CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology adopted for the study. It is organized under

the following sub-headings; Research Design, Area of Study, and Population of the Study,

Sample Size and Sampling Techniques, Instrument for Data collection, Validity of the

Instrument, Reliability of the Instrument, Administration of the Instrument, Method of Data

Analysis.

3.1 Design of the Study

The research design adopted for this study is the descriptive survey research design which is

concerned with conditions or relationships that exist and practices that prevail. It is a model

for attestation that allows the researcher to draw deductions as to the causal relations between

adult education programs and cultism in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State.

3.2 Area of the Study

Gokana is a Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town

of Kpor. It has an area of 126 km² and a population of 228,828 at the 2006 census. Gokana is

divided into sixteen towns, each headed by a king. The sixteen towns are further subdivided

into villages. All sixteen towns have one common ancestry.the native Gokana week is made

up of five days, Maa, Bon, Zua, SJon, Koo (pronounced cur). Koo is the official sabbath or

rest day when our indigenes were to stay at home and not go to the farm. The Gokana people

have a rich cultural heritage. There are several community secondary schools in Gokana

Local Government Area.

23
3.3 Population of the Study

The population of the study was 1,403 members of various youth groups/organization in

communities in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State. The population is restricted

to youths in organized groups comprising (comprising both young men and young women

between ages 18years to 40years) in eight communities namely; Barako, B. Dere, Deoyor,

kpor, K. Dere, Lewe, Bodo and Yeghe. The population of study is described in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Population of Study

S/N Youth Association Population

1 Barako Youth Initiative 241
2 B. Dere Youth for Development 387
3 Deoyor Peace Movement 156
4 kpor Football Association 87
5 Youth for Excellence, K. Dere 111
6 Lewe Youth Association 154
7 Bodo Youth Development Forum 123
8 Youth for Peace Yeghe 144
Total 1403
Source: Gokana Local Government Council

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample size of the study was 78 members of various youth groups/organization in

Gokana LGA. The proportionate sampling technique was adopted in selecting 10% of the

population of each of the youth groups in the study area. Table 3.2 describe the sample of the

study.

Table 3.2: Sample of the Study

S/N Youth Association Population Sample Size

1 Barako Youth Initiative 241 24
2 B. Dere Youth for Development 387 39
3 Deoyor Peace Movement 156 16
4 kpor Football Association 87 9
5 Youth for Excellence, K. Dere 111 11
6 Lewe Youth Association 154 15
7 Bodo Youth Development Forum 123 12
8 Youth for Peace Yeghe 144 14
Total 1403 140

24
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument for data collection in this study was a questionnaire which was titled; Adult

Education Programs for Reducing Cultism (AEPRC). The instrument is divided into two

sections. Section A will contain demographic information of the respondents while section B

will contain statement items from the research questions. The respondents would be

requested to respond to research questions items based on a four point modified likert scale of

Strongly Agree (SA-1, Agree (A)--2, Disagree (D)--3 and Strongly Disagree (SD)--4.

3.6 Validity of the Instrument

To validate the instrument, the content and face validity was determined by the expert

judgment of the researcher’s supervisor and two other experts in the field of Measurement

and Evaluation, Rivers State University. The suggestions in regards to the scope,

comprehensive, face and logical validity were used to draw the final instrument.

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument

In order to ensure the reliability of the instrument, the test-retest method was adopted. In this

method, 20 copies of the questionnaire were administered to 20 respondents who are not part

of the sample for the study. After two weeks, the same instrument was re-administered to the

same people. The two sets of scores were analysed using Cronbach alpha to ascertain

internal consistency of the work. A reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained.

3.8 Administration of Instrument

In collecting the data for the study, the researcher visited the schools personally to administer

the questionnaire. In the schools, research assistant was implored to assist in the

administration of the questionnaire. The use of a research assistant in the distribution of the

instrument was because s/he was familiar with the environment as well as their levels more

25
than the researcher. As such, a combination of the researcher and the assistant facilitated the

actualization of the researcher’s objectives. Copies of the questionnaire administered to the

respondents were collected immediately it was completed.

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

Data will be analyzed using statistical tools such as percentage and arithmetic mean to answer

the research questions. The t-test will be used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of

significance.

26
References

Abraham, G. (2011). Appraisal of youths participation in selected communities of Ogbaland,

Rivers State. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Agricultural Research. 7(7), 12-16.
Adesope, O. M., Odurukwe, S. N., Ugwoke, F. O., & Amaji, P. O. (2004). Youth
involvement in small scale agricultural enterprises in Mbaise area of Imo State,
Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences. 2(2), 28-34.
Adewale, R. (2005). Violence in the citadel: The menace of secret cults in the Nigerian
universities. Nordic Journal of African Studies. 14(1), 79-98.
Aghalino, S. O. (2012). Brief but revolutionary: Yar’ Adua and the sustainable development
of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of History, Political
Science and International Relations. 1(6), 144-151.
Aghara, A. (2010). Rural Youths Development Needs in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria.
Journal of Human Ecology. 32(1), 29-36.
Ajayi I. A., Ekundayo H. T. and Osalusi F. M. (2010). Menace of Cultism in Nigrerian
Tertiary Institutions: The Way Out. Antropologist. 12(3), 155-160.
Angaye, L. (2015). Niger Delta Youth Restiveness and Socio-Economic Development of
Nigeria. Educational Research and Review. 5(7), 400-407.
Anyanwu, E. (2011). Bourgeoisie against Peasants: A Political Diagnosis of the Evil
Consequences of Multinational in Africa. Journal of Interventional Studies. 1(2), 45-
50.
Bishop, P. (2009). Curbing Youth Restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The
Relevance of Sports. Afrika Focus. 2(1), 109–129.
Briggs, B., Ololube, S., Kpolovie, R. T., Amaele, E. & Amanchukwu, S. (2012). Vicious
Hazard to Peace Culture in Tertiary Education: The Activities of the Secret Cults.
British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science. 3(1), 65-75.
Craig, K. and Bittel, S. (2017). Social Conflict in the South-South Nigeria: Implications for
foreign Investment. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations.
5(4), 335-340.
Daodu, M. A (2003). Student cultism in Nigerian Secondary Schools. Nigerian Education
reviews. 8 (1), 186-194.
Diejomoah , T. and Orimalada, C. (2013). The e of Family in Managing Indiscipline
among Youths in Nigeria. Journal of Counselling Psychology. 1, 45-51.
Duman, C. (2005). Secret cult activities in institutions of higher learning: lessons from the
Nigerian situations. Study Tribes Tribals, 7(1), 17-25.
Echezona, K. (2007). The menace of secret cults in the Nigerian Universities. Nordic Journal
of African Studies. 14(1), 79-98.

27
Efstratoglou, L. & Nikolopoulou, W. (2011). Strategies for the Return of Vocational
Education in Nigeria. Education and Development. 2(1), 98-107.
Ezeaku, C. (2009). Human security and educational development in the Niger Delta Region.
Journal of Human Security. 8(1), 47-67.
Fafunwa, V. (2004). Utilization of Self-Counseling Theories for Youth Peer Relationship.
The Lagos Counsellor. 1(1),5-21.
Falae, I. (2012), Personality dimensions to cultism in Nigeria tertiary institutions: A
sociological perspective. Journal of Human Ecology. 16(2), 91-98.
Gbosi, D. (2016). Education in Nigeria: Its Functional and Dysfunctional roles. The
Developing Economies. 17(2), 162-171.
Jhingan, R. (2008). Information availability and the extent of use in public library, Abeokuta.
Borno Library, Archival, and Information Science Journal. 7(1), 65-74.
Kotsikis, A. (2007). Mal-distribution and poverty as factors in the crisis of the Nigeria state.
The Constitution. A Journal of Constitutional Development. 1(2), 1-13.
Mohammed, M.O.B (2004). Discipline among students in the Nigerian University: The
contribution of students’ union. Eko journal of Educational Research. 1(1), 189 –
195.
Momba, F. (2013). Information as a fifth vital element and its influence on the culture of the
people. Journal of Information Science. 13(3), 27-36.
Niger Delta Partnership Initiative (2015). Rise in Cult Violence and Insecurity in Rivers
State. The Fund for Peace. Port Harcourt. 1(1), 1-6.
OECD. (2015). Learning Opportunities for Adults: General Report. Paris. OECD.
Ofem, N. I., & Ajayi A. R. (2008). Effects of youth empowerment strategies on conflict
resolutions in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: Evidence from Cross River State. Journal of
Agriculture and Rural Development. 6(1,2), 139-146.
Ololube, N. P. (2012). Sociology of education and society: An interactive approach. Owerri:
Springfield Publishers.
Ololube, N. P., Agbor, C. A., & Uriah, O. A. (2013). Vicious Hazard to Peace Culture in
Tertiary Education: The Activities of the Secret Cults. British Journal of Education,
Society & Behavioural Science. 3(1), 65-75.
Omotayo, G. (2005). Rural and community development in Nigeria: an assessment. Arabian
Journal of Business and Management Review. 2(2),17-30.
Onyekpe, L. (2007) Apprenticeship contracts small enterprises and credit markets in Ghana.
The World Bank Economic Review. 9(3), 451-475,
Oyesola, R. (2002). Recreational facilities in schools: A panacea for youths' restiveness.
Journal of Human Ecology. 18(2), 93-98.

28
Ozohu-Suleiman, A. (2006). The Nigerian youth in contemporary political development:
Relevance, challenges, and role expectation. The Constitution. A Journal of
Constitutional Development. 6(4), 97- 111.
Robinson, B. (2001). Socio-economic factors affecting choice of livelihood activities among
rural dwellers In Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science.
7(4), 52-56
Udoh, K. & Ikezu, R. (2015). Public Sector economics. University of Port Harcourt Printing
Press
United Nations (2014)
Ushe, F. (2014). Sources of Procurement of Drugs among students in Lagos State University.
Eko Journal of Education Research. 1(1), 202- 213.
Zarifis, F. (2000). Managing youth at election. The Constitution. A Journal of Constitutional
Development. 7 (1): 76-87.

29