Reviewer Grade 7

Science comes from the greek word scire, which means to know. It deals with gaining knowledge
of the universe and all its components, such as humans, society, environment, and even outer
space.

Physical science deals with energy and matter.

Life science deals with organisms and the environment.

Earth science deals with the natural mechanisms on Earth, including weather and climate
systems.

Technology deals with the application of scientific knowledge for practical use.

Nanotechnology is the application of science at the atomic or molecular level.

Scientific knowledge is based on explanations on observed or inferred phenomenon, which is

tested repeatedly to validate the results.

A scientific fact is a summary of experimental results that describe a pattern in nature.

A theory is the most logical explanation of why things happen or work.

Scientific literacy refers to one's capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions, and
to draw evidence-based conclusions so that one can make informed decisions.

Scientific inquiry involves asking questions and developing explanations to particular

phenomena through the use of scientific process skills.

Scientific process skills

*questioning *observing *communicating *inferring *predicting

*measuring *comparing *hypothesing *organizing *ckassifying

*designing experiments *collecting data *analyzing data *interpreting data

Scientific method is a systematic approach to explaining phenomena or.solving problems. It

involves identifying factors that made the problem, formulating hypothesis, gathering data, and
arriving at a conclusion based on the results of experiments.

The 'null' often refers to the common view of something, while the alternative hypothesis is
what the researcher really thinks is the cause of a phenomenon. An experiment conclusion
always refers to the null, rejecting or accepting H 0 rather than H 1.

Data are collection of facts that may be recorded through the observation and measurement.
There are two types of data:

A qualitative data simply refers to the physicla quality of the objects.

Ex. Color, texture, smell and taste

A quantitative data refer to the measurement or the quantity of an object.

Ex. Length, height and width

Measurements are quantitative descriptions of a fundamental property or a physical

phenomenon.

Metric system is the globally accepted scientific system of measurement. It is based on the
Système International d'Unités (SI) or translated as the International System of Units.

English system is a system of weights and measures that evolved over time, as people used their
body parts or common household items for measuring.

Fundamental quantities

Some quantities are called basic or fundamental quantities because they cannot be further
measured in a simpler form. The units of these basic quantities are called fundamental units.
Precision and accuracy

Every measurement has a certain degree of uncertainty or errors.

Systematic errors are due to the limitations of the measuring instrument and the skill of the one
measuring.

Random errors are caused by external factors such as noise, vibrations, sudden changes in
atmospheric pressure and moisture.

Accuracy describes how well the result agrees with the accepted value of the quantity being
measured. It depends on the measuring instrument used.

Precision refers to the exactness to which a measurement can be replicated. It depends on the
skill of the person who measures.

Significant figures

The number of significant figures in the measurement contains a certain numbet of reliable
digits and is based on the precision of the instrument used.

Rules in determining the number of significant figures

1. All non zero digits are significant.

2. All zeros between two nonzero digits are significant.

3. All zeroz to the right of a decimal point are significant. However, thosr to the left of a non zero
digit are not significant.

4. All zeros to the right of a non zero digit without an expressed decimal point following it are
not significant.

Scientific notation is a compact, simple, and easy way of writing very small or very large numbers
using powers of 10.

N x 10

Where,

N refers to an integer from 1 to 10

n refers to the exponent which can be either a positive or negative

Exponent tells the number of times the decimal point is moved from its original place to
the right or to the left.
 - (negative) left to right

+ (positive) right to left

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that deals with the study of properties of matter, its
composition and structure, and the changes it undergoes.

Mixtures are made of either elements or compounds that are physically combined.

Homogeneous mixture has uniform composition all throughout.

Heterogeneous mixture is not uniformly combined because it shows two or more distinct phases
of matter.
Techniques in separating Mixtures

Can be classified as:

Phase conversion: wherein one component of a mixture is converted into anothet form that is
easy to isolate

Phase transfer: wherein a new substance that collects components from the mixture is added.

1. Filtration is a process used to separate heterogeneous mixtures of solids and liquids through a
filter paper.

Filtrate is the liquid in the container.

Residue is the solid thay remains in the filter paper.

2. Distillation is a process ised to separate components of homogeneous mixtures through the

difference in their melting points.

Distillate is the collected liquid after it was condensed in the process.

3. Chromatography is a process used to separate components of a mixture based on the ability

of each component to be drawn across a chromatography paper. It is used to identify coloring
agents in food or ink.

4. Magnetic separation is the process of separating materials using a magnet or any material that
has strong magnetic properties.

5. Decantation is a process used to separate insoluble solids from a mixture by pouring the liquid
into another container, leaving the sediments.

6. Evaporation is a process ised to separate a soluble solid and a liquid by heating.

7. Centrifugation is a process that makes solid particles settle at the bottom of the yest tube. A
machine called the centrifige makes this happen by spinning at very high speed.

Fundamentals of matter

Elements are the building blocks of matter.

Compound is composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

Carbon is an element that can form strong covalent bonds to each other while forming bonds
with their elements . This enables them to form long chains or links. (A covalent bond is a kind of
bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.)

Organic compounds are a large class of chemical compounds wherein carbon atoms are
covalently linked to atoms