INDEX:

S.NO CONTENT P.NO. T.SIGN

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2 LAB CERTIFICATE
3 INTRODUCTION
4 AIM
5 THEORY
6 PROCEDURE

7 OBSERVATION & GRAPH

8 RESULT
9 APPLICATIONS
 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher (MR DEV NARAYAN SHUKLA) as well as our principal

(MS SWATI ACHARJEE MAAM) who gave me the golden

opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic (TO STUDY
THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD USING A TANGENT
GALVANOMETER), which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

ABHISHEK VERMA
XII-SCIENCE
ROLL NO: …………
SUNBEAM SCHOOL FAIZABAD

LAB CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MR ABHISHEK VERMA is a
bonafied student XII Science of Sunbeam School
Faizabad in the session 2019-20.

He has completed a project entitled “TO STUDY

EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD USING TANGENT
GALVANOMETER” under my supervision for the
partial fulfilment of AISSCE-2020 in the subject
Chemistry.

I wish him all the success in his future endeavour.

Sign. Ext. examiner Sign. Chemistry teacher

INTRODUCTION
The tangent galvanometer was first described in an 1837 by Claude-
Servais- Mathias Pouillet, who later employed this sensitive form of
galvanometer to verify Ohm’s law. To use the galvanometer, it is first
set up on a level surface and the coil aligned with the magnetic north-
south direction. This means that the compass needle at the middle of
the coil is parallel with the plane of the coil when it carries no current.
The current to be measured is now sent through the coil, and
produces a magnetic field, perpendicular to the plane of the coil and
is directly proportional to the current.
The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil is B; the
magnitude of the horizontal component the Earth’s magnetic field is
B’. the compass needle aligns itself along the vector sum of B and B’
after rotating through an angle Ø from its original orientation. The
vector diagram shows that tan Ø = B/B’. since the magnetic field of the
Earth is constant, and B depends directly on the current, the current
is thus proportional to the tangent of the angle through which the
needle has turned.

AIM OF THE PROJECT:

The aim of the project is to find the ‘reduction factor’ of the given
tangent galvanometer (K) and the horizontal component of the
Earth’s magnetic field (BH).
* To determine the reduction factor of the given tangent
galvanometer (K).
* To find out the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
(Bh).
 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Tangent galvanometer (TG),
 Commutator (C),
 Rheostat (R),
 Battery (E),
 Ammeter (A),
 Key (k), etc

When a bar magnet is suspended in two Magnetic fields B and Bh,

it comes to rest making an angle θ with the direction of Bh.
 THEORY:
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for small electric
currents. It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular
non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on the principle of the tangent
law of magnetism. When a current is passed through the circular coil, a
magnetic field (B) is produced at the center of the coil in a direction
perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The TG is arranged in such a way
that the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (Bh) is in the
direction of the plane of the coil. The magnetic needle is then under the
action of two mutually perpendicular fields. If θ is the deflection of the
needle, then according to tangent law,
The left hand side of equation (4) is a constant and is called the
reduction factor (K) of the given tangent galvanometer

Now from equation (3) & (5), the horizontal intensity of earth’s
magnetic field Bh is,

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is
the key, E the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the
commutator, and T.G the tangent galvanometer. The commutator can
reverse the current through the T.G coil without changing the current
in the rest of the circuit. Taking the average of the resulting two
readings for deflection averages out, any small error in positioning
TG coil relative to the earth’s magnetic field Bh

STEPS:

1. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the leveling

screws.
2. The compass box alone is rotated so that the 90-90 line in the
compass box is in the plane of the coil.
3. The T.G as a whole is rotated till the Aluminium pointer reads 0-0.
4. Note down the number of turns in the coil.
5. A suitable current is allowed to pass through the coil.
6. Note down the currrent as well as the deflection in T.G.
7. Reverse the current and note the deflection again.
8. Repeat the procedure for different values of current.
9. Plot the graph.
10. Measure the radius of the coil from its perimeter by using a thread
and rotating it around the round circle.
11. Determine the reduction factor and horizontal intensity of earth's
magnetic field.
 OBSERVATIONS AND GRAPH:
Number of turns in the coil =.........
Circumference of the coil, =............cm
Radius of the coil, a =...........cm
TO DETERMINE THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD (BH) :
The Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (Bh) can be
calculated using the formula,

TO DETERMINE THE REDUCTION FACTOR OF T.G

FROM GRAPH :
Reduction factor K of the tangent galvanometer
can be determined
 From the graph drawn as,

RESULT:
The reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer, K =............A
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field, Bh =...........T
FACTS
 The tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for
Current
 The magnetic field produced by a circular coil carrying current I
is Proportional to I
 The S.I unit of magnetic field is Tesla
 The magnitude of horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field
is 3.5x10⁻⁵ T
  For better result while doing tangent galvanometer experiment,
the deflection should be in between 30-60
 What is the value of μ₀ ? 4πx10⁻⁷ NA⁻²

APPLICATIONS :
 T.G. can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal
component of the geomagnetic field.

 The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constants.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Tangent Galvanometer (Procedure) : Electricity & Magnetism
Virtual Lab : Physical Sciences : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual
Lab
 Tangent Galvanometer (Theory) : Electricity & Magnetism Virtual
Lab : Physical Sciences : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab
  Tangent
Galvanometerhttp://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electrical_M
easurements/Tangent_Galvan ometer/Tangent_Galvanometer.html

THE TANGENT GALVANOMETER: