BIOINFORMATICS

1.1

APARNA P, AD HOC CSED, NIT CALICUT

  The marriage between computer science and molecular biology
◦ The algorithm and techniques of computer science
are being used to solve the problems faced by molecular
biologists

BIOINFORMA
TICS  ‘Information technology applied to the management and
analysis of biological data’
◦ Storage and Analysis are two of the important functions –
bioinformaticians build tools for each
BIOINFORMATICS
  The need for bioinformatics has arisen from the recent
explosion of publicly available genomic information,
such as resulting from the Human Genome Project.

 Gain a better understanding of gene analysis,

Necessity of taxonomy, & evolution.
bioinformatics
 To work efficiently on the rational drug designs and
reduce the time taken for the development of drug
manually.
  To uncover the wealth of Biological information hidden
in the mass of sequence, structure, literature and
biological data.

 It is being used now and in the foreseeable future in the

areas of molecular medicine.
Goals
 It has environmental benefits in identifying waste and
clean up bacteria.

 In agriculture, it can be used to produce high yield, low

maintenance crops.
  Molecular Medicine
 Gene Therapy
 Drug Development

 Microbial genome applications

Fields of  Crop Improvement
 Forensic Analysis of Microbes
bioinformatics  Biotechnology
 Evolutionary Studies
 Bio-Weapon Creation
  In Experimental Molecular Biology
 In Genetics and Genomics
 In generating Biological Data
Where  Analysis of gene and protein expression
bioinformatics  Comparison of genomic data

helps  Understanding of evolutionary aspect of Evolution

 In Simulation & Modelling of DNA, RNA & Protein
 FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION

DNA

Class Overview
RNA

PROTEIN
 Cell theory

Cell and chromosomes

Molecular DNA
biology basic
facts RNA

Proteins
  All living things are made of cells

 Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the

Cell Theory cell

 All cells arise from preexisting cells

  Has a surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Cell • Organelles – structures for cell
characteristics function
• Control center with DNA
  Prokaryote Cell : A single celled organism that does not have a
nucleus
 They do not have a nucleus, and their genetic material is not
stored in the nucleus.
 Eukaryote Cell :A more complex cell with a nucleus and
CELL TYPES
many organelles.
 They all have a nucleus where the genetic material of the cell is
stored
CELL TYPES
CELL TYPES
  Cells life cycle –

BORN,EAT,REPLICATE,DIE

REPLICATION
-Important decisions like collection of necessary nutrients.
CELL LIFE -No brain like structure
CYCLE
DECISIONS ARE MANIFESTED IN COMPLEX NETWORKS OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS CALLED PATHWAYS

(synthezise new materials,break down other materials as for spare

parts,signal time to eat or die)
  Cell system works
-stores necessary information to make a replica of itself
-contains machinery requirements to collect and
manufacture the components
CELL SYSTEM -carry out copying process
-kick starts it’s new offspring ☺☺

SO CELLS ARE BASIC UNITS OF LIFE !!!

  CHROMOSOMES
- A packet of coiled up DNA
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome s
- They are in the nucleus of cell
- Chromosomes contain a single , long piece of DNA
- DNA is twisted and coil to fit inside the nucleus
- Each chromosome has a single strand of DNA
which carries the code for a couple of thousand genes

DNA
  All organisms holds three basic types of molecules
BASIC TYPES
-DNA :represented in 4 letter alphabet{A,T,G,C}
OF
-RNA: represented in 4 letter alphabet{A,U,G,C}
MOLECULES
-PROTEINS : long chain of amino acids ,represented in
IN CELLS 20 letter alphabets
  DNA - holds information regarding how cell works

 RNA - transfer short pieces of information to other

BASIC parts of the cell, used to synthesize proteins
MOLECULES
 PROTEINS- form enzymes that perform biochemical
reactions, send signals to other cells and perform
actual works .
DNA
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
  RNA is single-stranded
 In RNA, the sugar molecule is ribose rather
RNA than deoxyribose
 In RNA, the fourth base is uracil rather than
thymine.
RNA
STRUCTURE
RNA
STRUCTURE
  Protein synthesis begins with a section of DNA called a
gene which contains the information for the
production of a single protein.

GENE
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
CODONS
CODONS
  A third form of RNA called transfer RNA, tRNA is found in
the cytoplasm.

-tRNA locates the exact position of the proper amino acid for a given
codon.

TRANSLATION
-There are 20 types of tRNA and 20 amino acids

-Each type of amino acids binds to different amino acids

TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
  Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis
and modeling of complex biological systems
 taxonomy is the science of naming, defining and classifying
groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared
characteristics.
Biological
 homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of
dictionary structures, or genes, in different taxa
 Scientists communicate the results of their research to other
scientists primarily through the scientific literature, which
therefore constitutes a permanent repository of scientific
knowledge and a record of progress in scientific enquiry.
END