TERM PAPER OF

MTH-101 ON
Giving examples explain the
symbolical method (use of operator D)
of solution of simultaneous first order
ordinary differential equations.

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MUBASSHIR Mr PAWAN KUMAR
SHAKEEL DEPTT. OF MATH
SEC E4005
REGD.NO:11005873
ROLL NO:B28
Acknowledgement

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We would also like to very sincere thank to our
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morally in every stage of the term paper. Without their
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It gives us immense in expressing a deep sense of
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University.
There times in such term paper when clock beats you
again and again and you run out of energy and you want to
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our family for their boost and support in every sphere.
Their vital push infused a sense of insurgency in me.
Contents

 Introduction
 Differential Equations
 Ordinary Differential Equation
 First Order
 Solution
 Example
 References Cited
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown

function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function
itself and its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations play a
prominent role in engineering, physics, economics and other disciplines.
Differential equations arise in many areas of science and technology:
whenever a deterministic relationship involving some continuously
varying quantities (modelled by functions) and their rates of change in
space and/or time (expressed as derivatives) is known or postulated.
This is illustrated in classical mechanics, where the motion of a body is
described by its position and velocity as the time varies. Newton's Laws
allow one to relate the position, velocity, acceleration and various forces
acting on the body and state this relation as a differential equation for
the unknown position of the body as a function of time. In some cases,
this differential equation (called an equation of motion) may be solved
explicitly.
An example of modelling a real world problem using differential
equations is determination of the velocity of a ball falling through the air,
considering only gravity and air resistance. The ball's acceleration
towards the ground is the acceleration due to gravity minus the
deceleration due to air resistance. Gravity is constant but air resistance
may be modelled as proportional to the ball's velocity. This means the
ball's acceleration, which is the derivative of its velocity, depends on the
velocity. Finding the velocity as a function of time requires solving a
differential equation.
Differential equations are mathematically studied from several different
perspectives, mostly concerned with their solutions, the set of functions
that satisfy the equation. Only the simplest differential equations admit
solutions given by explicit formulas; however, some properties of
solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without
finding their exact form. If a self-contained formula for the solution is not
available, the solution may be numerically approximated using
computers. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on
qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations, while
many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions
with a given degree of accuracy.
Ordinary differential equation

In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (or ODE) is a relation

that contains functions of only one independent variable, and one or
more of their derivatives with respect to that variable.
A simple example is Newton's second law of motion, which leads to
the differential equation

for the motion of a particle of constant mass m. In general, the

force F depends upon the position x(t) of the particle at time t, and thus
the unknown function x(t) appears on both sides of the differential
equation, as is indicated in the notation F(x(t)).
Ordinary differential equations are distinguished from partial differential
equations, which involve partial derivatives of functions of several
variables.
Ordinary differential equations arise in many different contexts including
geometry, mechanics, astronomy and population modelling. Many
famous mathematicians have studied differential equations and
contributed to the field, including Newton, Leibniz, the Bernoulli
family, Riccati, Clairaut, d'Alembert and Euler.Much study has been
devoted to the solution of ordinary differential equations. In the case
where the equation is linear, it can be solved by analytical methods.
Unfortunately, most of the interesting differential equations are non-
linear and, with a few exceptions, cannot be solved exactly.

Let y be an unknown function

in x with y(n) the nth derivative of y, and let F be a given function

then an equation of the form

is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE) of order n. If y is an
unknown vector valued function
,
it is called a system of ordinary differential equations of dimension m (in
this case, F : ℝmn+1→ ℝm).
More generally, an implicit ordinary differential equation of order n has
the form

where F : ℝn+2→ ℝ depends on y(n). To distinguish the above case from

this one, an equation of the form

is called an explicit differential equation.

A differential equation not depending on x is called autonomous.
A differential equation is said to be linear if F can be written as a linear
combination of the derivatives of y together with a constant term, all
possibly depending on x:

with ai(x) and r(x) continuous functions in x. The function r(x) is called

the source term; if r(x)=0 then the linear differential equation is
called homogeneous, otherwise it is called non-homogeneous
or inhomogeneous.Solutions
Given a differential equation

a function u: I ⊂ R → R is called the solution or integral curve for F,

if u is n-times differentiable on I, and

Given two solutions u: J ⊂ R → R and v: I ⊂ R → R, u is called

an extension of v if I ⊂ J and

A solution which has no extension is called a global solution.

A general solution of an n-th order equation is a solution
containing n arbitrary variables, corresponding to n constants of
integration. A particular solution is derived from the general
solution by setting the constants to particular values, often chosen to
fulfill set 'initial conditions or boundary conditions'. A singular solution is
a solution that can't be derived from the general solution.

FIRST ORDER

Any differential equation of order n can be written as a system of n first-

order differential equations. Given an explicit ordinary differential
equation of order n (and dimension 1),

define a new family of unknown functions

for i from 1 to n.
The original differential equation can be rewritten as the system of
differential equations with order 1 and dimension n given by

which can be written concisely in vector notation as

with

and
Example of first order

SOLUTION:-

In this case g Hx, yL yields y as an implicit function of t. Differentiating g Hx,

tL with respect to x gives

EXAMPLE OF FIRST Ordinary differential equation

SOLUTION:-
REFERENCES CITED

 Google
 Wikipedia
