X
x: 1. The distance from the source to a particular geophone
group; offset. 2. An x-spread is a cross-spread; see
Figure S-18.
x-band: See radar and Figure R-1.
x-hole: Crosshole; see crosshole method.
xmit: To transmit.
xml: EXtensible Markup Language, a language for inter-
net use.
xo: Subscript used with log terms to indicate values appro-
priate to the flushed zone adjacent to the borehole.
XR: EXtended Range; see extended-range shoran.
X-ray fluorescence „XRF…: Measuring distinctive sec-
ondary X-rays emitted when a sample is bombarded by
electrons, X-rays, or ␥-rays.
XRD: X-Ray Diffraction.
XRF: X-Ray Fluorescence.
x-spread: Cross-spread 共q.v.兲.
Y
yardstick: A standard of performance for evaluating
devices or processes.
yaw: Rotational motion of a ship or aircraft about a ver-
tical axis. A steady heading at an angle to the course
共such as to compensate for cross wind or cross sea兲 is
called crab. Compare pitch and roll.
yellow pages: A directory of suppliers or service compa-
nies.
Young’s modulus: 共y⳵ng兲 See elastic constant. Named for
Thomas Young 共1772–1829兲, British natural philoso-
pher.
yo-yo: 1. Moving sources up/down in a borehole. 2. Depth
399
X2-T2 analysis: A method of determining stacking veloc-
ity V s and the depth of a reflector z from the arrival-
time versus offset relationship:
V s2 t 2 ⫽ 4z 2 ⫹x 2 .
If x 2 is plotted against t 2 , the slope gives the inverse of
the velocity squared and the depth can be obtained from
the intercept. Applies only to a constant velocity
medium. Because of the variation of velocity with
depth, x 2 -t 2 curves are not perfectly straight lines. For
horizontal velocity layering and horizontal reflectors,
the stacking velocity V s is given by the slope at the
origin. See also velocity and Sheriff and Geldart 共1995,
86, 134兲.
X-Y reader: A device for converting the positions of
points on a map or graph to digital coordinates. Coor-
dinatograph.
oscillation of a logging sonde because of unequal drag
as it is pulled up the hole. 3. A method of marine
seismic shooting in which the seismic cable or streamer
being towed by the recording boat is alternately
released so that it floats freely in the water during
recordings, and then is reeled in between recordings to
catch up with the recording boat, which is traveling
steadily ahead all the while.
Yumatsu impactor: 共ū, mat’ sū兲 An impulsive seismic
energy source that involves the use of hydraulics to
accelerate a 440 lb mass against a weighted baseplate.
Tradename of Japex Geoscience Institute Inc.