See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/234008582

Effect of Mass Based Imperfections on Behavior of Linear Vibrating Plates

Near Degenerate Modes

Article  in  Journal of Vibration and Control · February 2009

DOI: 10.1177/1077546308094256

CITATIONS READS

6 11

1 author:

Gokhan Altintas
Manisa Celal Bayar University
36 PUBLICATIONS   140 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

New Exact Method for Discrete Optimization Problems View project

Mafsal Sürtünme Tipi Sismik Sönümleyici Tübitak 1512 Spherical Friction Damper Design View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Gokhan Altintas on 22 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Effect of Mass Based Imperfections on Behavior of
Linear Vibrating Plates Near Degenerate Modes

GOKHAN ALTINTAS
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, 45140 Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
(gokhanaltintas@mekanik.net)
(Received 23 April 20071 accepted 21 March 2008)

Abstract: The principal objective in this study is to investigate the special behaviors of linear vibrating plates
with special parameters near degenerate modes. Near degenerate modes, plates may lack geometric stability
because they exhibit a qualitatively different behavior under an arbitrarily small change in special parameters.
The special parameters considered in this study are the location and quantity of an additional mass, which
have an effect on removing the system symmetry. To this end, analyses are carried out for three plate systems
with each having different boundary conditions. The effect of the location and the quantity of additional mass
on degenerate modes are significantly different from those of other mode types. Clearly, these effects are of
theoretical importance and should be taken into consideration in practical applications. With the view of the
deterministic approach, it can be stated that the study determines some unspecified parts of forced vibration
behaviors of mass loaded plates.

Key words: Degenerate plates, modal degeneracy, mode separation, degenerable modes.

1. INTRODUCTION

The symmetry-related degeneracy problems having similar mathematical origin are encoun-
tered in sound and optical wave propagation and vibration. Symmetry of a system geometry
and mechanical material properties are important factors in deciding whether a system is
degenerable or not. Nayfeh (1995a) greatly simplifies the discussion on material symmetry.
He provides examples of every symmetry class and classified mode type determinations. In-
teresting concepts like “Skew curve” are introduced and degeneracy-related issues discussed
in this work. The issues related to degeneracy have been extensively studied by several re-
searchers including Rand et al. (1992), Nayfeh (1995b), and Vakakis et al. (1996).
Analyses of linear vibrating systems in the case of linearized versions of nonlinear vi-
brating systems have acceptable validation for thin walled and small deflected systems. The
studies conducted by Leissa (1969, 1974), Classen and Thorne (1960, 1962) can be regarded
as the major studies undertaken on modal degeneration of linear vibrating plates. These stud-
ies include detailed discussion on modal degeneration and the associated issues of curve
veering effect.
The degeneracy in square plate systems is similar to what is encountered in square wave
guide problems. In this respect, McCartin (2002) should be mentioned as an informative

Journal of Vibration and Control, 15(2): 219–231, 2009 DOI: 10.1177/1077546308094256

1
12009 SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore
220 G. ALTINTAS

study on mode classification by the number theory for determining degenerated modes in
the framework of square wave guide problems.
The phenomena observed near the degenerated modes, such as geometric instability and
curve veering effect, do not take place in other mode types. Because the system behavior
cannot be entirely predicted near degenerate modes, detailed analysis should be performed
for a certain range near the degenerated modes.
A large number of studies have reported these phenomena (Kuttler and Sigilitto, 19801
Perkins and Mote, 19861 Pierre, 1988). Regarding the curve veering effect, Bhat (2000) in-
vestigated sensitivity of methods for eigenvalue degeneracy. The definition of geometric sta-
bility was first used by Afolabi (1989, 1991) in modal degeneration context apart from its
use in mathematics and other disciplines.
It is impossible to say that the real world systems are completely symmetric because
small imperfections and mistuning are unavoidable in practice. Any effect spoiling modal
degeneration causes the degenerate mode structures to separate and makes them clearly
recognizable. Such effects can be used as system parameters in analyses. When the sys-
tem parameter approaches zero, eigenvalue degeneration and modal interaction occur in the
system. Every measurable parameter ruining the system symmetry can be used as a system
parameter. The quantity and the location of mass are used as system parameters in this study.
Such a study is important for vibration characteristics of mass loaded plate systems. There are
many studies undertaken for the natural frequencies of mass loaded plates in the literature.
For a uniform simply supported rectangular plate carrying a concentrated mass, Gershgorin
(1933) presented an analytic solution. Amba-Rao (1964) presented another analytic solution
which was later extended by Magrab (1968). Laura and Gutierrez (1981) studied transverse
vibrations of thin, elastic plates with concentrated masses and internal elastic supports. A
free vibration analysis of the rectangular plate carrying a concentrated mass was investigated
by Cha (1997). Rossi and Laura (1996) studied symmetric and antisymmetric normal modes
of cantilever plates carrying concentrated mass. By using the Rayleigh-Ritz method, the ef-
fect of distributed mass on plate vibration behavior was studied by Wong (2002). In Wong’s
study, the effects of size and location of the mass loading on the changes of modal fre-
quencies and shapes by the numerical solution of the eigenvalue problem were investigated.
Wong (2002) found that both the natural frequency and mode shape of a certain vibration
mode would have relatively larger changes if the mass loading were placed on an antinode
of the vibration mode and further concluded that mass would reduce the amplitude of an
antinode close to it and all vibration antinodes around the added mass appeared to be shifted
towards the loaded region. In a study performed by Kocatürk et al. (2004) a case of point
support as well as forced vibration analyses were applied to orthotropic rectangular plates.
In this study, a case of symmetric mass location was treated for free vibration analysis. On
the other hand, symmetric external force location as well as symmetric mass location was
employed for forced vibration analysis. The effects of variation of the distributed mass area
on the characteristics of free and forced vibrations were investigated by Altintas and Bagci
(2005). In the case of forced vibration, the effects of variation of the distributed force area
were also examined. Several studies showed that the mass location affected some modes but,
did not affect some others.
The principal aim in this study is to investigate the special behaviors of linear vibrating
plates with special parameters near degenerate modes. Additionally, for the case of forced
vibration, there is a considerable gap in the literature addressing the effect of mass location
 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 221

which is out of the nodal lines of the plate system. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by
performing several analyses on the systems having mass locations out of the nodal lines.

2. MODAL DEGENERACY OF LINEAR VIBRATING PLATE

To better understand the degeneracy in vibrating plate systems, Navier’s solution can be very
explanatory. The problem of square plates with all sides simply supported is the simplest to
solve for a square plate. For simply supported boundary conditions, the shape function can
be given by double Fourier series, which corresponds to Navier’s solution

1
3 1
3 2 m5 x 3 2 n5 x 3
1 2x3 y4 2 Wm3n sin sin (1)
m21 n21
a a

where W m3n is an amplitude coefficient determined from the initial conditions of the problem
and m and n are integers. The same integers appear in a non-dimensional natural frequency
formulation of square plates from Navier’s solution as follows1
4 5
6m3n 2 5 2 m 2 4 n 2 (2)

The integers, m and n, are seen to be the number of nodal lines lying in the x and y direc-
tions respectively, including the boundaries as nodal lines except when the boundary is free.
The symbols SS and AA respectively represent symmetrical and antisymmetrical vibrations
with respect to centerlines where m = n. The symbols SA and AS represent symmetrical vi-
bration with respect to one centerline and antisymmetrical vibration with respect to the other
where m 52 n.
For a square plate with structural symmetry, the SA and AS modes have the same fre-
quency. Due to the symmetry of the square, the modes where m 52 n are degenerate in the
sense that 6m3n 2 6n3m . Although these modes have the same frequencies, the associated
mode shapes are different. Such unusual dynamics are often induced by eigenvalue degener-
acy, and modal interaction occurs near the degeneracy.

3. NUMERICAL METHOD

The traditional finite difference methods are widely used to establish stability and natural
vibration models of thin walled structures. But the use of classical finite difference meth-
ods (CFDM) is inefficient at solving vibration problems of thin walled structures due to
low order accuracy, poor convergence and calculation instability. Another different method
is the variational difference method (VDM), which is more stable than CFDM and suit-
able for vibration problems. VDM was improved by many researchers and used to analyze
complex dynamics problems which were found to be unstable when using CFDM (Babich
et al., 19921 Babich and Khoroshun, 20011 Gladun, 20001 Godzula and Shnerenko, 2002).
CFDM has difficulties in formulating boundary conditions required to solve the differential
equation problem. Since the energy approach with the use of the variational procedures in
222 G. ALTINTAS

conjunction with the finite difference technique is applied in the study, the stress boundary
conditions are automatically satisfied through the minimization process and only geometric
boundary conditions are considered in the analysis. The VDM technique has been applied
by several researchers to examine the vibration characteristics of plates. Aksu and Felemban
(1992) and Aksu and Al-Kaabi (1987) used this technique for the free vibration analysis of
plates. Using the similar technique, Altintas and Bagci (2004, 2005, 2006) and Kocatürk and
Altintas (2003) investigated a forced vibration analysis of Kelvin–Voigt type viscoelastically
supported plates.
The VDM-based numerical method used in this study is described briefly. A uniform
plate vibrating harmonically with radian frequency, ù, the potential energy and kinetic energy
based on non-dimensional parameters.

x 2 X7a3 y 2 Y7a3 1 2 W ei8t 7a3 62 2 9h82 a 4 7D (3)

can be written as follows:

6
7 2 8
U Plate 2 21724 13x x 4 2
13x x 13yy 4 13yy
2
4 2 21 6 4 13x2 y dxdy (4)
AP

and maximum kinetic energy of the plate is

6
TPlate 2 21724 62 12 dxdy (5)
AP

4 5
where D is the flexural rigidity of the plate and defined as D 2 Eh 3 712 and E,
and h
are Young’s modulus, the Poisson’s’ ratio and the plate thickness respectively.
An additional kinetic energy term shown below from additional mass carrying by the
plate should be added to whole system energy.

TConMass 2 21724 62 1 2x M 3 y M 4 (6)

where = MC /M P , MC and M P being the concentrated mass and total mass of the plate
respectively.
In the case of forced vibration the potential energy from external force is

U E xtF 2 21724 FE xt 12x E 3 y E 4 (7)

where, FE xt = qaei8t D and w(x E 3 y E ) are external force and the corresponding displacement.
Since the energy approach with the use of the variational procedures in conjunction
with the finite difference technique is applied in the study, the stress boundary conditions
are automatically satisfied through the minimization process and only geometric boundary
conditions are considered in the analysis.
The force transmissibility is an important indicator in understanding the forced vibration
behavior of plates. In this study, elastic support conditions are examined to make proper use
of force transmissibility. All the classical homogeneous boundary conditions can be directly
 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 223

obtained by setting the spring constants equal to an extremely large or small number. The
energy expression of an elastic spring is

U S 2 21724 12x K 3 y K 42 (8)

and must be added to system energy where,  2 ka 2 7D and w(x K 3 y K ) are non-dimensional
spring coefficient and the corresponding displacement.
The partial derivatives appearing in the functions represented as finite approximating
sums of the mesh covering the plate, are replaced by finite difference equations with equal
intervals in both x and y directions.
If the plate is divided into M-1 and N-1 subdivisions, the intervals x and y can be
defined as x = 1/(M-1) and y = 1/(N-1).
Total energy of the plate (L) is minimized with respect to discritized displacement by
applying Euler’s necessary condition, represented as
4 5
L 317 i j 3t
6 L 31i j 2 0 i 2 13 N3 j 2 13 M3 (9)

for the node 2i3 j4.

For the whole mesh points, using equation (9), the following set of linear algebraic equa-
tions are obtained:

[A] 819 6 62 [B] 819 2 8q9 (10)

where [A], and [B] are coefficient matrices obtained by using equation (9) for all mesh
points.
When the external force is zero in equation (10) for the free vibration analysis, this
situation results in a set of linear homogeneous equations.
The set of equations can be expressed in the following matrix form:

[A] 819 6 62 [B] 819 2 809  (11)

The magnitude of the reaction force FR is 12x K 3 y K 4 and therefore transmissibility at

the supports is determined by

TR 2 12x K 3 y K 47FE xt  (12)

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows the effect of mass amount on natural frequencies of simple supported and
completely free plates. All the plates investigated in Figure 1 have concentrated masses,
which are located out of the nodal lines and mass locations are slightly different from each
other. The concentrated mass locations are denoted by  ,  symbols. It can be seen from
Figure 1 that natural frequency values of AA or SS (for m = n) modes are inversely pro-
224 G. ALTINTAS

Figure 1. Effect of mass amount variation on the natural frequencies for different concentrated mass
locations.
 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 225

portional with the variation of the mass amount. The systems analyzed show that natural
frequencies had high sensitivity to variation of the mass amount especially for smaller val-
ues. Degenerated curves of SA and AS (for m 52 n) modes are separated from each other by
variation of mass amount. Interestingly, it is observed that one of the curves is not affected
from variation of mass amount when the mass location is out of the nodal lines. The other
part of the degenerate mode is inversely proportional to the variation of mass amount like
AA and SS modes. This behavior did not change for the completely free plate as shown in
1(d).
In Figure 2 the first six natural frequencies of point supported plates having different
mass locations are shown for the variation of mass ratios. It is clearly seen from Figure 2(a,
b and c) that natural frequencies of modes whose nodal lines pass through the mass location
are not affected by variations. This observation has also been reported in several studies
(Rossi and Laura, 19961 Wong, 20021 Kocatürk et al., 2004). When the additional mass
location is beyond the nodal lines, natural frequencies of SS and AA modes take lower values
monotonically while increasing the value of additional mass. Similar to SA and AS curves
of free and simply supported plates shown in Figure 1, the curves of SA and AS modes of
point supported plates separate from each other by variation of the additional mass amount
except for Figure 1(c) where the mass location is on the nodal lines of the degenerate modes.
In Figure 1(d), in the case of the plate system carrying concentrated mass which is located
beyond the nodal lines, natural frequency values of all modes are inversely proportional
to the variation of the mass amount except for the non-sensitive part of the degenerable
modes.
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, the degeneracy could be spoiled by locating the mass
beyond the nodal lines. On the other hand, by choosing the mass location, which ruins the
degeneracy, additional natural frequencies will occur that will need close attention in real
system design due to the mode separation.
To distinguish the effect of mass location from the location of external force, location
of the application point of force was used on the geometric center of the plate system in all
analyses. Figure 3 gives the force transmissibilities versus the frequency of external force
for a simply supported plate. Three different mass locations are examined for = 1 in Fig-
ure 3(a), and different ratios are examined for constant mass locations in Figure 3(b, c, and
d). Because there is no dissipation, the peak points of transmissibility curves are observed at
the regions where natural frequencies occur. Separated pairs of degenerable modes are con-
nected with arrows in Figure 3(a, c, and d). According to transmissibility curves, undesired
peaks appear on the mass dependent part of SA-AS modes, exceptionally mass free part of
the SA (AS)-2 modes also has a peak. A, B, D points and C asymptote region appears on
the mass free parts of the degenerable modes. These special points, namely A, B, D, which
are sharing points of curves, are independent of the additional mass. Since the points of A,
B, D and C asymptote region appear on the degenerate modes of the simple supported plate
without additional mass.
Transmissibility graphs of the point supported plates in Figure 4 and the graphic se-
quence of Figure 4 are identical to those of Figure 3 with respect to the mass amounts and
locations. Points of F, G, H and, I are independent of the amount of mass and the location.
A point of G, H is not related to modal degeneration and point of G mentioned in previ-
ous studies (Yamada et al., 19851 Kocatürk, 19981 Kocatürk and Altintas, 2003) related with
226 G. ALTINTAS

Figure 2. Effect of mass amount variation on the natural frequencies of point supported plates for
different concentrated mass locations ( = 108 ).
 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 227

Figure 3. Force transmissibilities of simple supported plates ( = 1012 ).

228 G. ALTINTAS

Figure 4. Force transmissibilities of corner point supported plates ( = 108 ).

 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 229

forced vibration of point supported plates. Undesired peaks of the transmissibility curves
were observed on the mass dependent parts of the SA-AS modes.
But this behavior cannot be generalized for all plates having different boundary condi-
tions, for instance in Figure 3, the simple supported system has peaks which appear not only
on the mass dependent parts of considered degenerable modes but also on the mass free part
of the second degenerable mode. Additional information can be seen from Figure 3(b) and
Figure 4(b), point E and J free from the mass amount where the location of additional mass
is on the center of the plate.

5. CONCLUSION

This paper examines three different boundary conditions on a plate system to further inves-
tigate the effect of the mass-based imperfections on modal characteristics of degenerable
modes. Free and forced vibration analyses are made to achieve this end. The effects of mass
amount and location on the natural frequencies of systems are addressed in free vibration
analyses, on which the following conclusions can be drawn.

The degenerate modes differ from each other by the variation of mass amount where the
mass is located beyond the nodal lines. One part of the degenerable modes is inversely
affected by the variation of mass amount, as expected. The other part of the SA-AS modes,
on the other hand, is not affected by mass amount for all boundary conditions examined,
which is exceptional.

The modal degeneration is ruined by choosing the additional mass location out of the
nodal lines. In other words, the spoilage of the structural symmetry prevents modal de-
generacy except for the accidental degeneracy. On the other hand, if the mass location is
chosen to ruin the degeneracy, there appears to be one or more additional natural mode
region that should be considered in designing real-world systems due to the mode separa-
tion.
In the forced vibration analysis the relationship between mode types and undesired peak
values of transmissibility curves for the variation of system parameters is investigated. The
main findings of forced vibration analyses are as follows:

All mass dependent parts of the degenerable modes have transmissibility peaks in the
range of consideration. Such peaks are sometimes observed on transmissibility curves in
the region of the mass free part of the degenerable modes.

There are special points of the transmissibility curves of the mass loaded plates on some
of the natural mode frequency values of the plates with no additional mass. This shows
the systems considered are not affected from the mass in these special frequencies.
This study includes valuable results to understand the special behaviors of free and
forced vibrations of the additional mass loaded plates. The findings of this study are ob-
served to be generally compatible with the related literature. However, it also presents some
special cases for the vibration behavior of plates and determines some undetermined areas
for the case of forced vibration. The special cases unspecified are envisaged to help avoid
designs that will cause dangerous situations in practical applications.
230 G. ALTINTAS

REFERENCES
Afolabi, D., 1989, “Effects of mistuning and matrix structure on the topology of frequency response curves,” NASA
Technical Memorandum 102290, ICOMP-89-17.
Afolabi, D., 1991, “Modal interaction in linear dynamic systems near degenerate modes,” NASA Technical Memo-
randum 105315, ICOMP-91-21.
Aksu, G. and Felemban, M., 1992, “Frequency analysis of corner point supported Mindlin plates by a finite differ-
ence energy method,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 158, 531–544.
Aksu, G. and Al-Kaabi, S., 1987, “Free vibration analysis of Mindlin plates with linearly varying thickness,” Journal
of Sound and Vibration 119, 189–205.
Altintas, G. and Bagci M., 2004, “Determination of the steady-state response of viscoelastically supported rec-
tangular specially orthotropic plates with varying supported area,” International Journal for Engineering
Modelling 17(3), 61–69.
Altintas, G. and Bagci M., 2005, “Determination of the steady-state response of viscoelastically supported rectan-
gular orthotropic mass loaded plates by an energy-based finite difference method” Journal of Vibration and
Control 11(12), 1535–1552.
Altintas, G. and Bagci M., 2006, “Determination of the steady state response of EFEF/VFVF supported rectangular
specially orthotropic plates,” Mathematical & Computational Applications 11(1), 51–65.
Amba-Rao, C., 1964, “On the vibration of a rectangular plate carrying a concentrated mass,” Journal of Applied
Mechanics 31, 550–551.
Babich, D. V., Vorobei, V. V., Tarasyuk, V. I., and Khoroshun L. P., 1992, “Natural vibrations of shells of revolution
made of thermosensitive composites,” Prikladnaya Mekhanika 28(4), 8–16.
Babich, D. V. and Khoroshun, L. P., 2001, “Stability and natural vibrations of shells with variable geometric and
mechanical parameters,” Prikladnaya Mekhanika 37(7), 18–50.
Bhat, B. B., 2000, “Curve veering: Inherent behavior of some vibrating systems,” Shock and Vibration 7, 241–249.
Cha, P. D., 1997, “Free vibration of a rectangular plate carrying a concentrated mass,” Journal of Sound and Vibration
207, 593–596.
Claassen, R. W. and Thorne, C. J., 1960, “Transverse vibrations of thin rectangular isotropic plates,” Technical
Report 2379, NAVWEPS Report 7016 US Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, CA, August.
Claassen, R.W. and Thorne, C. J., 1962, “Vibrations of a rectangular plate,” Journal of Aerospace Science 29, 1300–
1305.
Gladun, E. Yu., 2000, “Dependence of the critical load on the geometric characteristics of a hinged plate with a
crack,” Prikladnaya Mekhanika, 36(9).
Godzula, V. F. and Shnerenko, K. I., 2002, “The stress-strain state of a composite spherical shell with two polar
openings,” Prikladnaya Mekhanika, 38(3).
Gershgorin, S., 1933, “Vibrations of plates located by concentrated masses,” Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika
1, 25–37.
Kocatürk, T., 1998, “Determination of the steady state response of viscoelastically point-supported rectangular
anisotropic (orthotropic) plates,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 213, 665–672.
Kocatürk, T. and Altintas, G., 2003, “Determination of the steady state response of viscoelastically point-supported
rectangular specially orthotropic plates by an energy based finite difference method,” Journal of Sound and
Vibration 267, 1143–1156.
Kocatürk, T., Sezer, S., and Demir, C., 2004, “Determination of the steady state response of viscoelastically point-
supported rectangular specially orthotropic plates with added concentrated masses,” Journal of Sound and
Vibration 278, 789–1156.
Kuttler, J. R. and Sigilitto, V. G., 1980, “On curve veering,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 74(4), 585–588.
Laura, P. and Gutierrez, R., 1981, “Transverse vibrations of thin, elastic plates with concentrated masses and internal
elastic supports,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 75, 135–143.
Leissa, A. W., 1969, Vibration of Plates (NASA SP-160), Washington, DC, US. Government Printing Office.
Leissa, A. W., 1974, “On a curve veering aberration,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics (ZAMP) 25,
99–111.
Magrab, E., 1968, “Vibration of a rectangular plate with attached masses,” Journal of Applied Mechanics 35, 411–
412.
McCartin, B. J., 2002, “Modal degeneracy in square wave guides,” Journal of Acoustical Society of America 111(1),
49–52.
 EFFECT OF MASS BASED IMPERFECTIONS ON BEHAVIOR 231

Nayfeh, A. H., 1995a, Wave Propagation in Layered Anisotropic Media with Applications to Composites, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, Holland.
Nayfeh, A. H., 1995b, “On direct methods for constructing nonlinear normal modes of continuous systems”, Journal
of Vibration and Control 1(4), 389–430.
Perkins, N. C. and Mote, Jr. C. D., 1986, “Comments on curve veering in eigen value problems,” Journal of Sound
and Vibration 160(3), 451–463.
Pierre, C., 1988, “Mode localization and eigenvalue loci veering phenomena in disordered structures,” Journal of
Sound Vibration 126(3), 485–502.
Rand, R., Pak, C., and Vakakis, A., 1992, “Bifurcation of nonlinear normal modes in a class of two-degree-of-
freedom-systems,” Acta Mechanica 3, 129–145.
Rossi, R. E. and Laura, P. A. A., 1996, “Symmetric and antisymmetric normal modes of a cantilever rectangular
plate: effect of Poisson’s ratio and a concentrated mass” Journal of Sound and Vibration 195, 142–148.
Vakakis, A. F., Manevitch, L. I., Mikhlin, Y. V., Pilipchuck, V. N., and Zevin, A. A., 1996, Normal Modes and
Localizations in Nonlinear Systems, Wiley, New York.
Yamada, G., Irie, T., and Takahashi, M., 1985, “Determination of the steady state response of a viscoeleastically
point-supported rectangular plate,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 102, 285–295.
Wong, W., 2002, “The effect of distributed mass loading on plate vibration behavior,” Journal of Sound and Vibra-
tion 252, 577–583.

View publication stats