eat plenty of food in the morning to have
enough energy for the whole day.”
R1:”It depends on the person preference.”
R7:”It depends of the person’s weight, height, everyone is different from one
another”
R8:”If the person is satisfied that’s why it depends”
R9:”I don’t know. It depends sa stomach ng tao. Hahaha Basta yung mabubusog
ka..”
R15:”The same amount he/she have everyday”
R31:”It depends to the person on how much food she/he wants to eat in the
morning.”
R34:” I don’t know. it depends on how many a person can intake food.”
R40:”It depends on the person.”
R55:”It depends on the BMI of a person”
R69:”It depends on their capacity and need. They should not over-eat nor
underfeed themselves.”
R70:”It depends on the person’s appetite and consuming capabilities, but it’s
suggested that one should eat at least a bowl of cereal/grains for breakfast.
However, the best amount would be a meal packed with fiber and protein.”
R74:”It depends on the capability of a person.”
R81:”It depends to the person capability.”
R3:”Enough to keep you energized till your next meal. “
R19:”A person must eat enough food that would sustain him or her until the next
meal , depending on the health of a person.”
R28:”Sufficient amount that will satisfy the mind, body, and soul, is okay.”
R42:”Enough to give us energy through out the day.”
R44:”Food enough to survive the day.”
R45:”Many Food that will satisfy the person’s Stomache. At least a person will be
full at 80% so that there will be an enough energy for the whole day. The amount
of food depends on the person whether he/she eats big or not.”
R51:”Enough to keep a person energized till the next meal.”
R56:”Plenty. More likely 2 cups of rice. Just enough for the energy that you need
in a day.”
R73:”Enough for the body to get energy to last till the next meal.”
R78:”Enough to make it through lunch break without having snacks in between
meals to save money.”
R84:”It depends on the person, but it should be enough to have energy whenever
your having activity.”
R92:”Enough to help them function properly”
R98:”Enough. A person should eat according to what his body needs.”
R5:”As long as the amount of food makes you fall”
R35:”Until There is space left for food to be eaten or until when a person is full o
still be able to carry his/her weight.”
R36:”Until the person is full.”
R41:”Beyond average or maximum eating capacity”

30
 R59:”idk, but For me, as much as you want, eat.”
R67:”As much as they feel full but not to the point of stomachache”
R93:”you should eat how much food, you can eat. And the most important is
eating breakfast.”
R95:”As much as you can.”
R43:”Just the right amount w/ the right nutrients.”
R62:”A person must eat the proper (just right) amount in the morning in order to
have enough energy throughout the day”
R64:”Just normal servings of food.”
R71:”Personally, I think a person should eat just the right amount of food for
their body type. The amount they eat for breakfast should be more than what they
have for dinner.”
R38:”Breakfast is 100+ for the everyday breakfast is a 80+“
R53:”at least a glass .With milk or coffee withe blad and egg or margarine and
also some fruits.”
R57:”1 cup of rice, 1 glass of milk, 1 kilo veggie meat and gluten and tofu”
R60:”They should at least eat 1 serving for breakfast and are complete in
vitamins needed throughout the day”
R66:”it depends whether i’m really hungry i would eat one cup of rice with two
serving of dish and my regular amount that i eat is one cup of rice and one
serving of dish.”
R77:”For me it should have carbs that can sustain the energy of one’s body. and
also obviously vegetables and fruits to gain vitamins.”
R82:”according to my learnings, a person must eat 300. 400 cal for every
breakfast.”
R83:”Not too much but just have a half meal like a bread then coffee/milk or
chocolate drink…”
R86:”It depends on your age, activity and diet goals. Your food must have 25%
protein, 25% carbohydrates and 50% fruits/vegetables”
R88:”an apple will suffice.”
96:”A milk and a break."
R100:”I don’t know”

Out of 82 respondents, 3 are disregarded for not being able to answer the given

question and some respondents did not know the answer while 78 respondents answered.

Most of the respondents (28) answered that the proper amount of food does a person must

eat during breakfast is heavy meal or a lot, followed by thirteen respondents who

answered that the proper amount is depends to a persons’ preference, weight, height,

satisfaction, consuming capabilities and many more, another thirteen answered that a

person must eat enough food, eight answered until the person is satisfied and four

31
answered that it should be the right amount of food, but 11 out of 78 respondents

answered the question by suggesting what food and serving should be during breakfast.

These results is supported by the study of Alfhafiza which can be stated that the

proper amount of food does a person must eat is depends on the person’s activities,

physical condition, and health conditions. But during breakfast it should be heavy meals

but not overload, because this will be the source of an individual’s energy.

The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age

Table 5.1.

Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade Level

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean

Mean Std. Std. Error Lower Upper Minimum Maximum

Deviation Bound Bound

Grade 9 .8000 .14142 .06325 .6244 .9756 .60 1.00

Grade 10 .7273 .25726 .07757 .5544 .9001 .40 1.20

Grade 11 .6069 .20342 .03777 .5295 .6843 .20 1.00

Grade12 .7933 .18557 .03388 .7240 .7240 .40 1.20

Total .7120 .21621 .02497 .6623 .6623 .20 1.20

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Table 5.2.

The Analysis of Variance table regarding the Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade

Level.

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

32
 Between .560 3 .187 4.572 .006
Groups

Within Groups 2.899 7.1 .041

Total 3.459 74

Turkey Post Hoc Test

Table 5.3.

Post Hoc test table regarding the Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade Level.

95% Confidence Interval

(I) Grade (J) Grade Mean Std. Sig. Lower Upper
Level Level Difference Error Bound Bound
(I-J)
Grade 9 Grade 10 .07273 .10899 .909 -.2140 .3595

Grade 11 .19310 .09785 .208 -.0643 .4505

Grade 12 .00667 .09761 1.000 -.2501 .2635

Grade 10 Grade 9 -.07273 .10899 .909 -.3595 .2140

Grade 11 .12038 .07155 .341 -.0679 .3086

Grade 12 -.06606 .07123 .790 -.2535 .1213

Grade 11 Grade 9 -.19310 .09785 .208 -.4505 .0643

Grade 10 -.12038 .07155 .341 -.3086 .0679

Grade 12 -.18644* .05262 .004 -.3249 -.0480

Grade 12 Grade 9 -.00667 .09761 1.000 -.2635 .2501

Grade 10 .06606 .07123 .790 -.1213 .2535

Grade 11 .18644* .05262 .004 .0480 .3249

Tables 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 shows how the moderator, grade level, affects the

variables of study. Through the use of one-way ANOVA, the significant difference is

closely but not exactly determined (F (3,7.1) = 4.572, p = .006). A Turkey post hoc test

33
shows that Ninth graders residing the Sampaguita hall are the most affected people of

skipping breakfast (.80 ± .14142, p = .909), and the Twelfth graders (.7933 ± .18557, p =

1.00) compared to the Tenth graders (.7273 ± .25726, p = .909) and the Eleventh graders

(.6069 ±.20342, p = .208). There is a statistical significant relationship between the

Eleventh and Twelfth graders due to the difference of how the system works for the

senior and junior high school students ( p = .004). The Grade level may have a little

effect on the act of skipping breakfast due to the hectic works that are present.

The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age

Table 6.1

The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age.

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean

Std. Std. Lower Lower

Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum

12-14 .7500 .17728 .06268 .6018 .8982 .60 1.00

yrs.
old

15-17 .6842 .22022 .02917 .6258 .7426 .20 1.20

yrs.
old

18-20 .7882 .17987 .04362 .6958 .8807 .40 1.00

yrs.
old
Total .7122 .21105 .02331 .6658 .7586 .20 1.20

34
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Table 6.2.

The Analysis of Variance of the prevalence to the Age.

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between .154 2 .077 1.766 .178
Groups

Within Groups 3.453 79 .044

Total 3.608 81

Turkey Post Hoc Test

Table 6.3.

The Turkey Post Hoc test of the prevalence to the Age.

95% Confidence
Interval
Mean
Difference Std. Lower Upper
(I) Age (J) Age (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Bound
12-14 15-17 .06579 .07894 .683 -.1228 .2543
yrs. old yrs. old
18-20 yrs. -.03824 .08964 .905 -.2524 .1759
old

15-17 12-14 -.06579 .07894 .683 -.2543 .1228

yrs. old yrs. old
18-20 yrs. -.10402 .05778 .176 -.2420 .0340
old
18-20 12-14 .03824 .08964 .905 -.1759 .2524
yrs. old yrs. old
15-17 yrs. .10402 .05778 .176 -.0340 .2420
old

35
 Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 shows how the moderator, the age of the respondents,

affects the variables of the study. The significant relationship was not determined with

the use of Analysis of Variance (F ( 2, 79) = 1.766, p= . 178). Turkey post hoc test shows

that there is a significant difference between the participants of 18-20 years old (.7882 ±

.17987, p = .905) and 12-14 years old (.7500 ± .17728, p = .683) compared to the 15-17

years old participants (.6842 ± .22022, p = .683). However, the relationship between the

groups is not determined. Base on the findings, the age does not contribute to the act of

skipping breakfast.

Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance

Table 7.

Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance.

Correlations

Effects of Skipping Frequency of

Breakfast to the Skipping Breakfast
Academic among Students
Performance

Effects of Skipping Pearson Correlation 1 -.444**

Breakfast to the
Academic Sig. (1 tailed) .000
Performance

Frequency of Pearson Correlation -,444** 1

Skipping Breakfast
among Students Sig. (1-tailed) .000

To determine the relationship existing between students’ frequency of skipping

breakfast and its effect to their academic performance, a Pearson product-moment

correlation was used in this study. The results, shown in table, proved that there was a

significant negative correlation between skipping breakfast and academic performance

(r= -.444) using 1-tailed. Investopedia (2018) defines negative correlation in terms of

36
statistics is that it links between two variables in which one variable decreases as the

other increases. In the result shown in the table, it thus explains that the higher the

frequency of the student in skipping breakfast, the lower the academic performance the

student may executes. As supported in the study of Remond (2018) mentioned that

according to the Center for Disease Control, a student results to perform low in their

academics and school activities due to insufficient food intake especially breakfast as it is

the main source of energy for the whole day. These results and findings are supported by

the findings which state that there is a significant negative correlation between skipping

breakfast of students and to their academic performance.

37
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the

conclusions drawn as an outgrowth of this study and the recommendations for the

specific individuals that the study may concern.

Summary of Findings

The main focus of this study was to determine the relationship of skipping

breakfast to the academic performance of AUPA Sampaguita hall occupants. The

researchers used survey method. This method helped the researchers gather data within a

minimum period of time. The respondents are the occupants of Sampaguita hall,

consisting of the high school students of Adventist University of the Philippines wherein

every respondent is female. The target population is 100 respondents, however only 82

are answered leaving 18 questionnaires unanswered. The findings revealed that the

majority of the respondents are 15 to 17 years old which is (69.5%), and most of the

participants are from grade twelve (30),followed by grade eleven, ten, nine and eight. The

Quantitative data were analyzed by using the SPSS program and ANOVA. While for

qualitative data, the respondent profile matrix was used to analyze their demographic

profile, while proximity matrix was used in analyzing the questions presented. The

findings were presented and discussed in the fourth chapter by making use of frequency

tables and pie graphs.

The findings of the study were based on its research questions are as follows:

38
 1. What are the effects of skipping breakfast on the academic performance of

Sampaguita occupants in AUPA?

Researchers gathered data from the academy students in Sampaguita Hall. From

the results gathered, it shows some statements wherein the respondents said that they feel

the difference when doing tasks, get tired easily, and having trouble remembering things

when they skip breakfast. It shows that skipping breakfast affect both their physical and

mental health, and academic performance as well.

2. How often do AUPA Sampaguita occupants skip breakfast or what is the frequency

of skipping breakfast by the AUPA Sampaguita occupants?

The unified statements towards the frequency of skipping breakfast of the

Occupants of Sampaguita Hall came in with an average result, with a mean of .7123. It

shows that the academy students of Sampaguita have a high frequency of skipping

breakfast.

Moreover, respondents applied some reasons and majority of them states that they

are lazy to go to cafeteria, some reasons are they wake up late and the cafeteria closes

early so they didn’t get to eat the first meal of the day and students prefer to sleep rather

than consume their time eating breakfast, lastly, they think that the line at the cafeteria is

too long and they also do not like the food served in them.

3. What is the sufficient and proper amount of food intake that is needed by

adolescent women for breakfast?

Most of the academy occupants of Sampaguita hall who contributed to the study

stating in the survey that the proper amount of food does a person must eat during

breakfast is heavy meal or a lot, while thirteen respondents answered that it depends to a

39
persons’ preference, weight, height, satisfaction, consuming capabilities and many more,

another thirteen answered that a person must eat enough food, eight of them answered

until the person is satisfied and lastly four of them answered it should be right amount of

food, but 11 out of 78 respondents answered the question by suggesting what food and

serving should be during breakfast.

4. What is the prevalence of skipping breakfast among AUPA Sampaguita Hall

occupants in terms of:

a.) Age and,

b) Grade Level?

The prevalence of skipping breakfast among AUPA Sampaguita Hall occupants in

terms of Grade level and age has been identified using its computed mean. It turns out

that age does not contribute to the act of skipping breakfast while the grade level does in

the least. However, it is only determined in both the eleventh and twelth grade due to the

amount of participant participated in the study.

5. Is there a relationship between skipping breakfast and academic performance?

The researchers conduct a Pearson product moment correlation to know if there

was any significant relationship between skipping breakfast and academic performance.

It was then found out that there was a significant negative correlation between skipping

breakfast and academic performance. Thus it explain that the higher the frequency of

student in skipping breakfast, the lower the academic performance he or she creates.

Conclusions

Skipping breakfast was proven to affect the school performance of a student. For

parents, guardians, and dormitory deans, they can be a moderator as there are conclusions

40
of this study that focused on teenager high school female students specifically the AUP

Academy Sampaguita Hall Occupants which shows that the academic performance is

affected whether the student eats breakfast or not. Practice breakfast first thing in the

morning as it is essential to a student’s academic life and if taught at home and school by

parents, guardians, deans or experience will continue the efficiency for the students’

academic performances.

Eating a healthy breakfast before going to school results higher academic

performance to students in which it contributes to their memory, concentration and

increased energy at school. School is one of the moderator as there are conclusions

focused on the high school students that shows the relationship of skipping breakfast and

their academic performance. Additionally, students specifically high school students,

junior and senior, are usually the ones who often skip breakfast due to their hectic

schedules. Based on the results, the school works is also the cause why students skip

breakfast as they were not able to complete their eight to ten hours of sleep. Factors such

as frequency of skipping breakfast due to school rules and regulations contribute if it

pressures the students’ time management example is the time to be in class to the

cafeteria opening and closing time. Moreover, with not completing their sleeping hours,

majority of the students are lazy to go to cafeteria and have their breakfast which results

to insufficient food intake in the morning. Another variable is their year level, lower

grade levels are able to eat breakfast rather than the higher grade levels as they have

different school works and hectic schedules. Another case is lower year students tends to

have more dependency, new students that are still adapting to dormitory residence, and

higher year students that adjusts to the effort needed for new subjects. As the students

41
were unable to eat the right amount of food intake in the morning, there will be a great

impact to their academic performance as they will lose their physical and mental health.

Recommendations

The AUPA occupants of Sampaguita hall have a problem regarding the hobby of

skipping breakfast. The study presents the recommendation directly to the following

namely the dormitorians, breakfast skippers, deans, parents and guardians and the future

researchers.

To dormitorians, the outcomes of the study shows that the occupants know the

importance of breakfast and they are aware of the effects of it if they skip breakfast and

also they knew the proper amount of food does a person must eat during breakfast yet due

to some reasons they skip breakfast. Regarding to the response of the respondents, it is

recommend that the dormitorians of sampaguita hall manage their time wisely and eat at

least bread or oat meal/cereal in order to have enough energy throughout the day.

To future researchers, the study examined the relationship of skipping breakfast to

the academic performance. However, the study may have discovered the negative

correlation between the two, this study is still limited to a specific area and may not apply

to a large scale of population. The findings of the study contain gaps hence further

research must be employed for the sake of obtaining more reliable information which

would benefit those who it may concern, regardless of diverse variables that the future

researcher may encounter.

To the school organization, the researchers recommend the organization to be

aware if students are able to eat breakfast. Additionally, they should also provide students

a good quality of teaching and enough school works so that students would not be pressured

42
and would be able to have right sleeping hours and be able to have sufficient food intake

especially in the morning.

To the breakfast skippers, we should take breakfast even if there are many reasons

stopping us from doing so. It is the most important meal of the day, it will be the source

of our energy during the whole day. Possibilities that academic performance will be low

if skipping breakfast will be a daily routine for us. We should change our habits and eat

properly at the same time with the right amount of food intake.

To the deans, parents, and guardians, the outcome of the study proves that the

student’s academic performance is affected whenever they skip breakfast. Parents and

guardians can also benefit by knowing the importance of breakfast, and being aware of its

consequences, without letting their children to actually experience the negative effects of

skipping breakfast. It is suggested for them to keep in touch with their children at least

four times a week so they can determine whether their children are taking their breakfast

daily.

43
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48
 APPENDIX A

Research Instruments
Dear Respondents,
It has caught our attention that skipping breakfast problem is arising from a specific
dormitory preferred by the researchers. We, the researchers, are conducting a study entitled “The
Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance of AUPA Sampaguita
Hall Occupants” to help the people residing in the Sampaguita Hall know what happens when
skipping breakfast becomes a habit.
The information given by respondents will be kept confidential and will be used for the
sole purpose of this study. Your participation is vital to this study’s success and will also be
greatly appreciated. Thank you all and God bless.

Sincerely,
Genebago, Konstantin Von D.
Riosa, James Karl G.
Doligosa, Michelle Anne L.
Serrano, Shekinah Zhushter L.
Villaseñor, Kiana Kate A.
I.A. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Answer the following:
Name: ________________________________________ Age: Grade level:

Breakfast Skipper: or Non-Breakfast Skipper:

BMI (Body Measurement Index):

Height: ______________cm BMI: _______________
Weight: ______________kg

Socio-Economic Status:
Higher: Middle: Lower:

II. Part 1. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST TO THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF AUPA SAMPAGUITA HALL OCCUPANTS
(Meenakshi Garg et. al. 2014)
Below is a list of questions regarding the relationship of Skipping breakfast to the
academic performance .in terms of different categories. Please rate your answer the
following whether is it YES or NO.
Yes No
The Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance of
AUPA Sampaguita Hall Occupants

1.Do you feel any difference in your efficiency to work/concentrate if

you don’t consume breakfast?

2.Is it important to have meals regularly?

 3.Does breakfast influence body functioning, physical/mental?

4.Do you feel weak or tired while attending school without having
breakfast?
5.Does skipping breakfast affect your memory?

6.Does skipping breakfast affect your school attendance?

7.Does skipping breakfast affect your concentration?

8.Does skipping breakfast affect your physical activity?

9.Do you aspire to have breakfast daily?

10. Does skipping breakfast makes you feel uninterested in class?

II. Part 2.
1.How often do you eat something for breakfast?
Everyday Most days Sometimes Rarely Never

2.If there are times when you do not eat any breakfast, please explain why? (tick all that
apply)

____Because I don’t have time in the mornings.

____Because I don’t feel hungry.
____Because my school doesn’t offer a breakfast that I like.
____Because I think skipping breakfast will help me to manage my weight.
 APPENDIX B

Research Instrument
Validation of Experts
 THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST TO THE ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF AUPA SAMPAGUITA HALL OCCUPANTS
Dear Respondent,
We, the researchers, are conducting a study to help the people residing in the Sampaguita
Hall know what happens when skipping breakfast becomes a habit. It has caught our attention
that skipping breakfast problem is arising from a specific dormitory preferred by the researchers.
The information gathered from the respondents will be kept confidential and will only be
used for the sole purpose of this study. Your participation is vital to the study’s success and will
be very appreciated. Thank you all and God bless.
Sincerely,
Genebago, Konstantin Von D.
Riosa, James Karl G.
Doligosa, Michelle Anne L.
Serrano, Shekinah Zhushter L.
Villaseñor, Kiana Kate A.

I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Please answer the following.

Name (Optional): _____________________________________

Age: 12-14 yrs. old 15-17 yrs. old 18-20 yrs. old

Grade level: 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th

II. A. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE (Adopted from Meenakshi Garg et. al. 2014).
Below is a list of questions regarding the relationship of skipping breakfast to the
academic performance in terms of different categories. Please check Yes if the following applies
to you and No if you disagree.

Yes No
The Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance of
AUPA Sampaguita Hall Occupants

1. Do I feel the difference in my efficiency to work/concentrate whenever I

don’t consume my breakfast?
2. Do I feel weak or tired while attending school without having breakfast?
3. Does breakfast influence my body functioning, physical/mental?
4. Does skipping breakfast makes me feel uninterested and feel sleepy in class?
5. Does skipping breakfast affect my memory?
6. Does skipping breakfast affect my school attendance?
7. Does skipping breakfast affect my concentration?
8. Does skipping breakfast affect my physical activity?
9. Is it important for me to have meals regularly?
 10. I aspire to have breakfast daily.

Based on your answers above, why do think these statements applies to you? State your answer
below the box provided.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

II. B. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIPPING BREAKFAST TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE (Adopted The Breakfast Survey, 2018)

Put a check for each answer that applies.

1. How often do you eat breakfast within a week?

Everyday Sometimes Rarely

2. If there are times when you do not eat breakfast, please explain why? (tick all that apply)

____Because I don’t have time in the mornings.

____Because I don’t feel hungry.
____Because my school doesn’t offer a breakfast that I like.
____Because I think skipping breakfast will help me to manage my weight.

Other reasons:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. How much food does a person must eat during breakfast?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 APPENDIX C

Statistical Output
Age

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Age.

Frequency Table

Age Frequency Percent

12-14 yrs. old 8 9.8

15-17 yrs. old 57 69.5

18-20 yrs. old 17 20.7

Total(Valid) 82 100.0

Missing 0 0

Total 82 100.0
Grade Level

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents According to Grade Level.

Frequency Table

Grade Level Frequency Percent

Grade 7 0 0

Grade 8 5 6.1

Grade 9 5 6.1

Grade 10 11 13.4

Grade11 29 35.4

Grade 12 30 36.6

Total(Valid) 80 97.6

Missing 2 2.4

Total 82 100.0
The Effects of Skipping Breakfast to a Student’s Academic Performance

Effects of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance.

The Effects Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Effects of .10 1.00 .6512 .23583

Skipping
Breakfast to the
Academic
Performance

Frequency of Skipping Breakfast among Students

Frequency of Skipping Breakfast Among Students.

The Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Frequency
The Frequency .20 1.20 .7122 .21105
of Skipping
Breakfast

The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age

Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade Level

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean

Mean Std. Std. Error Lower Upper Minimum Maximum

Deviation Bound Bound

Grade 9 .8000 .14142 .06325 .6244 .9756 .60 1.00

Grade 10 .7273 .25726 .07757 .5544 .9001 .40 1.20

Grade 11 .6069 .20342 .03777 .5295 .6843 .20 1.00

Grade12 .7933 .18557 .03388 .7240 .7240 .40 1.20

Total .7120 .21621 .02497 .6623 .6623 .20 1.20
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The Analysis of Variance table regarding the Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade

Level.

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between .560 3 .187 4.572 .006

Groups

Within Groups 2.899 7.1 .041

Total 3.459 74

Turkey Post Hoc Test

Post Hoc test table regarding the Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Grade Level.

95% Confidence Interval

(I) Grade (J) Grade Mean Std. Sig. Lower Upper
Level Level Difference Error Bound Bound
(I-J)
Grade 9 Grade 10 .07273 .10899 .909 -.2140 .3595

Grade 11 .19310 .09785 .208 -.0643 .4505

Grade 12 .00667 .09761 1.000 -.2501 .2635

Grade 10 Grade 9 -.07273 .10899 .909 -.3595 .2140

Grade 11 .12038 .07155 .341 -.0679 .3086

Grade 12 -.06606 .07123 .790 -.2535 .1213

Grade 11 Grade 9 -.19310 .09785 .208 -.4505 .0643

Grade 10 -.12038 .07155 .341 -.3086 .0679

Grade 12 -.18644* .05262 .004 -.3249 -.0480

Grade 12 Grade 9 -.00667 .09761 1.000 -.2635 .2501

Grade 10 .06606 .07123 .790 -.1213 .2535

Grade 11 .18644* .05262 .004 .0480 .3249
The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age

The Prevalence of Skipping Breakfast to Age.

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean

Std. Std. Lower Lower

Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum

12-14 .7500 .17728 .06268 .6018 .8982 .60 1.00

yrs.
old

15-17 .6842 .22022 .02917 .6258 .7426 .20 1.20

yrs.
old

18-20 .7882 .17987 .04362 .6958 .8807 .40 1.00

yrs.
old
Total .7122 .21105 .02331 .6658 .7586 .20 1.20

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The Analysis of Variance of the prevalence to the Age.

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between .154 2 .077 1.766 .178
Groups

Within Groups 3.453 79 .044

Total 3.608 81
Turkey Post Hoc Test

The Turkey Post Hoc test of the prevalence to the Age.

95% Confidence
Interval
Mean
Difference Std. Lower Upper
(I) Age (J) Age (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Bound
12-14 15-17 .06579 .07894 .683 -.1228 .2543
yrs. old yrs. old
18-20 yrs. -.03824 .08964 .905 -.2524 .1759
old

15-17 12-14 -.06579 .07894 .683 -.2543 .1228

yrs. old yrs. old
18-20 yrs. -.10402 .05778 .176 -.2420 .0340
old
18-20 12-14 .03824 .08964 .905 -.1759 .2524
yrs. old yrs. old
15-17 yrs. .10402 .05778 .176 -.0340 .2420
old

Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance

Relationship of Skipping Breakfast to the Academic Performance.

Correlations

Effects of Skipping Frequency of

Breakfast to the Skipping Breakfast
Academic among Students
Performance

Effects of Skipping Pearson Correlation 1 -.444**

Breakfast to the
Academic Sig. (1 tailed) .000
Performance

Frequency of Pearson Correlation -,444** 1

Skipping Breakfast
among Students Sig. (1-tailed) .000
CURRICULUM VITAE
 Adventist University of the Philippines
Senior High School

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : James Karl G. Riosa

Date of Birth : February 24, 2000
Place of Birth : Sta. Rosa, Laguna
Home Address :Brgy. Sto Domingo Sta. Rosa, City of Laguna
Present Address :Brgy. Sto Domingo Sta. Rosa, City of Laguna
Email Address : jriosa24@gmail.com
Contact # : 0966 794 2727
Landline : None

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduated School Year

Preschool : None
Kindergarten : Sto. Domingo Kindergarten 2005
Elementary : Infant Jesus Montessori Center 2013
Junior High School: Infant Jesus Montessori Center 2017

III. AFFILIATIONS ON CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Position Club/Organization Year

Member Mast Club 2017 – 2018
Vice President Students Organization 2016 – 2017
Member Football Club 2018 – 2019

IV. AWARDS RECEIVED

Award School/Club/Organization Year

Achiever Brgy. Sto Domingo Elementary School 2008
Achiever Brgy. Sto Domingo Elementary School 2009
Special Awardee Infant Jesus Montesorri Center 2011
2nd Honorable Mention Infant Jesus Montesorri Center 2012
3rd Honorable Mention Infant Jesus Montesorri Center 2013
1st Honorable Mention Infant Jesus Montesorri Center 2014
Bronze Medalist Infant Jesus Montessori Center 2015
Bronze Medalist Infant Jesus Montessori Center 2016
Silver Medalist Infant Jesus Montesorri Center 2017
 Consistent Achiever Adventist University of the Philippines 2018

V. SKILLS
Arts
Painting
Drawing
Sketching
 Adventist University of the Philippines
Senior High School

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : Kiana Kate Adriano Villasenor
Date of Birth : June 25, 2000
Place of Birth : Pasay City
Home Address : Camias, San Miguel, Bulacan
Present Address : Camias, San Miguel, Bulacan
Email Address : kianakatie25@icloud.com
Contact # : 0956 665 5290
Landline : None

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduated School Year
Preschool : Pasay Adventist Church Elementary School 2005
Kindergarten Pasay Adventist Church Elementary School 2006
Elementary San Miguel Elementary School 2013
Junior High School San Miguel National High School 2017

III. AFFILIATIONS ON CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Position Club/Organization Year
Member English Club 2017-2018
Member Mast Club 2017-2018
Member ORGFIL 2017-2018

IV. AWARDS RECEIVED

Award School/Club/Organization Year
Best In English Pasay Adventist Church Elementary School 2006
Best In Writing Pasay Adventist Church Elementary School 2006
st
1 Honorable mention San Miguel Elementary School 2008
8th Honor San Miguel National High School 2014
Achiever San Miguel National High School 2017
 Adventist University of the Philippines
Senior High School

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : Serrano, Shekinah Zhushter L.
Date of Birth : October 15, 2000
Place of Birth : Puerto Princesa, Palawan
Home Address : #16 Chicago Tech University Hills Subdivision, Caloocan
City
Present Address : AUP Sampaguita Residence
Email Address : zhushlonghas@gmail.com
Contact # : 09275511734
Landline : None

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduated School Year

Elementary Meycauyan Adventist Elementary School 2006 - 2009
Bocaue Adventist Elementary School 2009 - 2011
Baesa Adventist Elementary School 2011 - 2013
Junior High School Baesa Adventist Academy 2013 - 2017

III. AFFILIATIONS ON CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Position Club/Organization Year

Member Choir 2011 - 2012
Member Volleyball Club 2011 – 2013
Associate Secretary Supreme Pupil Government 2012 - 2013
Member Psychology Club 2013 - 2014
Member Volleyball Club 2014 - 2015
Member Choir 2014 - 2015
Member PKF Club 2014 - 2016
Member Tecnowiz Club 2016 - 2017

IV. AWARDS RECEIVED

Award School/Club/Organization Year

Achiever : Meycauyan Adventist Elementary School 2006 - 2009
 : Bocaue Adventist Elementary School 2009 - 2011
: Baesa Adventist Elementary School 2011 - 2013
Sports Award : Baesa Adventist Elementary School 2012 - 2013
Bronze Medalist : Baesa Adventist Academy 2013 – 2014

Silver Medalist : Baesa Adventist Academy 2014 - 2017

rd
3 Place Singing : Baesa Adventist Academy 2016
Contest
Academic Excellence : Adventist University of the Philippines 2017 - 2018
(Contemporary Arts)

V. SKILLS

Singing
Playing instruments
Drawing
Painting
 Adventist University of the Philippines
Senior High School

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Michelle Anne L. Doligosa

Date of Birth : October 25, 2000
Place of Birth : Parañaque City
Home Address :Brgy. Putingkahoy Silang, Cavite
Present Address :Brgy. Putingkahoy Silang, Cavite
Email Address :michdoligosa.school@gmail.com
Contact # :0916 778 2274

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduated School Year

Preschool :Village Pre-School 2005
Kindergarten :Village Pre-School 2007
Elementary :Ville Saint John Academy 2013
Junior High School: Adventist University of the Philippines- Academy 2017
Senior High School:Adventist University of the Philippines- Academy 2018

III. AFFILIATIONS ON CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Position Club/Organization Year

Member Filipino Club 2016-2017
Member English Club 2016-2017
Member Shutters bag Club 2016-2017
Member Sports Club 2016-2017
2017-2018
2018-2019
PIO Grade 7 Class Officer 2013-2014
Member Academy Marching Band 2016-2018

IV. AWARDS RECEIVED

Award School/Club/Organization Year

Achiever Ville Saint John Academy 2007-2014
1st Honorable Mention Infant Jesus Montessori Center 2014-2015
Achiever AUPA 2015-2018

V. SKILLS
Martial Arts
Football
 Adventist University of the Philippines
Senior High School

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Konstantin Von D. Genebago

Date of Birth : November 30, 1999
Place of Birth : St. Fridz Laguna
Home Address : Sampaguita Dean's Quarter, Adventist University of the
Philippines, Putingkahoy, Silang, Cavite
Present Address : Sampaguita Dean's Quarter, Adventist University of the
Philippines, Putingkahoy, Silang, Cavite
Email Address : vonix74@gmail.com
Contact # : 09755014038
Landline : None

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduated School Year

III. AFFILIATIONS ON CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Position Club/Organization Year

Member Choir 2011 - 2012
Member Volleyball Club 2011 – 2013

IV. AWARDS RECEIVED

Award School/Club/Organization Year

Achiever : Pasay Adventist Church Elementary
School year 2011 2013

V. SKILLS

Singing
Playing
instruments
Drawing
Painting