Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

College of Education – Advanced Education
Iñigo Street, Bo. Obrero, Davao City 8000

STATISTICS for
Master of Education in Language Teaching
Academic Year 2016-2017, 1st Semester

Topic: ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or F-Test

What is F-Fest?
The F-test is another parametric test used to compare means of more than 2 groups of
independent samples. It is also known as the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Purpose:
To know if there are significant differences between and among columns and rows. This
is also used in looking at the interaction effect between the variables being analyzed.

Why do we use the F-test?

We want to find out if there is a significant difference between and among the means of
the two or more independent groups.

Example 1: A sari-sari store is selling 4 brands of shampoo. The owner is interested if there is a significant
difference in the average sales of the four brands of shampoo for one week. The following data are
recorded.

Creamsilk Sunsilk H&S Palmolive

7 9
3 8
5 8
6 7
9 6
4 9
3 10
2 4
3 5
4 7
5 8
6 3
4 4
2 5

Problem: Is there a significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of shampoo?

Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of shampoo.

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Solution:
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance SD
Creamsilk 7 37 5.285714 4.904762 2.21467
Sunsilk 7 57 8.142857 1.809524 1.345185
HS 7 26 3.714286 2.238095 1.496026
Palmolive 7 36 5.142857 3.142857 1.772811

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 72.28571 3 24.09524 7.968504 0.000738 3.008787
Within Groups 72.57143 24 3.02381

Total 144.8571 27

Conclusion:
The average sales of the four brands of shampoo; Creamsilk (M=5.29, SD=2.21), Sunsilk (M=8.14,
SD=1.35), Head & Shoulder (M=3.71, SD=1.50) and Palmolive (M=5.14, SD=1.77) F-value = 7.97,
p=0.0007.

This means that there is a significant difference in the average sales of the four brands of
shampoo.

ADD/RELATE STUDIES WITH SIMILAR OR OPPOSING RESULTS

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Topic: Pearson r or Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

What is Pearson r?
This is a more powerful test of relationship compared with other non-parametric tests.
Pearson r is used to analyze if a relationship exists between two variables.

Types of Correlation
1. Positive - exists when high scores in one variable are associated with high scores in the
second variable

2. Negative - exists when high scores in one variable are associated with low scores in the
second variable or vice-versa

3. Zero - exists when scores in one variable tend to score neither systematically high nor low in
the other variable.

Graph:

Positive Negative Zero

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Interpretation of Pearson r values:

Value of r Interpretation

0.80 - 0.99 High Correlation

0.60 - 0.79 Moderately High Correlation

0.40 - 0.59 Moderate Correlation

0.20 - 0.39 Low Correlation

0.01 - 0.19 Negligible Correlation

Example 1: Random samples of 10 students in English were asked regarding the number of hours they
spent in studying and the grades they received.

Number of Hours
Student Grade Received
Spent in Studying

A 2 57
B 2 63
C 2 70
D 3 72
E 3 69
F 4 75
G 5 73
H 5 84
I 6 82
J 6 89

Problem: Is there a significant relationship between the number of hours spent in studying and
the grades received?

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the number of hours spent in
studying and the grades received.

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Solution:
Correlations

Number of
Hours of Grades
Studying Received
Number of Hours Pearson Correlation 1 .885(**)
of Studying Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 10 10
Grades Received Pearson Correlation .885(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 10 10
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Conclusion:
The two variables, number of hours in studying and grades received, had a high
correlation with a Pearson r value is 0.885. The p-value (sig-value) is 0.001 which is lower than
.05 level of significance which means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a
significant relationship between the number of hours spent in studying and the grades. The
higher the number of hours spent in studying the greater the grade is or the lesser the number
of hours spent means the lesser the grade is.

ADD/RELATE TO OTHER STUDIES (SIMILAR OR OPPOSING)

Sources:
Broto, Antonio (2008). Parametric Statistics (With Computer-Aided Solutions). National Book Store:
Mandaluyong City

Inferential Statistics: Introduction. Retrieved from

http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/stat_inf/intro.htm

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