PAPER

“THE BENEFITS OF PETROLEUM”

Arranged by:

Grace Cantika Christa Pinontoan

SMA KRISTER 2”BINSUS” TOMOHON

TWELVE SCINCE ONE
2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE COVER

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 PREFACE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

a. Background

b. Problem Formulation

c. Limitation Of Problem

d. Writing Objectives

e. Benefits Of Writing

f. Writing Methode
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

CHAPTER III CLOSING

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PREFACE

Thank to the Lord Jesus the Almighty God, because of his blessings and mercy I

can finish this paper well. I thank the parties who helped me in making this

paper. Especially the subject matter teacher who had given the assignment to

make this paper so that I could know about Petroleum.

I hope this paper can be useful for readers to complete the available sources.

And I realize that this paper far from perfect, so I request criticism and

suggestions from readers so that in the future I can make a better one.

Tomohon 28th July 2019

Grace Cantika Christa Pinontoan

 CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

A. BACKGROUND

Petroleum is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, a chemical compound

containing hydrogen and carbon, which forms naturally in underground reserves

in sedimentary rocks. Derived from the Latin petra, which means stone, and

oleum, which means oil, the word "petroleum" is often interpreted by the word

"oil". Broadly defined, oil includes primary products (raw) and secondary products

(processed / refined products).

Petroleum is also often interpreted to originate from weathering the remains of

organisms so that they are called fossil fuels. Petroleum comes from

microorganisms, dead plants and animals. The remains of the organism settled on

the bottom of the earth and then covered with mud. The mud gradually turns

into sedimentary rock due to the influence of the pressure layer on it.

Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria describe

the remains of microorganisms into oil and gas.

The process of forming oil and gas takes millions of years. The oil and gas

formed permeated the porous rocks like water in a rock. Oil and gas can also
migrate from one area to another, then concentrated if blocked by an

impermeable layer. Even though petroleum and natural gas are formed at the

bottom of the ocean, many sources of oil and gas are found on land. This

happens because of the movement of the earth's crust, so that some oceans

become land.

In addition to fuel, oil and natural gas are important industrial materials. Materials

or products made from oil and gas are called petrochemicals. Today tens of

thousands of types of petrochemical materials can be classified into plastics,

synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, pesticides, detergents, solvents, fertilizers, and

various types of drugs.

Crude oil is one of the most important types of oil which is processed into

various refinery products, but some other oil raw materials are also used to

produce various oil refinery products. There are various kinds of refinery

products produced from crude oil, many of which are for special purposes, such

as gasoline for motor vehicles or lubricants; others are used to produce heat,

such as diesel / diesel oil (gas oil) or fuel oil (fuel oil).

Petroleum has an important role in our lives. It is used for raw materials and

chemical industry raw materials. Motorized vehicles passing by on the road using

bakara from processed petroleum. Petroleum and its derivatives are used to make

drugs, fertilizers, food additives, plastics, building materials, paints, clothing, and for

electricity generation.
Petroleum that has been processed and utilized by humans, for example, such as

lubricants, plastics, rubber, fuel oil, bitumen, candles, pesticides, paint).

The nature and basic characteristics of petroleum are what determine the

subsequent treatment of petroleum itself in its processing. This will also affect

the products produced from the oil processing.

Based on the OWEM (OPEC World Energy Model) model, world oil demand in the

medium term period (2002-2010) is estimated to increase by 12 million barrels

per day (bpd) to 89 million bpd or grow an average of 1.8% per year. Whereas in

the following period (2010-2020), demand rose to 106 million bpd with a growth

of 17 million bpd.

Data source: http://dtwh2.esdm.go.id/dw2007/

Knowledge of petroleum and natural gas is very important for us to know,

considering that petroleum and natural gas are an energy source that cannot be

renewed, while the use of this energy source in our daily lives is very broad in

scope and sufficiently plays an important role or controls live a lot of people.
Petroleum is a hydrocarbon compound. The nature and basic characteristics of

petroleum are what determine the subsequent treatment to process petroleum. This

will also affect the products produced from the oil processing. So from that the

knowledge of petroleum is very important, considering that the most widely used

SDA cannot be updated so that we must try to find alternatives and try to save

oil.
 B. Problem Formulation

1. Where does oil come from?

2. What is the composition of petroleum?

3. What are the fractions in petroleum?

4. What are the benefits of petroleum?

5. What are the negative effects of petroleum?

6. What are alternative ingredients for petroleum?

C. Limitation Of Problem

In this paper only those that are related to the the bennefits of petroleum ?in

general will be discussed.

 D. Writing Objectives

The purose of this paper was written, among others.

1. Knowing and understanding where petroleum comes from,

2. Knowing and understanding the composition of petroleum,

3. Knowing and understanding fractions in petroleum,

4. Knowing and understanding the benefits of petroleum,

5. Knowing and understanding the negative impacts of petroleum,

6. Knowing and understanding alternative ingredients for petroleum.

E. Benefits of writing

Benefits of writing this paper include

 To fulfill the task of making english papers

 Deepening knowledge about petroleum and its processing and the benefits

and negative impacts on human life.

 Get to know various alternative energy sources that are more

environmentally friendly.
F. Writing Method

This paper is prepared ,based on one’s own thoughts, and supported by

various sources from the internet,and books that support the writing of the

paper

1. Cover

2. Dedication sheet

3. Validation sheet

4. Table of contents

5. Preface

6. Chapter I PRELIMINARY

7. Chapter II Contents

8. Chapter III Closing

9. Bibliography

10. Attachment
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

Definition of Petroleum

Petroleum is a complex mixture which consists mostly of hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons that depend on petroleum are alakana. Then cycloalkanes. Other

components are aromatic hydrocarbons, a small amount of alkene, and various carbon

compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Crude oil (petroleum) is a complex mixture, especially

consists of hydrocarbons together with a small number of components

contains sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen and very few components which

containing metal.

The hydrocarbon structure found in crude oil:

Energy sources that are widely used for cooking, motor vehicles, and industry,

come from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. The three types of fuel come from

weathering the remains of organisms so they are called fossil fuels.

 Oil and natural gas are thought to originate from oceanic microorganisms, both

plants, and animals. The remnants of the organism settled in the bottom of the ocean,

then covered with mud. The mud layer gradually turns to rock due to the influence of

the layer pressure on it. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic

bacteria decompose the remains of the microorganisms and convert them into oil and

gas. The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years.

Formed oil and gas seep in the form of porous rock like water in a rock. Oil and

gas can also migrate from one area to another, then be concentrated if it is blocked by

impermeable layers. Although oil and natural gas are formed on the ocean floor, there

are many sources of oil and gas found on land. That happened because of the movement

of the earth's crust so that most of the oceans became land.

History of Petroleum

At present, a large number of scientists

generally believe that petroleum is an ancient
living creature under high-temperature
pressure and after going through a long and
slow process of processing, the living creatures
of the ancient past turn into petroleum.
However, what makes scientists confused is
that actually, it takes the number of times
prehistoric organisms on a large scale are collected and buried, and can only produce so
much oil as it is today.

This problem was answered in Scientist magazine in late November 2003. The author of
the article, Jeffry S. Dukes of the University of Utah, through the results of calculations
from the existing industrial and geochemical and biological data: 1 gallon of American
petroleum, apparently requires 90 tons of ancient plants as material, meaning 1 liter of
petroleum comes from 23.5 tons of ancient plants. Then how many plants can reach
23.5 tons? The results of the calculations found, that it is equivalent to 16,200 square
meters of wheat, including leaves, stems and all roots.

Why do we need ancient creatures in such large quantities that they can turn them into
petroleum? The reason is that petroleum must be under high-temperature pressure so
that it can only produce petroleum, then after ancient living things die, if burial is not
fast, it will decay and decompose.

Viewed from another perspective, geological data shows that the earth in ancient times
was absolutely impossible to be bigger in size than the earth today, and also the amount
of oxygen content in air and air temperatures in ancient times was approximately 30%
higher than the earth today, or in other words, the rot speed of living things is faster than
now. If petroleum came from the bodies of living things through carbon circulation,
even though the shape of the body of an ancient creature was larger, if the burial ratio
was faster and the large scale was very low it would also be very difficult, this is what
can be known from imperfect dinosaur fossils. and there are not many of them, which
we can only explore now. An individual fossil of such a dinosaur is not easy to store.
Petroleum Formation

Energy sources that are widely used for cooking, motorized vehicles and industry come
from petroleum, natural gas, and coal. These three types of fuel come from weathering
the remnants of organisms so they are called fossil fuels. Petroleum and natural gas
come from micro-organisms of the oceans, plants, and animals that died about 150
million years ago. The remains of the organism settle to the bottom of the ocean which
is then covered by mud. The mud layer gradually turns to rock due to the influence of
temperature and pressure of the layer above it. Meanwhile, with increasing pressure and
temperature, anaerobic bacteria decompose the remains of the microorganisms and
convert them into oil and gas.

The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. Oils and gases that form
have seeped in porous rock like water in a rock. Dangas oil can also migrate from one
area to another, then concentrated if it is blocked by impermeable layers. Although oil
and natural gas are formed on the ocean floor, there are many sources of oil and gas
found on land. This happens because of the movement of the earth's crust, so that part of
the ocean becomes land.
 Discussing the identification of petroleum cannot be separated from the
discussion of the theory of petroleum formation and its formation conditions which
make petroleum to be specific and not the same between petroleum with other
petroleum.

There are many hypotheses about the formation of petroleum which were put forward
by experts, some of which are:

1. Theory of Petroleum Formation

Discussing the identification of petroleum cannot be separated from the discussion of

the theory of petroleum formation and its formation conditions which make petroleum
to be specific and not the same between petroleum with other petroleum. The following
will discuss 2 theories of the formation of petroleum.

a. Theory of Biogenesis (Organic)

Macquarie (France, 1758) was the first person to put forward the opinion that petroleum
came from plants. Then M.W Lamanosow (Russia, 1763) also stated the same thing.
Opinions above are also supported by other scholars such as Nem Beery, Engler, Bruk,
Bearl, Hofer. They said that "oil and gas derived from marine organisms that died
millions of years ago and formed a layer in the bowels of the earth."
b. Theory of Abiogenesis (Inorganic)

Berthelot (1866) stated that in petroleum there is an alkali metal, which is a free state
with high temperature will come in contact with C02 to form acetylene. Then
Mendeleyev (1877) suggested that petroleum was formed due to the effect of the
working of steam in metal carbides in the earth. Even more extreme is the statement of
some experts who suggest that petroleum began to form since prehistoric times, long
before the earth was formed and together with the formation of the earth.

CaCO3 + Alkali → CaC2 + HO → HC = CH → Petroleum

 2. Petroleum Components

Oil from exploration (drilling) is still in the form of crude oil or crude oil. This crude oil

contains various gaseous, liquid and solid chemicals. The main components of

petroleum are hydrocarbon compounds, both aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic. The

level of carbon in petroleum can reach 50% -85%, while the rest is a mixture of

hydrogen elements and other elements. For example, nitrogen (0-0.5%), sulfur (0-6%),

and oxygen (0-3.5%).

1. Aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in straight chains

Straight aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds are usually called alkanes or normal bowls of

paraffin. These compounds are found in natural gas and petroleum which have short

carbon deposits. Example:

1. Methane CH4

2. Ethane CH3 - CH3

3. Propane CH3 - CH2 - CH3

4. Butane CH3 - (CH2) 2 - CH3

5. n-heptane CH3 - (CH2) 5 - CH3

6. ISO octane CH3 - C (CH3) 2 - CH2 - CH - (CH3) 2

2. Cyclic form hydrocarbon compounds

Cyclic hydrocarbon compounds are cycloalkanes or cycloparafin hydrocarbons. This

hydrocarbon compound has the same molecular formula as an alkene, but does not have

a double bond and forms the structure of the clinician. In petroleum, these cyclic

molecules sometimes combine to form a molecule composed of several cyclic

compounds.

3. Branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds

Isoalkane or isoparaffin group compounds. The amount of hydrocarbon compounds is

not as much as straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds and cyclic form

hydrocarbon compounds.
4. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds

Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds are cyclic hexagon-shaped hydrocarbons, alternating

double bonds, and are unsaturated hydrocarbons. In general, aromatic hydrocarbon

compounds are found in petroleum which has a large number of C atoms.

Petroleum is found together with natural gas. Petroleum that has been separated from

natural gas is also called crude oil. Crude oil can be divided into:

1. Light crude oil which contains low levels of metals and sulfur, has a bright color and

is thin (low viscosity).

2. Heavy crude oil which contains high levels of metals and sulfur, has a high viscosity

so it must be heated to melt.

 3. PETROLEUM PROCESSING

Petroleum is usually located 3-4 km below the surface. Petroleum is obtained by making

a drill. The crude oil obtained is captured in tankers or piped to the tank station or an oil

refinery.

Crude oil (crude oil) is in the form of a thick black branch and smells unpleasant. Crude

oil cannot be used as raw material or other needs, but it must be processed first. Crude
oil contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons with several C-1 atoms up to 50.

Petroleum processing is carried out by stratified distillation, where crude oil is separated

into groups with a certain range of boiling points.

Petroleum processing begins with heating crude oil at 400oC, then flowing into the

fractionation tower where separation will occur based on differences in boiling points.

Components with a higher boiling point will remain liquid and go down, while those

with a lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through the hoods called

bubble caps.

Meanwhile, the higher the temperature, the lower the temperature, so that every time a

component with a higher boiling point rises, it will condense and separate, while

components with lower boiling ducks will continue to rise to the higher top. So that the

component that reaches the top of the tower is a component that is at room temperature

gas. Component in the form of gas was called proteleum gas. Through compression and

cooling, ga sproteleum is liquefied to obtain LPG (Liquid Proteleum Gas)

Crude oil contains various hydrocarbon compounds with various physical properties. To

obtain materials that are of good quality and my needs, it is necessary to carry out the

processing stages of crude oil which includes the process of distillation, cracking,

reforming, polymerization, treating, and blending.

 1. Distillation

Distillation or distillation is a way of separating the mixture of compounds based on

differences in the boiling points of the components making up the mixture. Although the

composition is complex, there is an easy way to separate the components based on

different boiling points, which is called a multilevel distillation process. Distillation is

the separation of petroleum fractions based on differences in boiling points.

Crude oil or crude oil before entering into the fractionation column (separation column)

is first heated in a pipe flow in the furnace (furnace) up to a temperature of ± 350 ° C.

The heated crude oil then enters the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usually

in the lower third of the fractionation column). To maintain the temperature and

pressure in the column, it is assisted by heating with steam (hot water steam and high

pressure)

Because of the different boiling points of each hydrocarbon component, the components

will separate themselves, wherein the light hydrocarbons will be at the top of the

column followed by heavier fractions below. In the tray (bulkhead in the column) the

components will be collected according to their respective fractions.

At each level or fraction that is collected and then pumped out of the column, cooled in

a cooling tub, then accommodated in their respective product tanks. This product cannot

be used immediately, because it still needs to add additives (additives).

2 Cracking Reactions

Cracking is the breakdown of long-chain organic compounds into two or more shorter-

chain organic compounds, occurring naturally or from direct heating.

The process of cracking or alkylation is important for petroleum in finding compounds

that are more needed by consumers, namely to get more gasoline from lubricating oil.

Examples of cracking are diesel oil (C16-C24) and lubricating oil (C20-C30) which are

broken down into gasoline (C4-C10) and other compounds that are more widely used.

There are two ways to cracking:

The hot method (thermal cracking), is the process of cracking using high temperatures

and low pressure.

The catalytic method (catalytic cracking) is the process of cracking using a catalyst

powder of platinum or molybdenum oxide.

3 Reforming reaction

The conversion reaction is a reaction from petroleum materials into industrial base

materials by utilizing inexpensive materials into materials needed so that they are of

economic value (cheap). This process is obtained in polymerization (the formation of

plastics). Examples of changing the shape of molecules of poor quality gasoline

(straight carbon chains) into better quality gasoline (branched carbon chains).

4 Polymerization

Polymerization is the process of forming polymers (the process of combining small

molecules into large molecules). Polymers consist of natural polymers and synthetic

polymers. Polymers are large molecules consisting of repeating small units (monomers).

Monomers are organic compounds that have double bonds and these double bonds open

to form bonds with other monomers to the desired amount (synthetic polymers). Natural

polymers form compounds naturally, for example, natural polymers namely latex (from
rubber trees), carbohydrates (corn cassava), proteins, cellulose, resins. While examples

of synthetic polymers are nylon, dacron, Teflon.

The polymer formation process consists of three stages, namely the formation of free

radicals (initiation), the extension of monomers (propagation), and termination (cutting

or stopping the reaction). The formation of branches in the polymerization process

causes three forms of structure namely regular (isotactic) structure, irregular structure

(atactic), mixed (syndiotactic). The structure of the polymer is very influential on the

nature of the polymer.

5. Treating

Treating is the process of refining petroleum by removing impurities. Ways to Treat the

process as follows:

1. Copper sweetening and the doctor treating

2. Acid treatment

3. Desulfurizing (desulfurization)

6. Blending

Gasoline is an example of petroleum products that are widely used in the world. To get

good quality gasoline blending (mixing), there are about 22 mixing ingredients

(additives) that can be added to the processing process.

 4. PETROLEUM FRACTION

Petroleum fractionation is a process of separating the components in crude oil based on

differences in boiling points. Fractionation can also be referred to as the process of oil

purification in producing petroleum products that are ready to use, such as LPG, LNG,

naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, and so forth.

Hydrocarbon compounds, especially paraffinic and aromatic, have their respective

boiling routes, where the length of the hydrocarbon chain is directly proportional to the

boiling point and its density. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the boiling route and

the greater the density. The number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain varies. To
be used as fuel, they are grouped into several fractions or levels in the following simple

order:

8 petroleum fractions are formed from the process of distillation of crude oil. From the

furnace height, the fractions will enter into different pipes to be further processed to

produce oil products that are ready for use. The eight petroleum fractions include:

1. Gas

The first fraction of petroleum formed was gas. Gas from the distillation of petroleum is

a raw material from Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) that we usually use for gas stoves.

The gas fraction itself is a short-chain hydrocarbon between C1 - C5. Because of the

short number of carbon chain bonds, the boiling point of the gas fraction becomes very

small, which is between -164 oC -30 oC.

2. Nafta

After the gas fraction, the second fraction will be formed, namely naphtha. Nafta has a

carbon chain that is also short, C5 - C7 with boiling points between 30 oC - 90 oC.

Nafta is usually used as a raw material for the petrochemical industry such as plastics,

synthetic rubber, detergents, drugs, paints, synthetic fibers, cosmetics, and gasoline

additives.

3. Gasoline (Gasoline)

The next fraction of petroleum is gasoline or gasoline. This fraction is only formed at

the boiling point of 30 oC - 200 oC because the carbon chain that starts is quite long

namely C5 - C12. Gasoline or gasoline is a fraction of petroleum that is already quite

familiar in our society. This fraction is commonly used as fuel for motorcycles, cars and

light engines.
4. Kerosene (Kerosene)

Kerosene or kerosene is a fraction of petroleum formed at a boiling point of 175 oC -

275 oC. This fraction is a long chain hydrocarbon with a total C bond of C12 - C16.

Kerosene has become extinct from circulation and is no longer being traded

domestically. Whereas in the past it was widely used as fuel for oil lamps and oil stoves.

5. Solar (Diesel)

Solar is a fraction of petroleum which is formed at a boiling point between 250 oC -

400 oC. This contraction is a long chain hydrocarbon with a C15-C18 number of C

bonds. hydrocarbon chains that have 8 to 21 carbon (solar) atoms will not evaporate.

Diesel fuel is commonly used as fuel for cars, heavy equipment, and heavy machinery.

6. Lubricant (Oil)

Boiling point: 350-500 oC

Oil or lubricant is the result of the distillation of petroleum after asphalt. Petroleum will

be heated to temperatures between 350 oC and 500 oC so that hydrocarbon compounds

that have boiling points below 350 oC will evaporate and those that have boiling points

above will form oil. Oil is used as lubricants/lubricants for vehicle engine components.

7. Paraffin

Paraffin or wax is a fraction of petroleum that settles at the bottom of the furnace. This

fraction is a hydrocarbon chain whose length is more than C20. Paraffin is used as a raw

material for candles, lighters, and fruit preservation technology.

8. Residue

Asphalt is a petroleum residue and is obtained when petroleum first enters the

distillation tower and is heated at temperatures over 500 ° C. Petroleum fraction which

has a boiling point below 500 ° C will evaporate onto the distillation tower and reheat it.

Whereas those with boiling points above 500 ° C will accumulate into residues which

will then be made asphalt

Residue or asphalt formed from the furnace process can also be used for the daily life of

humanity. The residue, for example, is used as asphalt or raw material in the

manufacture of highways, fuel for boilers (steam-generating machines), and coating

materials leak
5. BENEFITS OF PETROLEUM

The usefulness of fractions obtained from petroleum is related to their physical

properties such as boiling point and viscosity, as well as their chemical properties.

a. Clothing

From hydrocarbons that

can be used for clothing is

PTA (purified

terephthalic acid) which

is made from para-xylene

where the basic ingredient

is kerosene (kerosene).

From this Kerosin all the

ingredients are formed into aromatic compounds, namely para-xylene.

The shape is benzene compound (C6H6), but there are two methyl groups on the C1 and

C3 atoms of the benzene molecule. The xylene is then oxidized using air to become

PTA (see the map of the petrochemical process above). Now from PTA which is shaped

like a detergent flour is then reacted with methanol into polyester fiber. This polyester

ester fiber becomes synthetic yarn that looks like yarn. Almost all the uniforms that you

wear may be made of polyester. To facilitate its introduction can be seen from the price.

The price of clothing made from synthetic polyester yarn is usually relatively cheaper

than clothing made from basic materials of cotton, silk or other natural fibers. The

fineness of the material made from polyester fibers is influenced by additives (additives)

producers in Indonesia is in Pertamina Processing Unit III with the type of product and

designation here. There are other polymers that are also used to make finer or softer

synthetic fibers. For example fiber for the contents of the sanitary napkin. The polymer

is made of polyethylene.
b. Board

Building materials derived from hydrocarbons are generally plastic. The plastic base

material is almost the same as LPG, which

is a polymer of propylene, which is an

olefin/alkene compound from the C3

carbon chain. From this plastic material

then it becomes various kinds starting from

the roof of the house (plastic tile),

furniture, home interior equipment, car bumpers, tables, chairs, plates, etc.

c. Art

For matters of art, especially painting, the main role of hydrocarbons is in oil ink/paints

and their solvents. Maybe you know the thinner used to thin paint. Meanwhile, for

matters of sculpture, many sculptures are made of plastic or trophies, etc ...

Hydrocarbons used for paint solvents made from

Low Aromatic White Spirit or LAWS are solvents

produced from PERTAMINA refineries in Plaju

with boiling points ranging from 145o C - 195o C.

Hydrocarbony compounds that form LAWS

solvents are a mixture of paraffin, cycloparafin,

and aromatic hydrocarbons. For a more complete

list of solvents and their uses can be seen here.

d. Aesthetics

Art also includes aesthetics. But maybe even broader with the addition of cosmetics. So

the

hydrocarbon

material is

also used for

cosmetic

aesthetics is

wax. For

example

lipstick,

waxing

(removal of

leg hair using

wax) or other cosmetic ingredients, pharmaceuticals or shoe polish. Of course, the

specifications of the candle for cosmetics are very tight.

e. Food

Carbohydrates or saccharides are large groups of organic compounds composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The simplest form of a carbohydrate molecule

consists of one simple sugar

molecule. If the carbon atom is

denoted as a black ball, red oxygen

and hydrogen are white, then the

three-dimensional molecular shape

of glucose will be like the picture below. Many carbohydrates are polymers composed

of sugar molecules that are arranged into long chains and branch off. Carbohydrates are

an important food ingredient and a source of energy found in plants and animal flesh.

Other than that,

carbohydrates are also an important structural component in living things in the form of

fibers, such as cellulose, pectin, and lignin. Carbohydrates provide the basic needs that

the body needs.

The body uses carbohydrates like a car engine uses gasoline. Glucose, the simplest

carbohydrate flows in the bloodstream so that it is available to all body cells. These

body cells absorb glucose. This sugar is then oxidized (burned) by cells with the help of

oxygen that we breathe into energy and CO2 gas in the form of respiration/respiration.

The energy produced and not used will be stored under the skin tissue in the form of fat.

Sugar burning reaction in the body:

C6H12O6 (sugar) 6O2 (inhaled air) —->

Energy 6CO2 (air released) 6H2O (sweat or urine).

7. LOSS OF OIL IN INDONESIA

Oil refineries are factories / industrial facilities that process crude oil into petroleum

products that can be directly used or other products that become raw materials for the

petrochemical industry.

NEGATIVE DUE TO PETROLEUM USE

1. Air pollution

Air pollution is related to the pollution of the earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is a

layer of air that envelops the earth to an altitude of 300 km. The source of air pollution

comes from natural activities and human activities.

Air pollution is related to the pollution of the earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is a

layer of air that envelops the earth to an altitude of 300 km. The source of air pollution

comes from natural activities and human activities.

The source of air pollution in each region or region is different. Sources of air pollution

come from motor vehicles, household activities, and industry.

No Pollutant Produced from

1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Use of fossil fuels (petroleum or coal), burning of natural gas

and forests, respiration and decay.

2 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen monoxide (NO) Use of fossil fuels (petroleum or coal),

such as vehicle exhaust gases.

3 Carbon monoxide (CO) Use of fossil fuels (petroleum or coal) and exhaust gases from

motor vehicles with incomplete combustion.

4 Koro Fluoro Carbon (CFC) Air conditioners, refrigerators, and equipment that use

aerosol sprayers.

The impact of air pollution can be on a micro and macro scale.

At the micro or local scale, air pollution has an impact on human health. For example,

air polluted with carbon monoxide (CO) gas if inhaled someone will cause poisoning if

the person is helped too late can result in death. The impact of macro-scale air pollution,

for example, the phenomenon of acid rain on a regional scale, while on a global scale is

the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas has long been done to meet

human needs for energy. For example for various household, industrial, and agricultural

purposes. When the fuel is burned, carbon dioxide is released into the air. The data

obtained shows that the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air continues to

increase. What is the impact of increasing CO2 on the environment?

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is a gas that is odorless, tasteless, and unstable. Carbon

monoxide in large cities mostly comes from the disposal of motorized vehicles whose

combustion gases are incomplete. Also, carbon monoxide can come from burning fossil

fuels and industrial processes.

Carbon monoxide in the human body binds to hemoglobin faster than oxygen. If there is

carbon monoxide in the air, oxygen will lose fast and bind to hemoglobin.

Some people will suffer from oxygen deficiency in their tissues when their blood

hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide by 5%. A smoker of blood hemoglobin is often

found to contain carbon monoxide of more than 10%.

Oxygen deficiency in the body can cause a person to suffer from headaches and

dizziness. The carbon monoxide content which reaches 0.1% in the air can disrupt the

metabolism of the body of the organism. Therefore, when heating the vehicle engine in

the garage, the garage door should be opened so that the CO gas that is formed does not

accumulate in the room and inhaled.

Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is released into the air when fossil fuel combustion and melting of metal

ore. The permissible SO2 concentration is between 0.3 to 1.0 mg m-3. However, in

areas close to heavy industry, the concentration of these compounds is higher, at 3,000

mg m-3.

Increased concentrations of sulfur in the atmosphere can cause health problems in

humans, especially causing bronchitis, pneumonia, and heart failure. These particles are

usually difficult to clean when they reach the alveoli, causing irritation and disrupting

gas exchange.

Sulfur pollution (sulfur oxide) around the copper melting area can cause damage to

vegetation to a distance of several kilometers away. Plants absorb sulfur dioxide from
the air through stomata. High concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air often cause

damage to agricultural and plantation crops.

Nitrogen Oxide

Nitrogen oxide plays an important role in the preparation of photochemical soot.

Nitrogen dioxide is produced by motor vehicle exhaust gases. Peroxysiacyl nitrate

formed in soot often irritates the eyes and lungs. Also, these pollutants can damage

plants.
 2. Acid rain

The two gases produced from the combustion of vehicle engines as well as diesel and

coal-fired

power

plants are

sulfur

dioxide

(SO2)

and

nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The resulting gas reacts in the air to form acids that fall to earth

along with rain and snow. For example, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur

trioxide.

2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3

Sulfur trioxide then reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid.

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

This acidic water vapor becomes part of the cloud which eventually descends to earth as

acid rain or acid snow. Acid rain can cause damage to forests, crops, and plantations.

Acid rain will also cause rust of metal objects, such as bridges and railroad tracks, and

damage to various buildings. Also, acid rain will cause a decrease in soil pH, rivers and

lakes, thus affecting the life of soil organisms, water, and human health.
 3. Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is a symptom of

an increase in temperature on the

earth's surface that occurs due to

increased levels of CO2 (carbon

dioxide) in the atmosphere. This

phenomenon is called the greenhouse

effect because it is likened to the phenomenon that occurs in the greenhouse.

In a greenhouse, sunlight can easily enter into it. Some of the sunlight is used by plants

and some are reflected toward the glass.

This reflected light cannot come out of the greenhouse and experience repeated

reflection. The energy produced increases the temperature of the greenhouse so that the

greenhouse gets hot.

On earth, heat radiation coming from the sun to the earth is likened to penetrating a

greenhouse wall. The heat radiation is not absorbed entirely by the earth. Some

radiation is reflected by objects that are on the surface of the earth into space. The heat

radiation reflected into space is infrared. Some of this infrared radiation can be absorbed

by heat-absorbing gases (called: greenhouse gases). The most important heat-absorbing

gases in the atmosphere are H2O and CO2. Like glass in a greenhouse, H2O and CO2

cannot absorb all infrared radiation so some of that radiation is reflected earth. This

situation causes the temperature on the surface of the earth to increase or is called global

warming (global warming).

Rising temperatures cause melting of icebergs in the north and south poles. This

condition results in rising sea levels, causing various cities and seafront areas to sink,

while arid regions become drier. The greenhouse effect causes climate change, for

example, the earth's temperature increased by an average of 3 ° C to 4 ° C in the 21st

century, drought or high rainfall in various places can affect the productivity of

agricultural cultivation, animal husbandry, fisheries, and human life.

Ozone layer depletion

The ozone layer (O3) is a layer of gas that envelops the earth at an altitude of ± 30 km

above the earth. The ozone layer is located in the atmosphere layer called the

stratosphere. This ozone layer has the function of holding 99% of UV radiation emitted

into the sun.

CFC gas (Chloro Fluoro Carbon) derived from aerosol products (spray gas), cooling

machines and plastic or foam rubber manufacturing processes, if it reaches the

stratosphere, it will bind with ozone. CFCs that bind to ozone cause decomposition of

ozone molecules resulting in damage to the ozone layer, in the form of ozone depletion.

The depletion of the ozone layer in some places has formed holes like those over

Antarctica and the North Pole. This hole will reduce the function of the ozone layer as a

barrier to UV rays. UV rays that reach the earth will cause damage to life on earth. The

damage includes disturbances in the food chain at sea, as well as damage to crops,

plantations, and affect human health.

 4. Radiation

Living things have long been the object of various forms of radiation. For example,

solar radiation containing ultraviolet light and infrared waves. Apart from coming from

the sun, radiation can also come from outer space, in the form of cosmic rays and

radioactive minerals in rocks. However, the form of radiation due to human activities

will cause pollution.

The forms of radiation in the form of nuclear bomb testing activities and the use of

nuclear bombs by humans can be in the form of electromagnetic waves and subatomic

particles. Both types of radiation can threaten the life of living things.

The impact of radiation can be seen at the genetic level and body cells. The genetic

impact on interphase causes changes in genes in AND, also known as gene mutations.

Somatic impact (body cells) is that a person has a brain that is smaller than normal size,

mental disability, and other physical disorders and leukemia.

2. Water pollution

Water pollution includes pollution in inland waters, such as lakes and rivers, as well as

sea waters. Sources of water pollution, such as sand dredging, household waste,

industry, agriculture, river widening, offshore oil mining, as well as oil tanker leakage.

Household waste

Household wastes such as detergents, organic and inorganic waste contribute

significantly to river water pollution, especially in urban areas. Rivers polluted by

detergents, organic and inorganic waste containing microorganisms can cause disease,
especially for people who use the river as a source of daily life. The process of

decomposing garbage and detergent requires oxygen so that the oxygen content in the

water can be reduced. If the oxygen content of water drops to less than 5 mg per liter,

the life of aquatic biota such as fish is threatened.

Agricultural waste

Agricultural activities can cause water pollution mainly due to the use of artificial

fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Water pollution by fertilizers, pesticides, and

herbicides can poison aquatic organisms, such as plankton, fish, animals that drink the

water and also humans who use the water for their daily needs. Pesticide residues such

as DDT that accumulate in the bodies of fish and other biotas can be carried in the food

chain to a higher profile level, namely humans.

Besides, the entry of agricultural fertilizers, rubbish, and sewage into dams, lakes, and

the sea can cause increased nutrients in the waters. This increase resulted in the rapid

growth of algae or water hyacinth (blooming).

Growth of algae or water hyacinth that is fast and then dies requires a lot of oxygen to

break it down. This condition results in a lack of oxygen and encourages the life of

anaerobic organisms. This phenomenon is referred to as eutrophication.

Mining waste

Oil pollution at sea is mainly caused by offshore oil mining waste and leakage of oil

tanker transporting oil. Each year the estimated number of leaks and oil spills from

tankers to the sea reaches 3.9 million tons to 6.6 million tons. Oil spills damage lives at

sea, including birds and fish. Oil attached to the feathers of birds and fish gills results in

the death of the animal.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

1. Biodiesel from coconut oil

Petroleum (fossil) fuel is estimated to last about 60 years. if exploited on a large scale.

To slow down and reduce dependence on petroleum fuels, one of which is by using

biodiesel fuel, which has very large raw materials to develop. One of the raw materials

that can be used as biodiesel is coconut oil. in one coconut oil molecule consists of 1

unit of glycerine and several fatty acids.

And 3 (three) units of fatty acids from the long carbon chain are triglycerides (fats and

oils). The glycerin component has a high boiling point that can protect the oil from

evaporation (volatilizing). In biodiesel, the fatty acid composition of the oil is converted

to another element called an ester. Glycerine and fatty acids are separated by the

esterification process. Plant oil reacts with alcohols and catalysts, if plant oil is

methanol and coconut, and the reactant component is alcohol it will produce coco

methyl esters. Coco methyl ester is the chemical name of coco biodiesel. The success

rate in the process of making biodiesel is influenced by the stirring cycle, heating

temperature, and catalyst content and water content when making sodium methoxide.

After testing diesel engines with vegetative oil and diesel oil it was found that with

vegetative oil had greater efficiency and engine power compared to diesel oil because

the exhaust gas temperature produced was lower but the quality of the heating value

decreased by an average of 2 %. With an average calorific value of 2% lower, but

vegetative oil has a much higher rate of methane (average cetane rate of diesel oil 45,

biodiesel 62 for palm oil-based, 51 for jatropha and 62.7 for the vegetable-based

coconut) will get a shorter ignition when compared to diesel oil. The existence of a

shorter ignition (ignition delay) the power generated is large and effective, it will

produce the optimum performance.

Vegetative oil viscosity testing has been carried out by several researchers shows that

the viscosity of vegetative oils is greater when compared to

diesel oil. The viscosity of vegetative oils ranges from (2.3 - 6) CST and (2.6 - 4.8).

The advantage of biodiesel from coconut oil.

1. Biodiesel oil sourced from coconut oil can be made easily by reacting (mixing)

coconut oil with methanol and NaOH catalyst which will produce biodiesel and

glycerin.

2. Coconut oil biodiesel fuel has great potential to be applied as a substitute fuel for

diesel oil/diesel. The flashpoint of coconut biodiesel is lower than diesel fuel.

The calorific value of coconut oil biodiesel fuel is equivalent to diesel fuel.

2. Natural gas

Natural gas, as well as petroleum, are hydrocarbon compounds (CnH2n + 2) which

consist of a mixture of various flammable and non-hydrocarbon gases such as N2, CO2,

H2S and noble gases such as He and Ar, there are also water vapor and sand. Generally,

the gas formed is mostly from methane CH4, and can also include ethane C2H6 and

propane C3H8. Natural gas obtained from deep wells under the earth usually combines

with oil. This gas is referred to as associated gas. Some wells specifically produce gas,

so the gas produced is called non-associated gas.

Although in the short term, natural gas can indeed solve the problem, but in the long

run, what is experienced by oil will also occur in natural gas. Based on data from the

Natural Gas Fundamentals, the Francais Du Petrole Institute in 2002, proven reserves of

world natural gas were around 157703,109 m3. This amount of reserves, at the current

level of natural gas consumption, can only last for a few decades.
 3. Biogas

Biogas is a process of producing biogas from organic material with the help of bacteria.

This degradation process of organic material without involving oxygen is called

anaerobic digestion. The gas produced is mostly (more than 50%) in the form of

methane. organic material collected in the digester (reactor) will be broken down into

two stages with the help of two types of bacteria. The first stage of organic material will

be degraded into weak acids with the help of acid-forming bacteria. This bacterium will

break down waste at the level of hydrolysis and acidification. Hydrolysis is the

breakdown of complex compounds or long-chain compounds such as fats, proteins,

carbohydrates into simple compounds. While acidification is the formation of acids

from simple compounds.

After the organic material turns into acidic acid, the second stage of the anaerobic

digestion process is the formation of methane gas with the help of methane-forming

bacteria such as methanococus, methanosarcina, methane bacterium.

The development of the Anaerobic Digestion process has been successful in many

applications. This process can process waste/waste that is abundant and useless becomes

a more valuable product. Anaerobic digestion applications have been successful in the

treatment of industrial waste, agricultural waste, livestock waste and municipal solid

waste (MSW).

Biogas mostly contains gs of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and some

small amounts of it include hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen

and (H2), nitrogen which is very small in content.

The energy contained in biogas depends on the concentration of methane (CH4). The

higher the methane content, the greater the energy content (heat value) of biogas, and
vice versa the smaller the methane content the smaller the heat value. The quality of

biogas can be improved by treating several parameters, namely: Eliminating hydrogen

sulfur, water content and carbon dioxide (CO2). Sulfur hydrogen contains poisons and

substances that cause corrosion if biogas contains these compounds it will cause

dangerous gases so that the maximum allowable concentration is 5 ppm. When gas is

burned, hydrogen sulfur will be more dangerous because it will form a new compound

together with oxygen, namely sulfur dioxide/sulfur trioxide (SO2 / SO3). this compound

is more toxic. At the same time, it will form Sulfur acid (H2SO3), a more corrosive

compound. The second parameter is to eliminate carbon dioxide content which has the

aim to improve quality so that gas can be used to fuel vehicles. The water content in

biogas will reduce the ignition point of biogas and can cause corrosive
 CHAPTER III

COVER

Conclusions

Petroleum is formed from the remains of living fossils that were buried millions of years

ago. Oil extraction is carried out at oil refineries. Then it is fractionated according to its

boiling point. Petroleum has an important role in life, both as an energy source and as a

raw material for the petrochemical industry.

Suggestions

Petroleum is a natural resource that cannot be expanded. Now its existence is almost

gone. Therefore, its use must be saved. The use of refined petroleum ingredients also

has side effects. Like exhaust gas from machines that use refined petroleum materials.

The smoke is an indication of air pollution and worsens the condition of the world

experiencing global warming.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=94328