P.S.

#1

Sarabia, Jae Anne Laiza D.

CE-205

Date Created:
July 19, 2019

Date Submitted:
July 31, 2019
1.1 Develop your personal definition for the practice of surveying.
Surveying is a method of measuring and determining relative positions by doing
a method of plotting on, above or beneath the earth’s surface. It is responsible for
analyzing and recording the quality of a land area to help in designing a plan or a map
for construction.

1.2 Explain the difference between geodetic and plane surveys.

In geodetic surveys, the curved surface of earth is considered by doing the
computations on an ellipsoid. In plane surveys, it is assumed that the base for
fieldwork and computations are to be a flat horizontal surface.

1.3 Describe some surveying applications in:

a) Archeology
Surveying in archaeology include using sonar to identify possible underground
archeology sites, to identify possible human settlements in unexplored locations, and
to help locate artifacts in sites.

b) Mining
Surveying in mining is important because it is useful in mine rescue operations.
Mining surveyors may find valuable and non-valuable metals and minerals by
measuring or assessing tunnels, mines and other underground external works.

c) Agriculture
Surveying in agriculture is used to locate lines of elevations in farming, to
track the position of planting equipment for precise applications of seeds and
fertilizers.

1.4 List 10 uses for surveying other than property and construction surveying.

• Laser scanning or terrestrial • Navigational charts used on the

photogrammetry land, in the air, or at the sea
• Optical tooling • Mapping waterways and oceans
 • Forensic surveying that • Mapping the Earth’s surface
involves mapping of sites when with laser scanning, remote
an accident occurred sensing and photogrammetry
• Formation of topographic sheets
and maps
• Performing ordinance surveys • Mapping archeological artifacts
• Creating land and geographic
information systems for the use
of public

1.5 Why is it important to make accurate surveys of underground utilities?

It is important to make accurate surveys of underground utilities for its
convenience to be found in case of the need of repairs. Also, to prevent accidental
destructions on excavation of projects.

1.6 Discuss the uses for topographic surveys.

Topographic surveys are used to identify elevations. These include maps for
site location buildings, highway designs, construction surveys, etc.

1.7 What are hydrographic surveys, and why are they important?
Hydrographic surveys determine the bodies of water like oceans, reservoirs,
streams, depth of lakes, shorelines, etc. It is associated with the marine environment.

1.8 Name and briefly describe three different surveying instruments used by early
Roman engineers.
• Dioptra – a surveying instrument suitable for the precise measurement of
horizontal, vertical and angular distances between two celestial or terrestrial
points.
• Chorobates – used for the leveling of aqueducts and for measuring horizontal
planes.
• Groma – a principal tool used by the Roman surveyors to trace on the ground
simple and orthogonal alignments, necessary for the construction of roads, city,
temples and agricultural lands subdivision.
1.9 Briefly explain the procedure used by Eratosthenes in determining the Earth’s
circumference.
Eratosthenes came to a conclusion that the Egyptian cities of Alexandria and
Syene were located on the same meridian and that the sun was above at Syene. If he
could measure the arc length between the two cities, he could compute the earth’s
circumference. He determined this by measuring the length of the tall vertical staff at
Alexandria. By multiplying the caravan days between Alexandria and Syene, the arc
length was found. The earth’s circumference was calculated to be 25,000 mi.

1.10 Describe the steps a land surveyor would need to do when performing a
boundary survey.
• Walking of property with • Location survey of property
owner • Resolution of conflicting
• Research to locate deed of elements between deed and
property and determine survey
ownership, conflicts of interest, • Survey report delivered to the
etc. owner

1.11 Do laws in your state specify the accuracy required for surveys made to lay out
a subdivision? If so, what limits are set?
In the Philippines, it requires an angle of 70 degrees between two consecutive
courses and the intervals should not exceed than 180 meters along boundaries except
where natural or man-made testimonials may be waived only through written
agreement between surveyor and client.

1.12 What organizations in your state will furnish maps and reference data to
surveyors and engineers?
• Geodetic Engineers of the Philippine

1.13 List the legal requirements for registration as a land surveyor in your state.
• Passing the board examinations for Geodetic engineers
• Diploma in any related field of Civil Engineering
1.14 Briefly describe the European Galileo system and discuss its similarities and
differences with GPS.
The Global Navigations Satellite System (GNSS) provides improved
positioning and timing information with significant positive implications for many
European services and users. GPS is a similar technology, however, GNSS have
satellites with their own frequencies with the same codes and GPS use the same
frequency but different codes.

1.15 List at least five non surveying uses for GPS.

• Securing artworks
• Prevention of car theft
• Mining
• Tracking law enforcement
• Flying planes

1.16 Explain how aerial photographs and satellite images can be valuable in
surveying.
Aerial photographs and satellite images are used in land surveying to compute
coordinates of section corners, boundary corners, or point of evidences to locate these
corners. These are used to determine precise ground coordinates of points in control
surveying and to develop maps and routes. These play an important role in developing
data for Land and Geographic Information Systems.

1.17 Search the Internet and define a VLBI station. Discuss why these stations are
important to the surveying community.
Very-long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a type of astronomical
interferometry used in radio astronomy. Signal from a radio source is collected at
multiple radio telescopes on Earth. This station gives accurate locations on the surface
of earth. It is used to develop worldwide reference frameworks that links continents
and provides information for satellites.
1.18 Describe how a GIS can be used in flood emergency planning.
GIS provides routes out of a flooded area and is capable of overlaying soil
type and its permeability. Also, it can be used to provide a list of business and
residences to be affected by possible flooding.

1.19 Visit one of the websites listed in Table 1.1, and write a brief summary of its
contents. Briefly explain the value of the available information to surveyors.
• National Geodetic Survey – This provides GNSS and GPS data, Remote
Sensing, Land surveying, Geodisy, Training and Education and Datums and
Transformations. Also, it includes the outline of all locating activities in the
land. The foundational elements of latitude, longitude, elevation, and shoreline
information impact a wide range of important activities.

1.20 Read one of the articles cited in the bibliography for this chapter, or another of
your choosing, that describes an application where GPS was used. Write a brief
summary of the article.
• Using GIS as a Business Tool – The article is about developing a new business
with the help of GIS, thus, having greater chance for the business to expand and
be successful. This is due to the fact that GIS grants a promising growth of
opportunity in business products to be sold. GIS is recommended in this article
for the influence and control in businesses with a connection globally that may
lead to a successful future for everyone.

1.21 Same as Problem 1.20, except the article should be on safety as related to
surveying.
• Safety Sense: Stepping Out Safely – This article is about the wearing of safety
equipment for the safety of individuals on the construction site. In this article,
it is stated that the wearing of safety equipment should be a policy because it is
mandatory to wear safety equipments.