Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Version 2
Edition 2
If you would like to receive this publication in another format, please phone
(03) 9918 7324 using the National Relay Service 13 36 77 if required.
This document is also available on the internet at www.women.vic.gov.au
and www.dhs.vic.gov.au
ISBN 978-0-7311-6353-3
Printed on sustainable paper by Finsbury Green. April 2012 (0190711)
Acknowledgement
Thank you to the Domestic Violence Prevention Centre Gold Coast for the material provided
about the ‘Forms of Family Violence’. This information has been adapted and used with
permission.
Contents 1
Contents
Introduction 3
The family violence risk assessment and risk management framework 3
About family violence 3
Terminology 4
Responding to family violence 4
Taking into account the needs of Aboriginal families and communities 4
About the Family Violence Protection Act 2008 5
The framework 13
Using the framework 13
Principles underpinning the family violence risk assessment
and risk management framework 14
Applying the framework in your professional context 15
Organisational aspects of implementing the framework 16
Component 1: A shared understanding of risk and family violence 18
Approaches to family violence risk assessment 18
What constitutes family violence 19
Forms of family violence 19
Family violence outside the context of intimate, heterosexual relationships 22
Violence perpetrated by an adult in the context of an intimate same-sex
relationship 22
Violence perpetrated towards an older person in a family, or family-like,
relationship 22
Violence perpetrated by a carer 22
Violence perpetrated by an adolescent against a family member 23
Aboriginal family violence 23
Family violence in CALD communities 23
Violence perpetrated by women 23
2 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Ways that family violence can impact on women, children and young people 24
Women 24
Women as mothers (and other caregivers, kin or guardians) 24
Children and young people 24
Factors affecting the likelihood and severity of family violence 26
Factors impacting on victims’ vulnerability to continued violence 29
Other factors that impact on women’s, children’s and young people’s options
and outcomes 30
Children and young people 30
Women in pregnancy and early motherhood 31
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 31
Women and children in culturally and linguistically diverse communities 32
Women in rural communities 34
Women with a disability 35
Older women 37
Women with a mental illness 38
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex people 39
Responses to men who report or are assessed to be victims
of violence in a heterosexual relationship 40
Assessing whether a person is using or in need of protection
from family violence 41
Component 2: A standardised approach to assessing risk 42
Component 3: Appropriate referral pathways and information sharing 43
Referring victims 43
Sharing information 46
Component 4: Risk management strategies 50
Component 5: Consistent data collection and analysis 52
Component 6: Quality assurance 53
Scenarios 101
Endnotes 109
References 111
Abbreviations 113
Introduction 3
Introduction
The family violence risk About family violence
assessment and risk Family violence—behaviour that controls or
management framework dominates a family member and causes them
to fear for their own or another person’s
Increased understanding of family violence
safety or wellbeing—is a fundamental violation
and what constitutes an effective response
of human rights and is unacceptable in any
has resulted in important reforms to family
form, any community, or any culture.
violence service delivery. Victoria has been
investing in the development of an integrated Family violence can occur in all kinds of
family violence system (IFVS) since 2005. As families, and in family relationships extending
a result, Victoria now has a whole-of-system beyond intimate partners, parents, siblings,
approach that places women and children and blood relatives. It includes violence
at the centre of the response. Reforms perpetrated by older relatives, by younger
to the system include innovation to the family members, or against a same-sex
justice system and an integrated approach partner, or from a carer towards the person
that incorporates both specialist family they are looking after. Family violence extends
violence and mainstream service providers. beyond physical and sexual violence and
This manual aims to support a consistent often involves emotional or psychological
approach for assessing and managing family abuse and economic abuse. It can involve
violence. overt or subtle exploitation of power
It consists of three key elements: imbalances and may consist of isolated
incidents or patterns of abuse over a period
• the framework of time. There is family violence in all areas of
• contextual information necessary to use society, regardless of victims’ or perpetrators’
the framework effectively, and location, socioeconomic and health status,
age, culture, gender, sexual identity, ability,
• Practice guides 1 to 3.
ethnicity or religion.
The Family Violence Risk Assessment
However, while anyone can be a victim or
and Risk Management Framework (often
perpetrator of family violence, it is most likely
referred to as the common risk assessment
to be committed by men against women,
framework, or CRAF) is a key element of
children and other vulnerable people.1
the IFVS. It was developed in consultation
with over 500 stakeholders, including the The impacts of violence on women and
police, the courts and mainstream and children can be profound. In some cases
family violence service providers. It has been family violence ends in death; in others, it can
designed for a range of professionals to use result in physical harm, disability, mental
in ways that are appropriate to their role illness or other serious health problems.
within the system. Since the launch of the Family violence can affect many other aspects
framework in 2007, it has been incorporated of wellbeing—including housing security,
into the practices and policies of the IFVS employment prospects and educational
and is increasingly used by a diverse range achievement. Children are always affected by
of mainstream providers. This is the second family violence, even if they do not see or
edition of the manual and was revised and hear it. For example, they may see the injuries
updated during 2011. or damage to property, or experience an
environment of fear.
4 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Exposure to family violence may have a ensure that the focus of intervention and
serious impact on children’s current and support remains on the safety and wellbeing
future physical, psychological and emotional of each individual woman and her children,
wellbeing.2 acknowledging their individual circumstances,
needs and resilience. It also ensures that all
professionals who identify and respond to
family violence do so through a coordinated
Terminology
approach, using consistent standards and
While both women and men can be language.
perpetrators and/or victims of family Adopting and using this framework is an
violence, statistics and research important contribution that services can make
overwhelmingly indicate that the to reduce violence against women and their
majority of incidents are perpetrated by children.
men against women and children. For
this reason, the term ‘victims’ refers to Taking into account the needs
women and children and is gendered of Aboriginal families and
female. The term ‘perpetrator’ is communities
gendered male. In some relationship
settings (primarily same-sex Strong culture, strong peoples, strong
relationships), readers might choose to families: Towards a safer future for Indigenous
substitute other, more relevant, terms. families and communities is a community-led
initiative by the Victorian Aboriginal community
‘Children’ in this document refers to in partnership with the Victorian Government
infants, children and young people to develop a whole-of-government response
aged 0–18. to family violence in Aboriginal communities.
This ten-year plan was launched in June
Children must be considered as victims 2008 and guides joint efforts to prevent
and assessed in their own right and respond to family violence in Aboriginal
communities.
Data provided to the Victorian Indigenous
Responding to family violence Family Violence Task Force (the Task Force)
in 2003 by Victoria Police indicates that an
Research shows women make great Aboriginal person in Victoria is eight times
efforts to prevent, stop and escape their more likely to be a victim of family violence
partners’ use of violence; they also go to than a non- Aboriginal person.4 Police data
considerable lengths to prevent or minimise gathered during the same period confirms
the impact of the violence on their children.3 that 2.9 per cent of Victoria’s Aboriginal
Often, these women and children are community were victims of family violence,
supported by friends and family, but they also compared with 0.55 per cent of non-
need immediate and effective responses from Aboriginal people.5 Additionally, the Task
police, courts, and mainstream and specialist
Force identified that Aboriginal children are
family violence services.
the subject of substantiated child abuse
The framework offers a consistent approach at more than seven times the rate for non-
for assessing and managing family violence Aboriginal children.6 Family violence is the
throughout the service system. It helps to single biggest risk factor for substantiated
5
child abuse notifications in Victoria and is The Act defines family violence as behaviour
present in 64 per cent of cases affecting by a person towards a family member of that
Aboriginal children.7 person that:
Responses to family violence need to build • is physically or sexually abusive
on the strengths of Aboriginal families and • is emotionally or psychologically abusive
communities and encompass Aboriginal
• is economically abusive
concepts of social, emotional, cultural
and spiritual wellbeing. Professionals and • is threatening
organisations need to work in partnership • is coercive
with Aboriginal communities to build their own
• in any other way controls or dominates
cultural understanding, and support culturally
the family member and causes that family
respectful service provision.
member to feel fear for the safety or
This framework aims to provide an introduction wellbeing of that family member or another
to culturally respectful service delivery for person.
Aboriginal families and communities. It should
It also includes behaviour by a person
be read alongside the Department of Human
that causes a child to hear or witness, or
Services (DHS)-Victorian Aboriginal Child
otherwise be exposed to the effects of
Care Agency (VACCA) Aboriginal Cultural
behaviour referred to in these ways.
Competence Framework.
Examples of family violence that are referred
About the Family Violence to in the Act include:
Protection Act 2008 • assaulting or causing personal injury to a
The Victorian Family Violence Protection family member, or threatening to do so
Act 2008 uses a broad definition of family, • sexually assaulting a family member or
covering: engaging in another form of sexually
• a person who is, or has been, the relevant coercive behaviour, or threatening to
person’s spouse or domestic partner engage in such behaviour
• a person who has, or has had, an intimate • intentionally damaging a family member’s
personal relationship with the relevant property, or threatening to do so
person • unlawfully depriving a family member of
• a person who is, or has been, a relative of their liberty, or threatening to do so
the relevant person • causing or threatening to cause the death
• a child who normally or regularly resides of, or injury to, an animal, whether or not
with the relevant person or has previously the animal belongs to the family member
resided with the relevant person on a to whom the behaviour is directed, so as
normal or regular basis to control, dominate or coerce the family
member.
• a child of a person who has, or has had,
an intimate personal relationship with the These examples are not exhaustive.
relevant person Behaviour may constitute family violence even
if it would not constitute a criminal offence.
• any other person whom the relevant
person regards or regarded as being like For further information go to
a family member (for example, a carer). www.legislation.vic.gov.au
6 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Understanding the family violence system 7
Family Family
Violence Violence
Services Services
Outcome
Legal & Common Timely Legal
Victim Statutory Assessment response Services
Services leading to
safety
Mainstream Mainstream
Services Services
Because specialist family violence services • linkages to the private rental market
are most likely to have contact with women • Aboriginal services
and children who are victims of family violence • services for women from culturally and
at points of crisis, they need to quickly and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities
effectively assess the level of risk to secure the
safety of these women and children. Specialist • men’s case management
services are also likely to be responsible • counselling and support for women and
for ongoing case management for victims children
of family violence and therefore need to • a statewide Men’s Referral Service
understand the wider service delivery system
• men’s behaviour change programs
and the available response options.
• Aboriginal family violence services including
In addition to providing support directly to
clients, specialist services also support and • Healing and Time-out services.
advise other professionals via secondary The Department of Health has responsibility
consultations. for the delivery of the Elder Abuse Prevention
The Department of Human Services (DHS) and Response Guidelines 2012-2014 under
distributes funding for specialist family violence the Victorian Government’s Health Priorities
services including: Framework 2012-2022. A specialist elder
abuse service, Seniors Rights Victoria
• the 24-hour statewide telephone crisis
has been established and funded by the
service
government to provide free advocacy,
• outreach services legal advice, information and support to
• local after-hours outreach services practitioners and individuals.
• case management, including intensive case For further information see
management responses for women and www.seniorsrights.org.au
children
9
Victoria Legal Aid (VLA). VLA provides The Aboriginal Family Violence
duty lawyers, advice services, and ongoing Prevention and Legal Service (AFVPLS).
legal representation to eligible applicants and This service addresses family violence in
respondents in Family Violence Protection Act Aboriginal communities, provides assistance
matters in the Magistrates’ Court of Victoria, to victims of family violence and sexual
and to clients experiencing family violence in assault, and works with families and
the Commonwealth Family Law Courts. VLA communities affected by violence. AFVPLS
provides Family Dispute Resolution services to provides free legal advice, court support
people experiencing family violence, through and ongoing casework, free counselling,
a specialist Roundtable Dispute Management support, information and referrals to
service, which incorporates family violence specialist services. It also works with local
risk assessment procedures. community groups and organisations
to develop awareness and preventative
In cases involving Child Protection, legal
initiatives.
advice is available, as is a once-off free duty
lawyer for each of the parties on their first Seniors Rights Victoria (SRV). Seniors
day of court. Ongoing representation can Rights Victoria is the primary government-
be provided to eligible respondents and funded specialist elder abuse service,
applicants with matters in the Family Violence established to assist with elder abuse
lists of the Melbourne and Moorabbin concerns and to safeguard the rights,
Children’s Court and at country sittings of the dignity and independence of older
Children’s Court serviced by a VLA office or Victorians. The statewide service provides a
VLA-funded practitioners. free and confidential telephone information,
support and referral helpline, a specialist
Women’s Legal Service Victoria (WLSV). legal and advocacy service, advocacy for
WLSV is a statewide not-for-profit organisation individuals, and community education.
providing free and confidential legal
information, advice, referral and representation Child Protection
to women in Victoria. WLSV specialises in The ‘Best Interests Principles’ of the
issues arising from relationship breakdown Children, Youth and Families Act 2005
and violence against women. In addition to is the legislative basis for services
delivering services to women, WLSV develops provided to children, young people and
and implements preventative family violence families. All interventions with children
programs and influences the development and families across the child and family
of legal policy and law reform. WLSV also services sector (which includes Child
provides education, training and professional Protection, Out-of-Home care and Family
development on the law and related areas. Services) are guided by the Best Interests
framework for vulnerable children and
Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service (VALS).
youth. This framework facilitates a shared
VALS provides legal and legal-related services
understanding, a common language and
to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
a consistent approach to assessment,
peoples. This includes providing referrals,
planning and action.
advice and information, duty work or case
work assistance, and information regarding The Best Interests case practice model
Intervention Orders and acting in the event of supports consistent application of the
a breach of an Intervention Order. VALS has framework across the child and family
solicitors specialising in criminal, family and services sector including Child Protection,
civil law. and incorporates assessment, planning and
12 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
casework. It is used to assess the likelihood Child FIRST (Child and Family Information,
of harm occurring to children and young Referral and Support Teams) are established
people by detailing both the characteristics of in 24 sub-regional catchments across
the child or young person and their parents, Victoria. The primary purpose of Child FIRST
and the nature of the incident or abuse. is to help vulnerable children, young people
and their families link effectively into relevant
Maternal and child health nurses, general
services. Child FIRST provides an identifiable
practitioners and teachers are mandated to
entry point into family services to achieve
notify Child Protection of any suspected or
improvements in prioritising, assessing,
actual abuse or neglect of a child or young
referring and providing services for vulnerable
person.
children, young people and families.
All people have a duty of care to report to
Child and Family Services Alliances consist
Child Protection if they believe a child or
of Child FIRST and family service providers,
young person has suffered or is likely to suffer
DHS regional child protection, DHS regional
significant harm and their parent is unwilling
family services, and where capacity exists,
or unable to protect them from harm.
an Aboriginal community controlled family
For further information go to service organisation. At the sub regional level
www.dhs.vic.gov.au/everychildeverychance the alliances undertake catchment planning,
Practice Guides 1 to 3 of this manual provide provide operational management and
prompts and issues for assessing risk to coordinate service delivery.
children.
Other mainstream services
Mainstream services Given the prevalence of family violence
in our community, a wide range of other
Family services professionals are likely to come into direct
The Family Services Strategic Framework contact with victims. These professionals
describes an approach to responding to have a role in identifying the presence of
vulnerable and at-risk children, young people family violence and refering appropriately in
and their families that includes the delivery of accordance with this framework.
a network of coordinated community-based
services. These networks have the capacity
to assess the needs of children and young
people to determine an appropriate service
response, work with hard-to-engage families,
and focus on working with parents to address
children’s needs.
The framework is consistent with the Child
Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 and the
Children, Youth and Families Act 2005.
For further information go to www.dhs.vic.
gov.au/about-the-department/documents-
and-resources/policies-guidelines-and-
legislation/legal-and-policy
The framework 13
The framework
Using the framework To ensure service delivery is consistent across
the family violence system, the framework is
This risk assessment and risk management
accompanied by three practice guides.
framework (often referred to as the common
risk assessment framework or CRAF) has The risk assessments outlined in all practice
been developed so that a wide range guides combine three elements to determine
of professionals and organisations can: the level of risk to an individual or family:
identify family violence; provide helpful, • the victim’s own assessment of her level
supportive and timely responses to victims; of risk
and contribute to holding perpetrators
• evidence-based risk factors
accountable for their actions.
• the practitioner’s professional judgement.
The framework is for use by:
When applying the framework, you need to
• professionals working in mainstream
take an approach that:
settings who encounter people they believe
to be victims of family violence • recognises the ways that gender inequality
• professionals who work with victims of is manifested in family violence
family violence and play a role in initial • is respectful
risk assessment, but for whom responses • uses non-judgemental communication
to family violence are not their only core
• is culturally informed and sensitive
business
• specialist family violence professionals • recognises victims’ rights to information
working with women and children who are about all of their options
victims of family violence. • demonstrates the accountability of the
The framework comprises six components service system
to effectively identify (risk assessment) and • promotes social justice
respond (risk management) to victims of
• recognises the importance of preventing
family violence:
violence in the future.
1. a shared understanding of risk and
family violence across all service
providers
2. a standardised approach to
recognising and assessing risk
3. appropriate referral pathways and
information sharing
4. risk management strategies that
include ongoing assessment and
case management
5. consistent data collection and analysis
to ensure the system is able to respond
to changing priorities
6. quality assurance strategies and
measures that underpin a philosophy
of continuous improvement.
14 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
This guide assists mainstream professionals who encounter people they believe to be victims
of family violence. It provides a set of possible indicators of family violence and clear advice
on how to identify family violence, and suggests questions that should be asked. You should
use this guide if you are:
• a maternal and child health nurse • a Home and Community Care (HACC) worker
• a general practitioner • a disability service worker
• a teacher • a professional working in a mediation centre
• a health care provider, for example, • a professional working in Centrelink.
in a primary health, emergency or
You should use this guide when you are
hospital setting
unsure whether someone is experiencing
• a professional working for a family violence.
telephone helpline
This guide assists professionals who work with victims of family violence and play a role in
initial risk assessment, but for whom responses to family violence are not their only core
business. You should use this guide if you are:
• a member of Victoria Police • a professional working in housing
• a professional working in a court setting and homelessness services.
• a professional working in a community You should use this guide when it
legal centre has been established that someone
• a professional working in a child is experiencing or has experienced
protection context family violence.
This guide assists specialist family violence professionals working with women and children
who are victims of family violence. These professionals have very advanced skills in engaging
clients around family violence matters, as well as in detailed safety planning and case
management. These professionals will have family violence responses as a designated part of
their job role, or will work in specialist family violence services. You should use this guide if you
are a professional working within:
• specialist women’s family violence • a specialist family violence accommodation
services service (such as a refuge)
• men’s behaviour change programs • specialist family violence courts.
• family violence counselling
You should use this guide when it has been
established that someone is experiencing
or has experienced family violence.
16 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Quality assurance
Form Examples
Intimidation Smashing things
Destroying possessions
Putting a fist through the wall
Handling guns or other weapons in the presence of the victim
Using intimidating body language such as angry looks, raised voice
Questioning the victim in a hostile way
Recklessly driving a vehicle with the victim in the car
Harassing the victim by making persistent phone calls, sending text
messages or emails, following her, or loitering near her home or
workplace
Verbal abuse Screaming, shouting, making put-downs, name-calling
Using sarcasm
Ridiculing the victim in public or private
Physical abuse Showing lack of consideration for the victim’s physical comfort or
safety (such as dangerous driving)
Pushing, shoving, hitting, slapping, choking, hair-pulling, punching or
using weapons
Destroying possessions
(Note: acts are physically abusive even if they do not result in
physical injury)
Emotional abuse Any behaviour that deliberately undermines the victim’s confidence
(for example, that leads her to believe she is stupid, a ‘bad mother’,
useless, or even crazy or insane)
Acts that humiliate, degrade and demean the victim
Threatening to harm the victim, her friend or family member; to take
her children; or to commit suicide
Silence and withdrawal as a means to abuse
Threatening to report the victim to authorities such as Centrelink or
Immigration
Social abuse Isolating the victim from her social networks and supports, either by
preventing her from having contact with her family or friends or by
verbally or physically abusing her in public or in front of others
Continually putting friends and family down so the victim is slowly
disconnected from her support network
Preventing the victim from having contact with people who speak her
language and/or share her culture
21
Form Examples
Economic abuse Denying the victim access to money, including her own
Demanding that the family live on inadequate resources
Incurring debt in the victim’s name
Making significant financial decisions without consulting the victim
Selling the victim’s possessions
(Note: these can be contributing factors for women becoming
‘trapped’ in violent situations)
Sexual abuse Rape (which includes being forced to perform unwanted sexual
acts, or to have sex with others)
Being pressured to agree to sex
Unwanted touching of sexual or private parts
Causing injury to the victim’s sexual organs
Controlling Dictating what the victim does, who she sees and talks to, or where
behaviours she goes
Keeping the victim from making friends, talking to her family, or
having money of her own
Preventing the victim from going to work
Not allowing the victim to express her own feelings or thoughts
Not allowing the victim any privacy
Forcing the victim to go without food or water
Spiritual abuse Ridiculing or putting down the victim’s beliefs and culture
Preventing the victim from belonging to or taking part in a group
that is important to her spiritual beliefs, or practising her religion
Stalking Loitering around places the victim is known to frequent, watching
her, following her, making persistent telephone calls and sending mail
including unwanted love letters, cards and gifts
(Note: stalking is a criminal offence. Under the stalking legislation,
more than one type of behaviour has to occur, or the same type of
behaviour has to occur on more than one occasion. Stalking can
occur before or after separation.)
Spousal The death of the victim directly attributed to family violence
homicide
22 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
In some circumstances, assessors have experiences are up to six times more likely to
genuine difficulty in establishing whether a use substances; this ‘self- medication’ can
person is using or in need of protection from be understood as a way of coping with and
family violence. For example, each adult in a managing the impact of trauma.
relationship might claim to be experiencing
Women as mothers (and other caregivers,
violence from the other, or a man might claim
kin or guardians)
to be a victim of his female partner.
Mothers or other caregivers who are
For guidance regarding these situations, see
traumatised by family violence, are often less
Assessing whether a person is using or in
able to provide for their own or their children’s
need of protection from family violence on
needs in the short term, or may prioritise
page 41.
immediate action towards minimising harm.14
They may also be too traumatised, victimised
Ways that family violence can impact or desensitised to violence to make a realistic
on women, children and young people assessment of the risks and impact the
violence is having on them or their children.
Women
Traumatised mothers or caregivers might
Family violence has been found to be the need information and support to understand
greatest contributor to ill health and premature the impact of family violence on their children.
death in women under the age of 45 years.
The relationship between the parent who is a
Impacts of family violence can include physical victim (usually the mother) and their children
injuries, disability, miscarriage, sexually is often affected by family violence. Children
transmitted diseases and homicide. Less direct might, for example, feel unable to trust that
physical health outcomes associated with their mother will protect them, particularly if
experiences of family violence include she has not yet acknowledged the impact of
headaches, irritable bowel syndrome and the violence on them. Mothers might need
self-harming behaviour such as engaging in assistance to help their children make sense
unprotected sex. Women who experience of their negative experiences within the family
family violence might also experience home.
depression, fear, anxiety, low self-esteem,
social isolation, financial debt, loss of freedom, It is important to recognise that women often
go to significant lengths to try to minimise or
and feelings of degradation and loss of dignity.
prevent the perpetrator’s violence impacting
Pre-existing disabilities and mental illnesses
on their children. Sometimes these actions
may be exacerbated by experiences of family
have their own impact on the child’s actual or
violence.
perceived safety, and on their relationship with
Women who experience family violence are their mother.
also likely to have trauma responses or be
diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Children and young people
(PTSD).13 Symptoms include nightmares, Children and young people do not have to
flashbacks, emotional detachment, insomnia, be physically present during violence to be
avoidance of reminders (‘triggers’) and extreme negatively affected by it. Exposure to violence
distress when exposed to these, irritability, can take the form of witnessing violence,
hyper- vigilance (watching for anger or signs hearing violence, being aware of violence,
of violence), memory loss, excessive startle being used or blamed as a trigger for family
response, clinical depression and anxiety, and violence, or seeing the consequences of
loss of appetite. Women with family violence family violence.
25
There is now a strong evidence base that The Department of Human Services notes:
shows: Cumulative harm refers to an accumulation
• early childhood development and wellbeing of risk factors. It recognises the existence of
provides the foundation for learning, compounded experiences by way of multiple
behaviour and health through school years levels or ‘layers’ of neglect or maltreatment.
and into adult life By the time abuse/neglect is identified
• negative experiences in the first three years as having caused cumulative harm, its
of life have long-lasting effects on brain unremitting daily impact on the child is wide
development ranging, profound and exponential, covering
multiple dimensions of child and family life,
• children who have negative experiences causing damage to the foundations of a
in their early years are more likely to have child’s sense of safety, security wellbeing and
behavioural and learning problems and development, which can be irreversible.
poor physical health; later in life, they
are more likely to abuse substances, be Living in an environment where the cycle
involved in crime, and have poor parenting of violence occurs again and again forces
practices.15 children into a way of life where they are
continually waiting for the cycle to propel
Exposure to family violence is identified in towards the ‘explosion’, so that the tension
the literature as a risk factor and negative in the atmosphere can be relieved. Infants,
experience that might impede children’s children and young people growing up in
normal development. It is likely to have long- this kind of environment are unable to focus
term psychological, emotional and behavioural on developmental tasks appropriate to their
consequences for children and young people, age, instead developing maladaptive coping
including anger, trauma, sadness, shame, strategies.
guilt, confusion, helplessness and despair.
Recent research evidence on cumulative harm
Family violence is a key cause of stress has shown that a child can be as severely
in children and young people and can harmed by the cumulative impact of less
significantly disrupt healthy brain and severe risk factors and incidents (for example,
personality development. Recent evidence prolonged exposure to family violence), as by
indicates that ongoing exposure to traumatic a single severe episode of harm.16
events as a child, such as witnessing or being
the victim of family violence, results in chronic
over-activity of the body’s stress response Specialist family violence risk
and permanent changes to the brain’s assessment and practice resources for
architecture. This can lead to behaviours children and young people (for services
such as hyper vigilance and hyperactivity and within the IFVS) were under development
impacts on children throughout their lives, at the time of printing.
leading to deficits in learning, behaviour, and These resources will include a practice
physical and mental health and wellbeing. guide and template for assessing and
recording the safety and needs of
children and young people affected by
family violence.
The resources will available in 2012 on
the OWP website www.women.vic.gov.au
26 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Factors affecting the likelihood and There is reliable research indicating that some
severity of family violence factors are associated with greater likelihood
and/or severity of family violence. These are
One of the fundamental principles
summarised in Figure 5. It is important to
underpinning this framework is that
keep in mind that these factors might interact
perpetrators should be held accountable for
in many and complex ways.
their use of violence and challenged to take
responsibility for their actions. Despite the co-occurrence of certain factors
with family violence, none is causal. It must be
Violence against women occurs because
recognised and accepted that family violence
of a choice by their male partner, and
occurs in a diverse range of households
responsibility for that choice rests solely with
across the entire Victorian community and
the perpetrator of violence. This choice exists
remains largely undetected and unreported.
in a particular cultural and social context that
includes a power imbalance between men
and women.
* May indicate an increased risk of the victim being killed or almost killed.
27
Figure 5: Factors impacting on the likelihood and severity of family violence continued
* May indicate an increased risk of the victim being killed or almost killed.
28 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Figure 5: Factors impacting on the likelihood and severity of family violence continued
* May indicate an increased risk of the victim being killed or almost killed.
29
Other factors that impact on women’s, • work collaboratively with the professionals
children’s and young people’s options who are most involved in their daily lives–
and outcomes for example, teachers, maternal and child
health nurses, and general practitioners.
Children and young people
Family violence is often a direct or indirect
Children and young people are particularly
attack on the mother–child relationship, and
vulnerable to the impacts of family violence.
this creates circumstances that undermine the
Depending on their stage of development,
child or young person’s wellbeing and safety.
they might be entirely dependent on their adult
All responses to children and young people
caregivers to provide them with a safe and
need to commence with engagement of their
stable environment that is free from violence.
mothers and other significant caregivers, while
It is critical to view children and young people giving space to acknowledge the different, if
in their own right. Their experiences of violence not separate, impacts and safety issues that
are different to those of their mothers, by virtue arise.
of their stage of development, their different
It is common for workers to be concerned
relationship to the perpetrator, and their level
about the potential to jeopardise their
of dependence on adult caregivers. Their
relationship with women by raising concerns
safety needs are also likely to be different to
for children. However, the risk to children of
their mother’s, and so where possible, each
continued exposure to family violence means
child or young person requires a safety plan
that it is critical to actively engage women
tailored to their own situation.
around children’s safety. The Best interests
To minimise the effects of the additional risks case practice model: Summary guide
and vulnerabilities that might be experienced provides information and practice tips for
by children or young people, it is important to: family services practitioners and managers in
• be cognisant of their stage of development, this regard; generalist workers should consult
and how the impacts of trauma might with Child FIRST or Child Protection.
manifest now and at future points in their The Children,Youth and Families Act 2005
life allows for assessments to be made in
• be mindful of the cumulative harm caused relation to a child’s or young person’s need
by living with family violence for protection by examination of ‘a single
• explore their narratives or responses to the act, omission or circumstance’ or through an
violence in age-appropriate ways accumulation or series of ‘continuing acts,
omissions or circumstances’. Therefore, the
• recognise the strengths offered by their impact of cumulative harm experienced by
culture, community and circumstances children as a result of ongoing exposure to
• identify and respond to any particular family violence will, at times, require a Child
vulnerabilities that arise from their–or their Protection or Child FIRST response. Decision
family’s–life circumstances making by these agencies is governed
• recognise the impact of issues associated by what is in the child’s best interests.
with leaving a situation of family violence, Consideration of best interests includes
such as having to change schools, move safety, stability and developmental needs,
away from friends, or adjust to life in a underpinned by an understanding of culture
refuge and age and stage of life.
31
Adolescents experiencing family violence are • stress associated with their new role or with
likely to enter the service system via youth the introduction of a new child into their
support services, and so workers in the youth family
sector need to be skilled in risk assessment and • perceived or actual inability to protect
risk management. themselves and their children from harm
Women in pregnancy and early motherhood • change in financial circumstances (perhaps
Pregnancy and the early years of motherhood a reduction from two incomes to one)
are periods when women are at greater risk of • fears about losing access to their child
experiencing family violence. Research shows because of involvement of Child Protection
that women often experience their first assault
• fear of social stigmatisation about becoming
during pregnancy, or experience an increase
a single mother
in the form or intensity of violence.17 Violence
committed against pregnant women is more • lack of safe accommodation options
likely to be very dangerous or lethal. There is appropriate to an infant or young child
also evidence that some perpetrators specifically • desire to maintain the child’s connection
target the foetus, using physical violence aimed with its father.
at their partner’s abdominal area, genitals and
The prevalence of family violence in pregnancy
breasts.
and early motherhood suggests that
The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 professionals working in perinatal and maternal
estimates that 59 per cent of women who and child health services play a critical role in
experienced violence from a previous partner early intervention, by identifying family violence
were pregnant at some time during the and referring appropriately.
relationship; of these, 36 per cent reported that
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
violence occurred during the pregnancy and
17 per cent experienced violence for the first Aboriginal women experience significantly
time when they were pregnant.18 International higher levels of family violence than non-
research indicates that a minimum of 4 per cent Aboriginal women, with significant under-
and possibly up to 21 per cent of pregnant reporting of family violence in Aboriginal
women experience violence that causes injury. communities. Aboriginal children are seven
Babies born to women who have experienced times more likely than non-Aboriginal children to
violence are more likely to be of a lower birth be the victims of substantiated child abuse.19
weight, to be more vulnerable to illness, to be at From an Aboriginal perspective, this high
risk of premature delivery and to be at greater prevalence of family violence is attributed to
risk of death in the months following birth. As a number of factors, many of which relate to
described on page 26, family violence has the impact of white settlement on Aboriginal
an adverse impact on babies’ and children’s culture. These include:
development.
• dispossession of land and traditional culture
Some of the additional vulnerabilities that through colonialism
women might experience in pregnancy and early
• breakdown of community kinship systems
motherhood are:
and Aboriginal lore
• exhaustion and sleep deprivation associated
• racism and vilification
with mothering, which might contribute to
diminished sense of, or actual, self-efficacy • economic exclusion and entrenched poverty
32 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
• the loss of traditional Aboriginal male roles, • speak no or limited English, which might make
female roles and associated status. it harder to seek support from the police,
support services and the courts, especially if
Service responses to Aboriginal women and those professionals do not routinely offer
children need to be based on an understanding interpreters
of these issues and incorporate appropriate
consultations with Aboriginal organisations. • rarely have access to information about
Agencies working with Aboriginal clients must family violence and services in their preferred
provide a holistic service that takes into account language
any clan or family arrangements that might be • often encounter systemic barriers to access,
relevant to the assessment process. Importantly, such as poor provision of interpreters, a lack
Aboriginal women must always be offered the of cultural respect, and in some cases, even
opportunity to choose the service they wish to racism on the part of service providers
engage with, whether that be an Aboriginal- • often have limited knowledge about community
specific or mainstream family violence service. supports, or access to those supports
All agencies providing family violence services • might have cultural beliefs that preclude
must demonstrate their cultural respect by: separation or divorce.
• asking (at point of intake) whether clients, A significant number of women who seek
including children, identify as Aboriginal or assistance from family violence crisis services
Torres Strait Islander are living in Australia on temporary or provisional
• determining whether Aboriginal or Torres visas.20 Conditions attached to these visas
Strait Islander clients would prefer to receive differ, and women in these situations usually
service from a general or Aboriginal-specific require specialist advice. Many women fear that
service reporting or leaving family violence will jeopardise
their future residency. While their fears of
• acknowledging the discrimination experienced
deportation might or might not be well founded,
by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
it is critical to recognise that some women who
people, contributed to by past unjust
are deported may face punishment or death on
government practices
return to their country of origin. Others might be
• forging links and partnerships between local shunned by their families, or considered to have
Aboriginal-specific and generalist services brought great shame upon them. Perpetrators
• demonstrating respect and consideration for often exploit these fears.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Women who are recently arrived in Australia are
presenting or referred for assistance and
often particularly isolated, perhaps knowing no
support.
one other than their partner’s immediate family.
As noted by the Aboriginal Family Violence Other barriers to their leaving the violence include
Taskforce final report, regardless of the historical lack of independent funds, lack of income-
antecedents of Aboriginal family violence and earning capacity, the need to send money back
the cultural complexities involved in responding to family overseas, experiences of state-based
sensitively, the safety and security of victims of repression, and experiences in Australia of
violence are number one priorities. marginalisation and racism.
33
When assessing risk for victims from CALD then you must use a properly accredited
communities, it should be remembered that interpreter. Using a friend or family member as
the additional barriers they face in accessing an interpreter is never acceptable, although
services might compound their level of risk. this person might be asked what language
When working with a woman from a diverse and dialect the woman speaks, if it has not
community, it is important to ensure that you: been possible to determine this.
• simplify and explain all terms, and check Some women from small communities have
that the woman understands them concerns for their privacy and safety in
• always provide an interpreter if required using interpreter services, and any woman
(see below) might feel concerned for her privacy if she
already knows the interpreter. Accredited
• seek secondary consultation and possible
interpreters have advanced training, significant
co-case management with a service that
experience and are required to abide by
specialises in responding to family violence
a code of conduct; however, women with
against victims from CALD communities
privacy concerns might feel reassured to have
• take all care to engage with the woman in access to interstate or international telephone
a culturally appropriate manner, perhaps interpreters. These can be arranged via
by making contact with other appropriate Victorian telephone interpreter services, and
agencies and/or engaging the services of a should be offered to all women. It is also
bicultural worker good practice to explain the interpreter’s role
• enquire about and record concerns arising to the woman at the outset of the interview
from the woman’s life circumstances and and note that the interpreter is not allowed to
factor these into risk assessment and risk tell anyone what is said in the course of the
management consultation.
• discuss with the woman any protective Before engaging an interpreter service, you
concerns you hold for her children, to should always ask the woman about:
minimise the chances that your concerns • all the languages she speaks
arise from cultural misunderstandings.
• which language/s she prefers to speak
It is critical for you to make every effort to
• what dialect/s she speaks
understand:
• the cultural context of the victim’s distress, • her preferences regarding the gender of
and cultural factors in how this distress the interpreter
might be expressed • her preferences regarding the form of
• the victim’s visa status and legal position interpreting (telephone or on-site) and,
(this should be based on information from a if telephone, whether she would prefer an
suitably informed professional) interpreter from outside Victoria.
• how the victim’s culture informs her This information is required to engage an
parenting practices appropriate interpreter.
• the underlying reasons for any reluctance A bicultural worker or specialist CALD service
the victim has to use a service or engage can help to prepare women to speak through
with the service system. an interpreter; this can maximise the benefits
of engaging an interpreter.
If you and the victim cannot communicate
easily in English, or if the woman prefers Women may also require specialist
to speak a language other than English, immigration advice.
34 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
• communication challenges and lack of • believe her and directly address any
access to interpreters, communication concerns she has about whether she will
devices and information in an appropriate be believed by others, especially if the
format perpetrator has undermined her confidence
• normalisation of the experience of being or self-esteem.
controlled and abused (especially if this If the woman has children, explore their
has been accepted by authority figures, for support needs. You need to keep in mind that
example, where a male carer is asked to the specific context of their mother’s disability
‘speak for’ the woman with the disability). might also inform their experience of the
To minimise the effects of the additional risks violence.
and vulnerabilities that might be experienced All service providers have a responsibility to
by a woman with disabilities, it is important ensure access for women with disabilities.
that you: This means:
• check what, if any, communication • treating women with disabilities with
assistance she requires before proceeding respect
with the assessment
• giving women with disabilities the time they
• check whether she identifies as having a require to communicate their story and
disability identify options for their safety
• check whether any children identify as • ensuring that women with disabilities are
having a disability able to communicate in their preferred
• enquire about what, if any, supports she way (for example, using Auslan, Braille
and/or her family require for daily living, or pictograms, or via a communication
and who provides that support assistant—making sure that this person is
not the perpetrator)
• check whether she requires mobility aids,
medications or treatments and record the • providing an accessible and comfortable
details of any schedule that applies to environment
these • not making assumptions about women’s
• identify any support services/agencies that cognitive abilities based on their
she and/or her family are engaged with presentation
• explore what support or assistance she • being familiar with local disability agencies
needs if she wishes to access other to enable secondary consultation and
services, including accommodation ensure that women’s and children’s support
needs are met
• develop a safety plan that makes specific
provisions for her and her children’s • providing disability awareness training for
requirements (addressing, for example, staff
lack of mobility, communication difficulties) • developing Disability Action Plans for the
• explore how other factors—such as organisation.
living in a rural area, being in a same-
sex relationship, immigration status, or
dependence on the perpetrator—might
impact on her and her children’s safety and
access to services, and make provisions to
address these
37
• identify any support services/agencies that Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and
she and/or her family are engaged with intersex people
• explore what support or assistance she A Victorian study of GLBTI people showed
needs if she wishes to access other that over 80 per cent of participants had
services, including accommodation experienced public insult, 70 per cent verbal
abuse, 20 per cent explicit threats and 13
• make specific provision to address safety
per cent physical assault.24 Another Victorian
concerns that arise from her mental illness
study found that such discrimination,
• explore how other factors—such as harassment and violence had caused two-
living in a rural area, being in a same- thirds to modify their behaviour.25
sex relationship, immigration status, or
dependence on the perpetrator—might Studies such as these provide compelling
impact on her and her children’s safety and evidence of continued homophobia and
access to services, and make provisions to transphobia in the Victorian community.
address these Homophobic or transphobic discrimination
and violence mean that the fears and
• collaborate with her case manager (if in
concerns of GLBTI people are often based
a clinical mental health service), support
on their own lived experience, or that of
worker (if in a psychiatric disability
someone close to them.
rehabilitation and support service), GP
or private practitioner (for example, While the level of family violence in GLBTI
psychiatrist or psychologist) couples is unknown, there is some evidence
to suggest it occurs at rates comparable with
• be aware of the episodic nature of mental
family violence perpetrated by men against
illness (a woman’s mental health may
women in heterosexual relationships.26 The
fluctuate—one day she may appear
forms of violence occurring are also similar
‘disorganised and vague’, while another
to those reported by women in heterosexual
she may be very clear and organised;
relationships.
assistance needs to be flexible and
adaptive to her mental health status) Some of the additional factors that make
people in same-sex relationships more
• recognise that anger and distress are
vulnerable to family violence are:
appropriate responses to family violence
and not necessarily signs of mental illness • beliefs that violence from a GLBTI partner
or relapse (once a woman has a diagnosis is not family violence (this is a particularly
of mental illness, there is a risk that all of potent idea for women in same-sex
her behaviour is seen in illness terms rather relationships)
than attributed to the experience of family • beliefs that there are no services for people
violence) experiencing family violence
• recognise the importance of emotional • concerns about the ways that GLBTI
support and the impact of stigma on help- people have historically been treated
seeking behaviour. by police or other service providers—
If the woman is a parent, you need to actively and about ongoing homophobia and
seek to understand the impact of issues in transphobia on the part of some
relation to the intersection of parenting with professionals
a mental illness and family violence, and • concerns for their confidentiality and
recognise how this may be experienced by privacy, including being ‘outed’
the woman’s children.
40 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
• concerns that reporting violence might If the victim has children, you should explore
lead to revelations to Centrelink about their support needs, keeping in mind that the
their relationship status (recent changes specific context of marginalisation might also
to federal laws mean that same-sex de inform their experience of the violence.
facto couples now have the same reporting
If it is difficult to assess whether a person
requirements as heterosexual couples)
is using or requiring protection from family
• lack of awareness about their rights violence, please see Assessing whether a
(including as parents) and entitlements if person is using or in need of protection from
they leave the relationship family violence on page 41.
• internalised homophobia, which might lead
Responses to men who report or are
victims to question their deservedness of
assessed to be victims of violence in a
respectful relationships
heterosexual relationship
• fears that their children will be removed, The research evidence and experience of
or that their access to their children might family violence professionals demonstrate that
be limited, if they report or leave family relatively few men in heterosexual relationships
violence are solely victims of intimate partner violence.
• the presence of other co-existing and/or
As discussed on page 41, men are much more
confounding vulnerabilities, such as living in
likely than their female partners to be using
a regional area or having a disability.
a number of repeated, patterned forms of
To minimise the effects of the additional risks violence to dominate and control over time.
and vulnerabilities that might be experienced A man who is the principal (or sole) user of
by people in GLBTI relationships, it is family violence can present as a victim or the
important that you: victim of the violence. This presentation is often
• are respectful of people’s choices regarding persuasive because:
the pronouns and identities they use to • women may retaliate which later may be
describe themselves and others in their interpreted as ‘evidence’ of a pattern of
family and community violence on their part
• make specific provision to address • men may claim injuries (for example
concerns or fears that arise from the scratches or bite marks) as evidence of their
context of homophobia or transphobia victimisation that are likely to have been
• believe people and directly address any received from their partner in self-defence
concerns they have about whether they • even when they are not able to portray
will be believed by others, especially if their partner as the sole aggressor and
the perpetrator has undermined their themselves as the sole victim, men can
confidence or self-esteem describe their partner’s actions (of self-
• explore how other factors—such as living in defence) to present the situation as ‘tit-for-
a rural area, immigration status, being from tat fighting’, perhaps by saying that ‘she
a CALD community, or being dependent gives as good as she gets’
on the perpetrator—might impact on their • women (people) experiencing fear or terror
and their children’s safety and access to will sometimes make decisions (including
services, and make provisions to address the use of violence), which might add to the
these. portrayal of them being hysterical or out of
control
41
Standardised
Evidence-based risk factors risk
assessment
Professional judgement
43
• family violence liaison officers, who are • crisis assessment and treatment
located at every 24-hour and most 16-hour teams or hospitals, if a client presents
police stations throughout the state. This as suicidal or at risk of self-harm, or
role includes closely monitoring police appears to have a psychiatric disorder
compliance with the Victoria Police Code that requires assessment or treatment.
of Practice for the Investigation of Family Hospital emergency departments are the
Violence and liaising with services at the appropriate referral pathway for a client
local level presenting with injuries
• sexual offences and child abuse units, • mental health services, if a victim or
which are the appropriate policing unit perpetrator presents with mental health
to assess crimes of a sexual nature or issues but is not currently in crisis
investigate child abuse allegations where a • general practitioners, who can support
crime may have been committed victims and provide medical treatment
• courts, which make determinations when the matter is not urgent
about perpetrator guilt and sentencing • drug and alcohol services, if a victim or
and issue Intervention Orders (specialist perpetrator presents with alcohol or drug
family violence divisions of the Magistrates’ issues
Court currently operate at Ballarat and • Centres Against Sexual Assault, which
Heidelberg to support victims and respond provide counselling, advocacy and support
to perpetrators of family violence; there throughout Melbourne and in regional
are also specialist family violence services areas, for adults and children who have
at Melbourne, Sunshine, Frankston and been sexually assaulted
Werribee Magistrates’ Courts) • Sexual Assault Crisis Line, which
• family relationship centres, which provides an after-hours crisis and
provide information, support, referral and counselling service
dispute resolution services. These centres • Victims of Crime Helpline and the
also offer individual, group or joint sessions Victims Assistance and Counselling
to assist in making workable parenting Program, which provide practical
arrangements and to help separating assistance for people who have been
families with relationship and parenting victims of a criminal act
issues (Note: dispute resolution processes • migrant and ethno-specific services,
may not be appropriate where there has which can assist mainstream providers
been violence) to understand and respond appropriately
• Child FIRST and Integrated Family to a victim’s specific cultural context and
Services, which respond to the needs needs (these services can often also link
of vulnerable children, young people and victims with bicultural professionals such as
families. Child FIRST provides a single entry doctors, lawyers and financial advisors)
point to ensure vulnerable children, young • interpreter services, which assist victims
people and their families are linked to who need help with communication (for
relevant services example, because they use a spoken
• Child Protection, which has a statutory language other than English, Auslan, or
responsibility for investigating reports of another communication method)
child abuse and intervening when children • community health centres, which can
are assessed as being at significant risk of help women, children and men who are
harm and in need of protection experiencing crisis or difficulty
45
You should only refer men to a behaviour • if the victim does not give permission to
change program on their own request, except share information, consider whether there
in specific policing or criminal justice contexts is potential for her confidentiality to be
for which agreed protocols exist. breached inadvertently (in which case, do
not proceed, and instead try to work with
You should never refer a man without making
the victim to identify another way to access
a corresponding referral for the victims of his
specialist advice)
violence.
• identify beforehand what information
Key providers of information about working
is required, and check that you are
with perpetrators are:
approaching the right agency
• the Men’s Referral Service, an anonymous
• ensure you have all the information you
and confidential telephone counselling,
might require (for example, if seeking advice
information and referral service for men
on a victim’s immigration status, you will
across Victoria who behave violently or
need to know their visa category and
abusively towards family members
number, date of arrival in Australia and any
• men’s behaviour change programs, which conditions that have been imposed on their
provide group programs for men to help immigration status)
them understand and address their violent
• have the victim’s file at hand
behaviour.
• consider what, if any, ongoing role you
How to make a secondary consultation
might ask the agency to take
Secondary consultations are an often
• reflect on any assumptions, biases, and
overlooked aspect of service provision. They
privilege that might influence your work with
can play a critical role in ensuring that victims
the victim or the agency
receive appropriate and effective service
responses. • check back with the victim about how
the information and ideas obtained in the
You may seek a secondary consultation with
secondary consultation fit with her own
or without a victim’s permission. If you have
narratives, context and situation.
permission, you may share with the other
professional any information that is relevant to Sharing information
the purpose of the secondary consultation. If
you do not have permission, you may discuss Why share information
the situation in general terms, but must be very Sharing information helps to ensure that
careful not to reveal any identifying information. victims of family violence receive support and
Remember that in small communities, it is very assistance in a timely and effective manner;
easy to inadvertently reveal a person’s identity. increases the safety of victims; and promotes
It is definitely not acceptable to merely change the accountability of perpetrators.
a name and/or one or two superficial factors.
Sharing information between services helps to
When seeking a secondary consultation: enhance protection for women and children
• discuss the secondary consultation with the when they are vulnerable. It also enables
victim, and seek her permission to share earlier intervention and prevention strategies
information (ensure that you have a signed to be implemented, by enhancing case
permission form that you can fax to the management and coordination, and providing
other agency if they request it) services with clearer roles and expectations for
service provision.
47
?
• note a time to review the decision 1. Have you considered the
amount of information to be
• record the decision.
disclosed and the number of
If you decide to share information: people/agencies to disclose to?
This should be limited to what
• decide on the amount of information to
is judged as necessary in the
share, how and with whom
circumstances, given the results
• share the information, but only sufficient of the risk assessment.
information for the other agency to perform
?
their role or function 2. Has the victim or perpetrator
been informed that the
• record the decision, with whom the information will be disclosed and
information was shared, how and why to whom, and why? Have details
• note whether/when the person was of next steps been explained?
informed that the information was shared Has this been done in advance of
and, if they have not been informed, the the information being disclosed?
reasons why not (for example, perpetrator If you have not spoken with the
was not informed because it would increase victim or perpetrator, have you
risk). recorded your reasons for this?
Information must always be transferred securely.
The recipient must be able to guarantee they
have secure systems for storage and retrieval of
the information. It is preferable that information
is shared in written form, to reduce any risks
of misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the
information provided.
50 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Assessment Assessment
Risk Management
Assessment Assessment
51
Safety planning is the process of identifying Safety plans need to be tailored to the
and documenting (in case notes) the steps particular circumstances and needs of all
required to optimise a state of safety for all victim(s) in a family. The needs of any children
victims in a family. It can refer to any aspect who are involved should be identified and
of physical, social, emotional, financial and addressed in the safety planning process.
psychological safety, but it typically involves There might need to be a different safety plan
planning to avoid serious injury, to escape for each family member.
violence (crisis management), and to ensure
Victims of family violence should also be
the safety of children.
made aware that the perpetrator can get
At a minimum, the safety plan should: information about calls from mobile and
• list the contact numbers for a family landline telephones and pages accessed via
violence organisation the internet. You should encourage victims to
regularly clear the ‘recently dialled numbers’
• list emergency contact numbers log in their mobile telephone and dial another
• identify a safe place for the victim to go if ‘safe’ number after contacting services via the
she is in danger, and how to get there landline. Victims should also be advised about
the safety features on family violence websites
• identify a friend, family member or
that prevent the tracing of viewed pages.
neighbour who can assist in an emergency,
and how to contact them For further information on technology safety
• identify a way for the victim to get access planning, go to www.dvirc.org.au
to money in an emergency When making a safety plan, it is critical to
• identify a place to store valuables and address and understand the relationship
important documents so that the victim can between the victim and perpetrator, particularly
access them when needed when there is a continuing emotional
attachment or when children are involved.
• specifically address any barriers to the
Professionals are more likely to be able
victim implementing the safety plan (for
to support victims to develop realistic risk
example, leaving a pet behind, or having
management plans when they have a true
mobility or communication difficulties).
understanding of all of the elements they need
to integrate and to take into account.
52 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Data analysis
Service planning
53
Practice guide 1:
Identifying family violence
The practice guide is to be used when family Preparing to identify family
violence is suspected but not confirmed. It is violence
primarily intended for use by professionals in
mainstream settings, if they are concerned that To use this guide, you need to be aware of
a client might be a victim of family violence. the family violence response options within
your local area and the statewide services.
If your professional role includes working Refer to the insert at the front of this manual.
with victims of family violence, you may use
this guide to identify family violence before The free call number for the 24-hour helpline
implementing the assessment outlined in operated by the Women’s Domestic Violence
Practice guide 2 or 3. Crisis Service of Victoria is 1800 015 188.
If your professional role does not require you Possible indicators of family
to work with victims of family violence on violence
an ongoing basis, please refer to Figure 10:
Response options for mainstream services in The following lists present possible indicators
the identification of family violence (page 60). of family violence. If a number of these
indicators are present, you should ask the
You should use this guide if you are: prompting questions on the following pages
• a maternal and child health nurse to guide a conversation with the person
• a general practitioner about their current circumstances.
• a teacher It is important to note that these signs and
• a health care provider, for example, in a symptoms do not by themselves indicate
primary health, emergency or hospital family violence. In some situations and
setting combinations, however, they may raise a
• a professional working for a telephone suspicion of family violence. When such a
helpline suspicion arises, it is important to ask the
• a HACC worker person whether they are experiencing family
• a disability service worker violence.
• a professional working in a mediation If these indicators are not present, but you
centre have a sense that something is ‘not quite
• a professional working in Centrelink. right’, it is preferable to use this practice
guide to explore whether family violence
The guide provides you with:
might be an issue.
• a set of possible indicators of family
violence Indicators of family violence in an
• questions to identify family violence, and adult
advice on how to ask these A person who is a victim of family violence
• steps to take if you identify family violence. might:
You should only use this guide when it is • appear nervous, ashamed or evasive
unclear whether someone is experiencing • describe their partner as controlling or
family violence. If you are aware that violence prone to anger
is occurring, or if someone discloses that • seem uncomfortable or anxious in the
violence is occurring, you should follow the presence of their partner
referral pathways set out in Figure 10 on • be accompanied by their partner, who
page 60. does most of the talking
56 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Indicators of neglect of a child or controlling what a person wears, who they can
young person talk to, where they can go and what access they
Indicators of possible neglect include the have to money or the car. It does not mean a
child or young person: parent reminding a child that it is time to go to
bed or to stop watching television.
• being frequently hungry
• being poorly nourished Using the prompting questions with
children
• having poor hygiene
While the indicators listed above might suggest
• wearing inappropriate clothing, for
that a child is being abused or neglected,
example, wearing summer clothes in
they should be used in conjunction with other
winter
information available about the child’s situation.
• being unsupervised for long periods The child should also be asked about their
• not having their medical needs attended to situation.
• being abandoned by their parents When talking to children you need to consider
• stealing food your tone of voice, speak gently and reassuringly.
Consider starting your conversation with an
• staying at school outside school hours
acknowledgement that they might feel frightened
• often being tired and/or falling asleep in and a little nervous about speaking to an adult
class they don’t know, or don’t know very well.
• abusing alcohol or drugs Assess all children and young people in
• displaying aggressive behaviour ways that are appropriate to their stage of
• not getting on well with peers. development. Primary school-aged children can
be asked the simple direct questions suggested
Using the prompting questions below. For young people, a mix of the questions
for adults and children might be suitable.
How to use the prompting questions
Young people, especially young women, might
with adults
experience violence in the family home and/or
The questions suggested below should not from a partner outside the home. This means it
be asked one by one in survey style. Rather, is important to obtain the name of the suspected
they should be prompts in a conversation perpetrator and their relationship to the victim.
about possible violence in the family home.
Each question should be explored in detail if Inclusive practice
a response is ambiguous; for example, ‘Can
There are many different factors that might
you tell me more about that?’ or ‘Could you
affect victims’ real and felt safety and options.
explain that a little more for me?’ could help
You should be familiar with the many ways that
to clarify responses or elicit more information.
issues such as disability, being from a CALD
You do not need to restrict yourself to the community, identifying as Aboriginal or Torres
questions suggested here. Islander, living in a rural area, or being in a same-
sex relationship might have on the victim and
Make sure you are very familiar with the
her children.
forms of family violence described in Figure
4 on pages 20 and 21 of the manual, as Suggestions for inclusive practice are
some of the prompting questions may documented on pages 30 to 41 of the Risk
require explanation. For example, ‘control’ Assessment and Risk Management Framework
in the context of family violence may mean manual.
58 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Figure 10: Response options for mainstream services in the identification of family violence
Indicators of NO No action
family violence required
present?
YES
Ask questions
to detect family
violence
YES NO
Are children at
risk of significant No other action
harm? required
YES NO
Are there
Refer to Child
concerns for
Protection
child’s wellbeing?
YES NO
Victim
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Preferred name/s
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Preferred phone number Can you leave a message? No Yes
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or Torres
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Relationship to Wife Defacto wife Former wife (including defacto)
perpetrator
Husband Defacto husband Former husband (including defacto)
Girlfriend Former girlfriend Carer
Boyfriend Former boyfriend Partner
Father Mother Other (please specify below)
Son Daughter
Brother Sister
Does the perpetrator live No Yes
in your household?
Are there any children No Yes (please specify below)
living in your household?
Perpetrator
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Date of birth / / Age
Gender indentity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Child 1
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
63
Child 2
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
Child 3
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
64 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Practice guide 2: Preliminary assessment 65
Practice guide 2:
Preliminary assessment
This guide assists professionals who work Elements of risk assessment
with victims of family violence and play a
The risk assessment outlined in this practice
role in initial risk assessment, but for whom
guide combines three elements to determine
responses to family violence are not their only
the level of risk:
core business. You should use this guide if
you are: • the victim’s own assessment of her level
of risk
• a member of Victoria Police
• evidence-based risk factors
• a professional working in a court setting
• the practitioner’s professional judgement.
• a professional working in a community
legal centre The purpose of preliminary
• a professional working in a child protection assessment
context The purpose of the preliminary assessment
• a professional working in housing and process is to determine risk and safety for
homelessness services. the victim by considering a range of victim
and perpetrator characteristics that affect the
You should only use this guide when it likelihood and severity of future violence.
has been established that someone is
experiencing or has experienced family To achieve this, you will need to:
violence. If family violence has not been • ascertain the victim’s view of the risk the
established, please refer to Practice guide 1: perpetrator poses to her or her children
Identifying family violence. • identify the presence of risk factors
If you are a specialist family violence • identify whether a crime has been
worker, you should use Practice guide 3: committed (for example, physical or sexual
Comprehensive assessment. assault, threats, pet abuse, property
damage, stalking and/or breach of an
If you are not a professional in any of the
Intervention Order)
categories listed above or do not have family
• identify current protective factors
violence as part of your core business, you
• establish whether risk is present
should refer to Practice guide 1: Identifying
family violence. • identify and document the contact details
of any services currently involved
• document any referrals made as a result
of the assessment
• record the assessment process and
outcomes (police use ‘L17’ and other
services use the recording template
included in this guide)
• obtain written consent from the victim for
the risk assessment to be passed on as
part of any referral made
• make plans to address the immediate
safety and needs of all parties affected
by the violence, including by referring
appropriately.
66 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
The practice approach privacy, and any action you take must err on
the side of caution to ensure the safety of the
Your practice approach to working with
victim and child.
victims of family violence needs to be
informed by a sophisticated understanding In crisis situations or where ideal conditions
of their experience of the violence, their are not available, you should still aim to
relationship with the perpetrator, other gather the information needed to make a
significant family relationships and the impact thorough assessment, which is based on your
of the violence on their daily functioning. professional judgement, the victim’s view of
their risk, and the risk and vulnerability factors
At the time of assessment—and indeed
in the aide memoire.
from the moment of engagement—victims
will be making their own decisions about Inclusive practice
how much information to disclose. They
are more likely to disclose the full extent of There are many different factors that might
the violence if they feel they have support. affect victims’ real and felt safety and options.
They are also more likely to talk about their You should be familiar with the many ways
personal circumstances, including issues that issues such as disability, being from a
about their lifestyle and financial position, their CALD community, identifying as Aboriginal or
relationship with the perpetrator and with their Torres Strait Islander, living in a rural area, or
children, the children’s relationship with the being in a same-sex relationship might have
perpetrator, their emotional reactions to the on the victim and her children.
perpetrator, and their assessment of their own Suggestions for inclusive practice are
risk and safety in relation to the perpetrator. documented on pages 31 to 42 of the
Victims’ needs for a sense of safety in Risk Assessment and Risk Management
the assessment process mean that you Framework manual.
must conduct a preliminary assessment
Using prompting questions
using a practice approach that is sensitive,
collaborative, respectful, inclusive of diversity, How to use prompting questions with
strengths based and rights focused. adults
It is also vital to ensure that your assessment Risk assessment must be conducted in a
does not compound the impact of the conversational manner to ensure the victim
violence or collude with the perpetrator’s feels understood and supported.
narratives.
The questions suggested below should not
As a priority, you must ensure that the be asked one by one in survey style. Rather,
victim is safe and able to communicate they should be prompts in a conversation
comfortably. This includes providing an about possible violence in the family home.
interpreter for anyone who requires assistance Each question should be explored in detail if
to communicate. For victims from CALD a response is ambiguous; for example, ‘Can
communities, the telephone interpreter service you tell me more about that?’ or ‘Could you
can be used when an onsite interpreter is not explain that a little more for me?’ could help
available. to clarify responses or elicit more information.
The assessment must be as comprehensive You do not need to restrict yourself to the
as possible, even when there is limited time or questions suggested here.
67
?
• Could you tell me more about the last
choice about referral options, and this choice
time he hurt you?
must be respected. Where an Aboriginal-
specific service response is not available, • What is it exactly that he does that
consultation with an Aboriginal organisation hurts/scares/controls you?
will support culturally respectful service • What is the scariest thing that he has
provision. done to you (or pets or others)?
• How long has this been going on?
68 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Referral pathways
You should refer the victim to:
• your local specialist family violence service
(who will conduct a comprehensive
assessment to ascertain and respond to
the support needs of all victims)
• Child Protection, if a child is believed to
be at risk of significant harm or to Child
FIRST if there is significant concern for the
wellbeing of a child or unborn child (this
does not need consent by victim)
• police, if a crime has been committed or if
the victim’s safety is not currently assured
• a legal centre or court if an Intervention
Order is required.
A list of local referral pathways should be
compiled using the template located in the
inside cover of this guide.
72 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Preliminary assessment
Recording template
Victim
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Preferred name/s
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Preferred phone number Can you leave a message? No Yes
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or Torres
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Relationship to Wife Defacto wife Former wife (including defacto)
perpetrator
Husband Defacto husband Former husband (including defacto)
Girlfriend Former girlfriend Carer
Boyfriend Former boyfriend Partner
Father Mother Other (please specify below)
Son Daughter
Brother Sister
Does the perpetrator live No Yes
in your household?
Are there any children No Yes (please specify below)
living in your household?
Preliminary assessment
Recording template continued
Perpetrator
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Child 1
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
74 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Preliminary assessment
Recording template continued
Child 2
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
Child 3
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
75
Preliminary assessment
Aide memoire
Note: these risk factors should be explored through the course of a conversation rather than in checklist
fashion.
Presence of factor
Risk factors for victims Yes No Comments
Pregnancy/new birth*
Depression/mental health issue
Drug and/or alcohol misuse/abuse
Has ever verbalised or had suicidal ideas or
tried to commit suicide
Isolation
Risk factors for perpetrators
Use of weapon in most recent event*
Access to weapons*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm victim
Has ever tried to choke the victim*
Has ever threatened to kill victim*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill children*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill other family members
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill pets or other animals*
Has ever threatened or tried to commit
suicide*
Stalking of victim*
Sexual assault of victim*
Previous or current breach of Intervention Order
Drug and/or alcohol misuse/abuse*
Obsession/jealous behaviour toward victim*
Controlling behaviours*
Unemployed*
Depression/mental health issue
History of violent behaviour (not family
violence)
Relationship factors
Recent separation*
Escalation—increase in severity and/or
frequency of violence*
Financial difficulties
* May indicate an increased risk of the victim being killed or almost killed.
76 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Preliminary assessment
Victim’s presentation and own assessment of safety
CASE CLASSIFICATION CODE TABLE *
Instructions: Describe the most serious feature of the current case, and use this code number in the box above.
CRIMINAL ABUSE
* This is consistent with the Classification Table used by the Victoria Police in the Family Violence Risk Assessment and Management Report (the L17).
77
Preliminary assessment
Protective factors (see page 68)
Risk level
Preliminary assessment
Referrals made
Child Protection
Child FIRST
Housing service
Community legal
centre/Legal Aid
Centrelink
Other
Other
Other
Other
Consent
I,
consent for this practitioner to share the information I have provided in this assessment with
other agencies to which I am being referred.
Signature:
Date: / /
Practice guide 3:
Comprehensive assessment
This guide assists specialist family violence Elements of risk assessment
professionals working with women and
The risk assessment outlined in this practice
children who are victims of family violence.
guide combines three elements to determine
They also have very advanced skills in
the level of risk:
engaging clients around family violence
matters as well as in detailed safety planning • the victim’s own assessment of her level
and case management. These professionals of risk
have family violence responses as a • evidence-based risk factors
designated part of their job role, or work in
• the practitioner’s professional judgement.
specialist family violence services.
You should use this guide if you are a The purpose of comprehensive
professional working within: assessment
• specialist women’s family violence services The purpose of the comprehensive assessment
• men’s behaviour change programs process is to:
• family violence counselling • determine risk and safety for the victim by
• a specialist family violence accommodation considering a range of victim and perpetrator
service (such as a refuge) characteristics that affect the likelihood and
severity of future violence
• specialist family violence courts. • identify and make provisions to address any
You should only use this guide when it needs or issues that might impact on the
has been established that someone is victim’s recovery from her family violence
experiencing or has experienced family experience.
violence. If this is not the case, please firstly
To achieve this, you will need to:
use Practice guide 1: Identifying family
violence. • ascertain the victim’s view of the risk the
perpetrator poses to her or her children
• identify the presence of risk factors
• identify whether a crime has been committed
(for example, physical or sexual assault,
threats, pet abuse, property damage,
stalking and/or breach of an Intervention
Order)
• identify current protective factors
• identify all of the possibly wide-ranging
factors that impact on the victim’s wellbeing,
paying particular attention to those that
might make her or her children more
vulnerable to the effects of violence or
continued violence
• establish whether risk is present and identify
actions required (for example, appropriate
referral and safety planning)
• identify and document the contact details of
any services currently involved
80 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
• document any referrals made as a result It is also vital to ensure that your assessment
of the assessment does not compound the impact of the violence
• record the assessment process and or collude with the perpetrator’s narratives.
outcomes (police use ‘L17’ and other The assessment must be as comprehensive
services use the recording template as possible, even when there is limited time or
included in this guide) privacy, and any action you take must err on
the side of caution to ensure the safety of the
• obtain written consent from the victim for victim and child.
the risk assessment to be passed on as
part of any referral made In crisis situations or where ideal conditions
are not available, you should still aim to
• make plans to address the immediate
gather the information needed to make a
safety and needs of all parties affected
thorough assessment, which is based on your
by the violence, including by referring
professional judgement, the victim’s view of
appropriately.
their risk, and the risk and vulnerability factors
Your practice approach in the aide memoire.
Your practice approach to working with The assessment must also categorise the level
victims of family violence needs to be of risk, provide details of risk management
informed by a sophisticated understanding plans and record the assessment.
of their experience of the violence, their
Conduct in the comprehensive
relationship with the perpetrator, other
significant family relationships and the impact
assessment process
of the violence on their daily functioning. Attending to basic needs
At the time of assessment—and indeed As a priority, you must ensure that the victim
from the moment of engagement—victims is safe and able to communicate comfortably.
will be making their own decisions about For example, you should ensure the victim:
how much information to disclose. They
• feels (and is) safe enough to have a
are more likely to disclose the full extent of
conversation about the issues (see below)
the violence if they feel they have support.
They are also more likely to talk about their • has her basic needs for food, fluids, privacy
personal circumstances, including issues and childcare met
about their lifestyle and financial position, their • has opportunities for a break, especially
relationship with the perpetrator and with their if she is distressed, ill or has a cognitive
children, the children’s relationship with the disability
perpetrator, their emotional reactions to the • is able to communicate and be understood
perpetrator, and their assessment of their own appropriately
risk and safety in relation to the perpetrator.
• has an advocate or support person present
Victims’ need for a sense of safety in the if desired and appropriate
assessment process means that you must
• is being engaged in a culturally sensitive
conduct a preliminary assessment using
manner
a practice approach that is sensitive,
collaborative, respectful, inclusive of diversity, • is clear about your responsibilities as the
strengths based and rights focused. professional making the assessment
• is comfortable with you and has a rapport
with you.
81
In non-crisis situations, the interview process Ideally you should have a private conversation
should start only when the victim is ready. The with the victim prior to the assessment, to
approach should be conversational and at a explore her relationship to the third party and
pace comfortable for the victim. The victim her level of comfort with them knowing intimate
should also be allowed to discontinue at any and personal details about her life.
time if she becomes traumatised.
Aboriginal cultural respect
It is important to consider your place in
For Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people
relation to the victim. She might be more
who have experienced family violence, you
willing to disclose things to you than to a
must have a culturally sensitive service
police officer or other person associated with
response that is based on:
the law, particularly if she has been engaged
in criminal activity or has concerns about • a real understanding of past government
how she might be treated within the justice policies and practices in relation to Aboriginal
system. people
• a demonstrable understanding and respect
Immediate safety
for Aboriginal culture
If an immediate threat is anticipated and the
• a connectedness to Aboriginal organisations
perpetrator’s whereabouts are unknown,
and service providers in the local area
ensure your agency has safety arrangements
in place. These might include conducting the • a partnership approach to risk assessment
interview in a secure environment, arranging and risk management with Aboriginal
for security or other suitable personnel to be organisations and agencies in your local area.
available to prevent the perpetrator entering You must offer Aboriginal or Torres Strait
the premises, or relocating the victim to a Islander people (including children) a clear
safer environment. choice about referral options, and this choice
must be respected. Where an Aboriginal-
Building rapport
specific service response is not available,
To establish a rapport with the victim, you consultation with an Aboriginal organisation will
should fully explain your role and responsibility support culturally respectful service provision.
within the organisation and introduce the risk
assessment process in a sensitive way. Cultural competence and respect
It may take more than one interview to Culture plays an important part in the way that
establish rapport. If that is the case, it is a woman might:
important to specifically address safety on • talk about and understand her experience
each occasion.
• understand her options
Advocacy or support in the • seek help
assessment process
• express distress.
It is appropriate for the victim to have
an advocate or support person with her While an in-depth understanding of another
throughout the assessment process, but it is person’s culture and values may not be
important to establish that there is no element possible, it is important to be open to the many
of coercion involved in the presence of that different ways that women might present, and
person and that person is an appropriate to ask about and engage with these factors in
support to the victim. ways that are appropriate to the time and place.
82 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
It is equally critical for you to acknowledge the to keep you and your children as safe as
influence of both your own culture and values, possible from future harm. Does that make
and those of the broader service system. You sense? Are you okay with starting?’
need to demonstrate an open and respectful
approach to cultural differences at all times. Collecting information in the
assessment process
Secondary consultations can assist you to
The assessment must be thorough and must
provide culturally respectful service responses.
collect as much information as possible
Inclusive practice to support a safety and risk management
response. To this end, the assessment must:
There are many different factors that might
affect victims’ real and felt safety and options. • gather details of the most recent family
You should be familiar with the many ways that violence episode, and identify frequency
issues such as disability, living in a rural area, and severity of previous episodes
or being in a same-sex relationship might have • document the history of the violence or
on the victim and her children. abuse, including what children experienced
Practice suggestions for inclusive practice are or have been exposed to (including what
documented on pages 30 to 41 of the Risk they may have seen or heard)
Assessment and Risk Management Framework • identify risk factors (refer to aide memoire)
manual.
• include the victim’s assessment of her risk
Professional responsibility • include assessment of risk to the children
You need to make the victim aware of: • articulate whether a crime has been
• the limits of confidentiality (that is, when you committed
may need to breach confidentiality) • identify any protective factors that may
• your organisation’s policies about mandatory exist, for example, an Intervention Order,
or other reporting to Child Protection or the perpetrator being incarcerated, or the
making a referral to Child FIRST victim currently living in a refuge
• your organisation’s policies about the risk • establish the risk level (that is, ‘at risk’,
assessment and risk management process, ‘elevated risk’ or ‘requires immediate
including requirements to contact police protection’) and document rationale for
should immediate safety issues exist. this assessment (some level of professional
judgement is required)
Introducing the assessment • result in the development of a
Introduce the risk assessment with an comprehensive and forward-looking risk
explanation about the purpose of the management plan, with the victim’s input
assessment, the possible outcomes of the • document details of services currently
assessment, and any actions that may be involved and any referrals made as a result
taken after the assessment. For example: of the assessment
I would like to have a chat with you to find • document plans for the next contact with
out more about you, your family, and about the victim, or provide reasons if no further
(the perpetrator) so that I can understand contact is planned
your experiences and so that together we
• include the victim’s written consent for the
can work out any risks to you and your
risk assessment to be passed on as part
children. Once we have done that, we will
of any referral made.
then need to explore what happens next
83
?
be asked one by one in survey style. Rather, • What has brought you here today?
they should be prompts in a conversation
• Can you tell me what has been
about violence in the family home. Each
happening for you lately?
question should be explored in detail if a
response is ambiguous; for example, ‘Can • Tell me about your home life/relationship
you tell me more about that?’ or ‘Could you with X/what is worrying you?
explain that a little more for me?’ could help • Is there someone you are afraid of?
to clarify responses or elicit more information.
Once the victim has had the opportunity to
You do not need to restrict yourself to the provide some details about her circumstances,
questions suggested here. you can ask more specific questions, such as:
?
It is appropriate for you to refer to • Could you tell me more about the last
perpetrators and children by name when time he hurt you?
asking questions about them, and to ask the • What does he do that hurts/scares/
questions in a natural manner. controls you?
Using prompting questions with • How long has this been going on?
children
To build a complete risk profile, and validate the
When talking to children you need to victim’s possibly complex feelings, consider also
consider your tone of voice, and speak gently asking the following questions:
and reassuringly. Consider starting your
?
• Tell me about your relationship with X.
conversation with an acknowledgement that
they might feel frightened and a little nervous • What was it that attracted you to X in
about speaking to an adult they don’t know, the first place?
or don’t know very well. • What role does X play in the family?
Assess all children and young people in • What role does X play with the children?
ways that are appropriate to their stage of
• What are the good things about X?
development. Primary school-aged children
What good things does X do for you and
can be asked the simple direct questions
the children?
suggested below. For young people, a mix of
the questions for adults and children might be • What role does X play in the running of
suitable. the household/of the family?
• Was there a time when your relationship/
family was free of violence? What was
that like?
?
• How scared do you feel given
must be understood in the context of their
what has just happened/the latest
development, their daily life, and their sibling,
incident?
parental and peer relationships.
• Do you think the violence will
Considerations for children must be
continue?
appropriate to their developmental stage and
• Is the violence getting worse? should include their:
?
• How old are they? • How do you think (child’s name)
would describe life at home?
• Where do they live?
• What changes do you think (child’s
• How do you think (names of children) name) would like to see made at
are coping with things at home? home?
• Does (the perpetrator) hurt the • Have you noticed how the children
children? are after X has been violent to you?
• Where are the children when the
Just as it is the role of the professional
violence occurs?
to validate and understand the woman’s
• What have the children seen/heard? experience of family violence, so too must
It is also important to establish whether Child the woman be supported to validate and
Protection or Family Services have been, or understand her children’s experience of
are, involved. the violence. Exploring this together is an
important aspect of the professional’s ongoing
It is imperative for both you and the adult intervention with women and children and
victim to understand the impact the violence must be considered in planning for risk
is having on any children in the family. management.
Asking women to consider whether they
believe the children are safe (both physically Interviewing children and young
and emotionally) in the family home is a people
good place to start. Women who do not If appropriate, children or young people can
understand that the violence affects their be asked questions to determine the risk to
children need support to accept this fact. them; for example:
If a victim seems unaware or unconvinced
?
• Do you feel relaxed when you are
that family violence affects her children, you around your family?
could: • Do your parents look after you?
• provide her with a pamphlet on family • Do you worry about how one
violence from Child Protection or from member of your family treats
another child-focused agency another?
• present her with a summary of the literature • Do your parents care about you?
about the impact of family violence on • Do you feel nervous or scared around
children certain members of your family?
• encourage her to discuss the issue further • Do you trust people in your family not
with a professional who works closely with to hurt you?
children. • Is everyone in your family treated like
they are important?
• Do you worry that one member of
your family might hurt another?
• Do your parents treat each other with
respect?
86 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Children and young people may be asked Children and young people should also be
about how their parents relate to each other; asked about how their parents relate to them;
for example: for example:
Safe use of information technologies occur if it does not compromise the safety
Victims of family violence should be made and wellbeing of the child or young person
aware that perpetrators can get information or does not place yourself or another
about calls from mobile and landline person at risk of harm. Acting without the
telephones and pages accessed on the consent of the victim does place a strain
internet. You should encourage victims to on the relationship between the victim and
regularly clear the ‘recently dialled numbers’ the professional, so it is important that you
log of their mobile telephone and dial another explain your actions and decisions to the
‘safe’ number after contacting services via the victim as clearly as possible.
landline. You should also advise them about
the safety features on family violence websites
The perpetrator
that prevent the tracing of viewed pages. The future safety of victims includes
interventions with perpetrators to remove
Safety plans for children and young people
the threat or possibility of further harm.
School-aged children and young people A proactive response to the perpetrator is a
might require a safety plan of their own. part of the risk management process. Such
Their mother or carer should be aware of this responses might be initiated by police or
plan. A child’s or young person’s safety plan courts and include criminal, civil and referral
should: options.
• identify a safe place to go to when things
For many reasons, however, intervening with
at home become unsafe
perpetrators is itself a risk. Violence often
• identify a trusted friend to go to for help, escalates once a man’s use of violence
their telephone number, a code word to becomes known to others. An effective
indicate the need for help and directions response to family violence should anticipate
about what type of action to take (for an escalation of the violence once it is
example, call the police, tell an adult, disclosed.
call a helpline, meet the child at a certain
location). Collecting information on perpetrators—
and especially any indicators of future or
It might also be appropriate to provide the
continuing risk—is a responsibility shared
child or young person with money to make
by all professionals. Within the integrated
phone calls, catch public transport or catch
family violence system, men’s family
a taxi.
violence services might identify indicators
Child Protection of risk and communicate these to women’s
If a child or young person might be harmed family violence services, in line with existing
by the violence, a report to Child Protection protocols. Women’s family violence services
should be made to secure their immediate should document victims’ claims about
safety. While it is often good practice perpetrators’ actions, in order to support any
to advise parents that a report to Child legal action that victims might wish to pursue
Protection is being made, this should only in the future.
91
Integrated assessments
An aim of an integrated service response to
family violence is to encourage consistency
between service providers’ assessments and
to build a collaborative response to securing
victim safety. When a service provider such
as a court, for example, refers a victim to
another service provider such as a specialist
family violence service, the risk assessment
should form the basis of the referral (with the
victim’s consent). It is important that the new
service provider revisits this assessment with
the victim to ensure that the information is
still current and to provide the victim with the
opportunity to elaborate on the information
she initially provided.
92 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Comprehensive assessment
Recording template
Victim
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Preferred name/s
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Preferred phone number Can you leave a message? No Yes
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or Torres
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Relationship to Wife Defacto wife Former wife (including defacto)
perpetrator
Husband Defacto husband Former husband (including defacto)
Girlfriend Former girlfriend Carer
Boyfriend Former boyfriend Partner
Father Mother Other (please specify below)
Son Daughter
Brother Sister
Does the perpetrator live No Yes
in your household?
Are there any children No Yes (please specify below)
living in your household?
Comprehensive assessment
Recording template continued
Perpetrator
Family name
First name Second name
Other names/aliases
Current address
Postcode
Phone numbers Home Work
Mobile
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Country of birth
Language/dialect(s)
spoken at home
Interpreter required No Yes (specify language/dialect)
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Disability No Yes (specify nature of disability)
Child 1
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
94 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Comprehensive assessment
Recording template continued
Child 2
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
Child 3
Family name
First name Second name
Current address Same as victim
Other, please specify
Postcode
Date of birth / / Age
Gender identity
Aboriginal and/or
Aboriginal T.S.I. Both Neither Unknown
Torres Strait Islander
Relationship to
Son Daughter Other (please specify below)
perpetrator
Stepson Stepdaughter
Concerns/issues for child Child Protection involvement Family Court Order
Other (please specify)
95
Comprehensive assessment
Aide memoire
Note: these risk factors should be explored through the course of a conversation rather than in checklist
fashion.
Presence of factor
Risk factors for victims Yes No Comments
Pregnancy/new birth*
Depression/mental health issue
Drug and/or alcohol misuse/abuse
Has ever verbalised or had suicidal ideas or
tried to commit suicide
Isolation
Risk factors for perpetrators
Use of weapon in most recent event*
Access to weapons*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm victim
Has ever tried to choke the victim*
Has ever threatened to kill victim*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill children*
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill other family members
Has ever harmed or threatened to harm or
kill pets or other animals*
Has ever threatened or tried to commit
suicide*
Stalking of victim*
Sexual assault of victim*
Previous or current breach of Intervention Order
Drug and/or alcohol misuse/abuse*
Obsession/jealous behaviour toward victim*
Controlling behaviours*
Unemployed*
Depression/mental health issue
History of violent behaviour (not family
violence)
Relationship factors
Recent separation*
Escalation—increase in severity and/or
frequency of violence*
Financial difficulties
* May indicate an increased risk of the victim being killed or almost killed.
96 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Comprehensive assessment
Victim’s presentation and own assessment of safety
CASE CLASSIFICATION CODE TABLE *
Instructions: Describe the most serious feature of the current case, and use this code number in the box above.
CRIMINAL ABUSE
* This is consistent with the Classification Table used by the Victoria Police in the Family Violence Risk Assessment and Management Report (the L17).
97
Comprehensive assessment
Protective factors (see page 84)
Comprehensive assessment
Risk management plan (see page 88)
Comprehensive assessment
Referrals made
Child Protection
Child FIRST
Housing service
Community legal
centre/Legal Aid
Centrelink
Other
Other
Other
Other
Consent
I,
consent for this practitioner to share the information I have provided in this assessment with
other agencies to which I am being referred.
Signature:
Date: / /
Scenarios
Scenario one
Donna is 19 years old and has been in a relationship for five months
with her boyfriend, Stephan, who has a number of convictions for
assault. Donna moved into Stephan’s flat four months ago and gave up
the lease on her own unit. Donna has a history of alcohol abuse and
recently lost her job because she came to work drunk. Donna has just
found out she is pregnant.
At a recent antenatal check with her general With Donna’s permission, the family violence
practitioner, Dr Walsh, Donna presents with worker coordinate referrals to:
bruising to her eye, shoulders and chest. • the courts and a community legal centre so
Dr Walsh explains to her that pregnancy is Donna can seek an Intervention Order
often a time when family violence can start.
• a drug and alcohol agency so Donna gets
Dr Walsh uses the Identifying family violence support with her alcohol abuse issues
practice guide to identify the presence of risk
• Centrelink and the Department of Human
factors for family violence. He confirms that
Services Housing Service so that Donna
family violence is present and is concerned
can access appropriate benefits.
both for Donna’s safety and for the wellbeing
of Donna’s unborn child. The refuge worker also refers Donna to
Child FIRST to ensure she has access to
Donna acknowledges that Stephan has been
appropriate maternity services and support.
hitting her and that the violence is getting
The Child FIRST worker contacts Donna at
worse. Donna is clearly fearful of Stephan but
the refuge and assists with Donna’s planning
unable to identify alternatives to staying in the
for her safety and stability, and her baby’s
relationship with him.
development. The worker also refers Donna to
With Donna’s permission, Dr Walsh contacts a family service that specialises in working with
the local family violence service, which pregnant teenagers. Donna is allocated a case
arranges for Donna to be transported to its worker who will continue to work with her after
office in a taxi. The agency undertakes a she leaves the refuge and provide ongoing
comprehensive assessment which indicates support once her baby is born.
there is elevated risk to Donna and her
The family violence support service talks to
unborn baby and, following discussion with
Donna about police involvement but she is
Donna, organises a referral to a refuge for
adamant that she does not wish to make a
accommodation.
report. The family violence support service
Once Donna has settled at the refuge, the risk maintains a case coordination role until such
assessment is reviewed. The refuge worker time as Donna’s safety needs have been
identifies significant concerns for the wellbeing addressed and managed.
of Donna’s baby, and suggests a number of
additional supports to address these issues.
102 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Scenario two
Jenna has been supported through a women’s family violence support
service on and off for some time. She has suffered significant emotional
and economic abuse throughout her 16-year marriage. Her husband
restricts her access to finances, the car and her social and family
networks; he threatens her, her cats and her property whenever he
feels she is ‘disrespectful’.
Over the years, Jenna has left and returned to her husband on six
occasions. Her reasons for returning are a combination of guilt and fear
– initially she returned because she hoped things would improve as her
husband had promised; more recently, she has gone back because she
has been worried about what her husband would do to her possessions.
Jenna has always refused to involve the police or take any legal action
when this has been suggested by her family violence worker.
With the support of her family violence worker in the aide memoire are considered in the
and a close friend, Jenna (at 67 years of age) IO application, together with Jenna’s own
leaves her husband, moves into her own assessment of her level of risk and the
flat and applies for a divorce. However, her context of her previous attempts to leave.
husband harasses her by calling repeatedly The registrar also explores whether any
at all hours, making threats and sometimes measures need to be in place to ensure
waiting in his car outside her flat or outside Jenna’s safety on her return to court. The
her sister’s house. Her letterbox is smashed registrar provides Jenna with information
and a cat box with ‘RIP’ written on it is left about the secure waiting areas, court security
outside her front door. personnel and witness facilities for giving
Jenna contacts her family violence worker, evidence remotely.
who reviews Jenna’s risk assessment and When Jenna returns to court she is supported
discusses changes to her safety plan. This by her family violence worker and secures
time, when the worker suggests contacting an IO with a number of conditions, including
the police and applying for an Intervention an exclusion condition that her husband
Order (IO), Jenna agrees. must stay 150 metres away from her and
The worker accompanies Jenna to the her friend’s homes and must not contact her
Magistrates’ Court, where she talks to the or threaten her in any way. Jenna’s husband
attends the court; he appears shocked by the
registrar and explains her situation. The
proceedings and alarmed at the prospect of
registrar provides an application to Jenna and
further police involvement.
then interviews her regarding the information
disclosed in the application. The registrar Jenna feels confident that the IO will have a
uses information from the risk assessment strong impact on her husband’s behaviour
completed by Jenna’s family violence worker. and is clear about what she can do if the IO is
The evidence-based risk factors detailed breached.
103
Scenario three
Maria is 34 years old and married with two children. Her husband
Jason started being physically violent towards her soon after they were
married. Maria wants the relationship to work, but after eight years she
recognises she cannot stop Jason from being violent. Maria feels she
should stay with Jason because of the children, whom he never hits.
She also worries about having to move away from her job and her son’s
school. Her son has a learning difficulty and it has taken several years
for him to settle into a school and develop friendship groups.
After a particularly violent incident one the local family violence service for ongoing
Saturday evening, Maria’s neighbours call the support.
police. They arrive at the house and conduct
Maria decides to seek support from the
a risk assessment, noting the injuries to
applicant support worker at the court. The
Maria and that although the children were
worker undertakes a risk assessment utilising
not directly assaulted, they were present and
assessment information gained by the state-
therefore affected by the incident. The police
wide service and supports her through the
determine that Maria and the children are in
court process. Jason is referred by the court to
need of immediate protection and issue a
attend a men’s behaviour change program and
Family Violence Safety Notice excluding Jason
is provided with a few nights of emergency
from the home and requiring him to attend the
accommodation by a local service. Police
local Specialist Family Violence Court site the
facilitate the safe collection of his belongings
following Monday.
from Maria’s house and he moves in with a
Jason was removed from the home and taken workmate shortly after.
to the police station where he was charged.
Working with the family violence service,
As part of the action taken, police refer Jason
Maria receives advice and support to change
to the After Hours Men’s Referral Service
the joint tenancy into her name through the
and provide a copy of their risk assessment
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The
and management report (the L17) to help the
family violence service assists her to change
referral service engage Jason. Police take
the locks on her doors and windows. Maria
steps to ensure that he has accommodation
also receives financial advice and a referral
for the nights he is excluded from the home.
to Centrelink so her rental payments can
Maria and the children are referred to be adjusted. Her children are assessed by
the after-hours statewide crisis service, the service and referred to a family violence
which undertakes a comprehensive risk counselling service for support.
assessment and provides them with support
Maria is also referred to a legal service for
and information, including what to expect at
representation at Family Court hearings and
the court in her area. Maria has the option
after a number of months, and following
of referral to the Court Support Program or
regular assessments of her risk, she feels safe
having an outreach worker attend court with
and confident enough to work directly with a
her. The crisis service develops a safety plan
number of mainstream services.
and, in consultation with Maria, refers her to
104 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Scenario four
Kim’s new husband Lee seemed to enjoy the opportunity to be a
stepfather to her three children (aged 2, 5 and 9 years) when they
first moved in with him. Over the next 12 months though, as Kim and
Lee unsuccessfully attempted to have their own child, Lee’s behaviour
changed.
He began limiting Kim’s access to money, took her car keys, and
wouldn’t allow the car to be repaired. He started monitoring her mobile
phone calls and internet use and sometimes took her phone to work
with him. He also started being aggressive towards her and the children
in the evenings.
Following an incident witnessed by the plan and discusses options with Kim. She
children, where Lee pushed Kim’s head decides to move, with the children, into her
into a wall, the nine-year-old child tells her sister’s house and to get counselling and
teacher that she is frightened at home, that support from the family violence service while
she has seen Lee hurting mummy and that she decides what steps to take regarding her
she is scared of being hurt by him too. The relationship.
teacher contacts Child Protection, and a Child
The family violence service works with Kim and
Protection worker interviews Kim and Lee and
Child Protection services to help Kim make
the children.
plans for her and her children’s safety as she
Using the Best interests case practice returns to, and leaves, the relationship with Lee
model, the Child Protection worker assesses a number of times. The children are provided
that the children’s safety, wellbeing and with a variety of supports, including counselling
development are being negatively impacted and group support for the nine- year-old child.
by the cumulative effects of family violence. They continue to live with Kim’s sister.
The worker substantiates that physical and
Lee’s violence recommences each time Kim
emotional harm is occurring to the children,
returns, and each time, she eventually calls the
and contacts the local family violence service
police. As both police and the family violence
to refer Kim and the children.
service operate within a consistent risk
Kim indicates that she is still very much in love management framework, Kim’s level of risk is
with Lee and so the Child Protection worker well established and understood by all services
discusses with her the risks and care options involved.
for the children, should she decide to remain
Case planning meetings—attended by Kim—
in a relationship with him. The worker makes
are held to identify and review support needs,
the decision to work with Kim in a voluntary
expectations, goals and timelines. While case
capacity for several months.
management responsibility resides with Child
At Kim’s first meeting with the family Protection, the family violence service and the
violence service, the worker undertakes a police family violence advisor also attend the
comprehensive risk assessment and safety planning meetings, along with Kim’s sister and
105
representatives from the children’s school. While Lee is completing the men’s behaviour
Safety plans are developed and kept up to change program, the partner support worker
date for everyone. Kim’s sister is provided from the program maintains contact with Kim’s
with support to care for the children. Lee is family violence worker to share information
charged with assault by police and they apply related to Kim’s safety. Kim’s children
for an Intervention Order on Kim’s behalf, participate in a children’s support group and
even though she did not want this. The court the worker also links Kim to a range of services
they attended can order men to attend men’s that can support her if she decides to end her
behaviour change programs and Lee is relationship with Lee. These services include
ordered to attend a program. alternative housing options, counselling, legal
services, family support, and programs for
children.
Scenario five
Kirra is a 25-year-old Aboriginal woman living with her partner Mick
and her two children (aged 3 and 5 years). She also has full-time care of
her niece (aged 6). Mick, who is not Aboriginal, is depressed and drinks
heavily.
After several episodes of increasingly severe a statement to the police and apply for an
violence, Kirra phones the local family violence Intervention Order (IO), and provides a copy of
service and tells the worker that she wants to the risk assessment to the police.
leave the relationship. She does not want to go
The police conduct their risk assessment, and
to the police as she is worried this will make
determine that Kirra has been assaulted and
the situation worse. She is also scared that
is in need of protection. The police charge
Child Protection will get involved and take the
Mick with assault and apply for an IO on
children from her care. Living in a rural area,
Kirra’s behalf. The IO includes conditions that
Kirra is concerned that Mick or his extended
prohibit Mick from committing family violence
family will find her if she leaves him.
such as assaulting or threatening Kirra. As
Due to Kirra’s concerns about being identified part of the risk assessment process, Mick is
by community members or Mick’s family, also referred to the Men’s Referral Service for
the family violence service worker arranges comprehensive assessment and referral to
to meet Kirra at the local community health appropriate services.
centre. The worker interviews Kirra and
The worker refers Kirra to the Aboriginal
completes a risk assessment. Kirra does not
Family Violence Prevention and Legal Service,
want to stay in the house so, based on the
which provides legal advocacy for Kirra in her
risk assessment, the worker offers her and her
dealings with the police and courts, as well as
children crisis accommodation. With Kirra’s
advice throughout the IO application process.
consent, the worker also supports her to make
106 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Although safe and well supported in the This means she does not have to repeat
refuge, Kirra does not feel comfortable staying information unnecessarily, and that any
in the region, so the refuge, in consultation changes to her risk situation can be monitored
with the family violence service, refers Kirra to and addressed.
a mainstream refuge in Melbourne. Kirra and
The Aboriginal Family Violence Prevention and
the children stay in the refuge for three weeks
Legal Service continues to work with Kirra and
and receive cultural support from an Aboriginal
initiates an application to the Victims of Crime
worker from a family violence service based in
Assistance Tribunal for financial assistance that
Melbourne. Kirra and the children in her care
will enable Kirra to attend specialist counselling
are then assisted to move to another part
services and cover some travel and medical
of Victoria, where Kirra has family, practical
expenses. Kirra is also linked with the local
assistance and she feels safe.
Aboriginal co-operative for ongoing support to
With Kirra’s consent, information about her get established in her new location.
situation and risk assessment are shared with
the new services she is referred to.
Scenario six
Rhena is 48 years old. She recently formed a relationship with Colin, and
after wanting to leave her parents’ home for some time, she moved into
an apartment with him. Rhena has no speech and has difficulty using
her hands but communicates by using a language of facial expressions
and noises. She attends a day activity centre two days a week and the
centre staff and her family think Rhena is lucky to have a full-time ‘carer’
to help with banking, shopping, cooking and transportation.
A few weeks after moving in with Colin, Rhena prompting the worker to call the local women’s
begins missing days at the centre. She seems health service, which then organises a family
unhappy and becomes disagreeable towards violence worker to meet with Rhena.
the end of the day. Staff notice she is also Rhena asks her day service key worker to aid
rapidly losing weight and ask Colin if he is her communication with the family violence
coping and keeping up with the cooking. He worker and–at the suggestion of the key
is very reassuring and says all is well, just that worke–the latter tailors her communication
Rhena has been a little sick lately. style to Rhena’s needs by asking many closed
Rhena appears increasingly unhappy and a questions.
staff member familiar with identifying signs of The initial risk assessment identifies that Rhena
family violence notices Colin treating Rhena is being verbally abused by Colin. He is also
roughly and removing money from her purse isolating her by refusing her transport to social
during a drop-off. She asks Rhena if everything events and services, and by telling people that
is okay at her house and if she feels safe with she is ill and doesn’t want to attend.
Colin. Rhena indicates that things are not okay,
107
Colin is taking money out of her account and In collaboration with a disability worker, the
her wallet, and is frequently physically rough family violence service continues to monitor the
with her. The family violence worker explains to risk of family violence and supports Rhena to
Rhena that what she is experiencing is called access a range of services and independent
family violence. She offers to provide support living aids. These include accessing funds
and assistance in partnership with other through the Victims of Crime Assistance
services. Tribunal to be used to modify her apartment,
organising the delivery of groceries and
The family violence worker is unfamiliar with
organising home help through the local council.
the services, resources and needs relating to
With the help of family and friends from the
Rhena’s disability and so, following discussion
day activity centre, Rhena is able stay living
with Rhena and her key worker, and in
independently and safely in her apartment.
consultation with her line manager, she has
a confidential secondary consultation with
a disability case worker. With this additional
information, the family violence service is able
to proceed with supporting Rhena using the
same principles as for any other woman.
It is established that Rhena wants Colin
to leave and that, while she owns the
apartment, she needs ongoing support to
live independently. The family violence worker
supports Rhena to make a report to police.
With the information provided by the family
violence worker, the police arrange an
independent third person to assist with
communication. They also allow extra time for
the reporting process in order to accommodate
Rhena’s needs. Rhena takes the family violence
worker with her to the police station. The
police officer completes a risk assessment
and determines that Rhena is in need of
protection. The officer makes an application for
an Intervention Order on Rhena’s behalf, which
is supported in court by a police prosecutor.
The order is granted and includes an exclusion
provision to remove Colin from Rhena’s home.
108 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Scenario seven
Tatiana is 38 years old and has two children from her first marriage,
a 12-year-old son and a 14-year-old daughter. Tatiana met Boris (an
Australian citizen) through an online introduction agency. After meeting
Boris in person in Russia, and falling in love with him, Tatiana quit her
job as a doctor, sold her flat and moved to Australia with her children on
a Prospective Marriage Visa.
Boris was very loving to Tatiana and got along well with her children.
Before her visa expired, Boris proposed to her and they got married.
Tatiana was then able to apply for a Spouse Visa.
After getting married, Boris’s behaviour changed. He continually
complained about how much Tatiana and her children were costing him.
He monitored all their movements and prevented them from making
friends by keeping them isolated. Boris was on a disability pension and
now received family payments for Tatiana’s children, but Tatiana always
had to beg him for money. At night Boris was more abusive and made
sexual demands that Tatiana didn’t feel comfortable with.
On several occasions Boris physically assaulted Tatiana and her children.
They were very depressed and did not know how to get help.
One night Tatiana hears her daughter and Citizenship to ensure that Tatiana and her
screaming and discovers Boris with his children are not violating their visa and can
hands around her throat. As Tatiana speaks stay in Australia. They are also able to obtain
little English, she has been attending English income support through Centrelink.
classes and the next day it is her teacher
The family violence service offers support to
whom she tells about her issues at home.
Tatiana’s children and arranges an alternative
The teacher contacts the statewide crisis
school for them. Tatiana is referred to a
service, which organises to speak with Tatiana
counsellor at a Centre Against Sexual Assault,
through a telephone interpreter. After assessing
who helps her decide whether to make a
the risk, the service organises immediate
statement to the police.
interim emergency accommodation and
initiates a referral to a refuge. Six weeks later, with the risk of continuing
family violence much lower, Tatiana and
At the refuge, Tatiana and her children are
her family are assisted into transitional
supported by the refuge workers and the
accommodation in another area. They still have
statewide family violence service for women
access to support from the statewide service
from culturally and linguistically diverse
and are linked in with family services and an
communities. These organisations work
organisation that can provide cultural support.
together with the Department of Immigration
Endnotes 109
Endnotes
1 Victorian Family Violence Department 11 Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006,
of Justice Database: nine year trend Personal Safety Survey, Australian Bureau
analysis (Volume 4), Deparment of Justice, of Statistics, Canberra.
Melbourne. 12 Bair-Merritt, MH, Crowne, SS, Thompson,
2 Miller, R, 2007, Cumulative Harm: DA, Sibinga, E, Trent, M, and Campbell,
conceptual overview, Department of J, 2010, ‘Why do women use intimate
Human Services, Melbourne. partner violence? A systemic review of
3 Council of Australian Governments, 2011, women’s motivation, Trauma Violence
National plan to reduce violence against Abuse, vol. 11, no. 4.
women and their children, Department of 13 Department of Human Services, 2008,
Families, Housing, Community Services Practice Guidelines: women’s and
and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra. children’s family violence counselling and
4 Victorian Indigenous Family Violence Task support programs, Children, Youth and
Force, 2003, Victorian Indigenous Family Families Division, Department of Human
Violence Task Force final report 2003, Services, Melbourne.
Department for Victorian Communities, 14 R. Miller, Cumulative Harm, op. cit.
Melbourne. 15 Miller, R, 2007, The Best Interests
5 Department of Planning and Community framework for vulnerable children and
Development, 2005, Strong Culture, youth, Department of Human Services,
Strong Peoples, Strong Families: towards Melbourne.
a safer future for Indigenous families and 16 Miller, R, 2010, The Best Interests case
communities: 10 year plan, 2nd edn, practice model, Department of Human
Department of Planning and Community Services, Melbourne.
Development, Melbourne.
17 Walsh, D, 2008, The hidden experience
6 Victorian Indigenous Task Force, op. cit. of violence during pregnancy: a study of
7 DPCD, Strong Culture, Strong Peoples, 400 pregnant Australian women, Australian
Srong Families, op. cit. Journal of Primary Health, vol. 14, no.1.
8 National Council to Reduce Violence 18 J. Howard, Adolescent Violence in the
against Women and their Children 2009b, Home, op. cit.
Time for Action: The National Council’s 19 DPCD, Strong Culture, Strong Peoples,
plan for Australia to reduce violence Srong Families, op. cit.
against women and their children, 2009–
20 Women’s Domestic Violence Crisis
2021, Australian Government, Canberra.
Service (interim accommodation) shows
9 Materials from the Gold Coast Domestic that 25 per cent – 36 per cent of women
Violence Prevention Project supported or accommodated did not have
www.domesticviolence.com.au have been permanent residency.
adapted and used with permission.
21 McDonald, J, and Green, R, 2001,
10 Howard, J, 2011, Adolescent violence ‘A dispersed refuge model for women
in the home – the missing link in family escaping domestic violence: a regional
violence prevention and response, case study’, Australian Journal of Primary
Australian Domestic & Family Violence Health, vol. 7, no. 1.
Clearinghouse Stakeholder Paper, Sydney.
110 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, Personal inTouch, Multicultural Centre Against Family
Safety Survey, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Violence and Women’s Domestic Violence
Canberra. Crisis Service (interim accommodation) internal
data shows that 25 per cent – 36 per cent of
Bair-Merritt, MH, Crowne, SS, Thompson, D
women supported or accommodated did not
A, Sibinga, E, Trent, M., Campbell, J, 2010,
have permanent residency.
‘Why do women use intimate partner violence?
A systemic review of women’s motivation’, Leonard, W, Mitchell, A, Patel, S, Fox, C,
Trauma Violence Abuse, vol. 11, no. 4. 2008, Coming Forward: the under reporting
of heterosexist violence and same sex partner
Department of Human Services, 2008,
abuse in Victoria, Australian Research Centre
Practice Guidelines: women’s and children’s
in Sex, Health and Society, Melbourne.
family violence counselling and support
programs, Children, Youth and Families McDonald, J and Green, R, 2001, ‘A dispersed
Division, Department of Human Services, refuge model for women escaping domestic
Melbourne. violence: a regional case study.’ Australian
Journal of Primary Health, vol. 7, no. 1.
Department of Human Services, 2009, With
Respect to Age: Victorian Government practice McNaire, R, and Thomacos, N, 2005, Not
guidelines for health services and community Yet Equal: report of the VGLRL same sex
agencies for the prevention of elder abuse, relationship survey, Victorian Gay and Lesbian
Aged Care Branch, Department of Human Rights Lobby, Melbourne.
Services, Melbourne.
Ministerial Advisory Committee on Gay,
Department of Planning and Community Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex
Development, 2005, Strong Culture, Strong Health and Wellbeing, 2009, Well Proud: a
Peoples, Strong Families: towards a safer guide to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender
future for Indigenous families and communities: and intersex inclusive practices for health
10 year plan, 2nd edn, Department of Planning and human services, Department of Health,
and Community Development, Melbourne. Melbourne.
Domestic Violence Victoria, 2006, Code of Materials from the Gold Coast
Practice – for specialist family violence services Domestic Violence Prevention Project
for women and children, Domestic Violence www.domesticviolence.com.au have been
Victoria, Melbourne. adapted and used with permission.
Jennings, C, Julian, F, Howe, K, Humphreys, Miller, R, 2007, The Best Interests framework
C, Healey, L, 2008, Building the Evidence: a for vulnerable children and youth, Department
report on the policy and practice in responding of Human Services, Melbourne.
to violence against women with disabilities
Miller, R, 2007, Cumulative Harm: a conceptual
in Victoria, Victorian Women with Disabilities
overview, Department of Human Services,
Network Advocacy Information Service,
Melbourne.
Melbourne.
Miller, R, 2010, Best Interests case practice
Howard, J, 2011, Adolescent violence in the
model, Department of Human Services,
home – the missing link in family violence
Melbourne.
prevention and response, Australian Domestic
& Family Violence Clearinghouse Stakeholder
Paper, Sydney.
112 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework
Abbreviations
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
AFVPLS Aboriginal Family Violence and Prevention Legal Service
ATSI Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
CALD Culturally and Linguistically Diverse
CATT Crisis Assessment and Treatment Team
ChildFIRST Child (Family Information Referral and Support Team)
CRAF Common Risk Assessment Framework (the commonly used title for the
Family Violence Risk Assessment and Risk Management Framework)
DAP Disability Action Plan
DHS Department of Human Services
GLBTI Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex
GP General Practitioner
HACC Home and Community Care
IFVS Integrated Family Violence System
IO Intervention Order
L17 Victoria Police form for recording family violence incidents
NTV No To Violence
PR Permanent Residency
PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome
SRV Seniors Rights Victoria
TSI Torres Strait Islander
TTY Telephone Typewriter or teletypewriter
(text telephone for the hearing impairing)
VACCA Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency
VACP Victims Assistance and Counselling Program
VALS Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service
VCAT Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal
VLA Victoria Legal Aid
WLSV Women’s Legal Service Victoria
114 Family violence – Risk assessment and risk management framework