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Chapter 4

WORK AND ENERGY


4.1 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
Q # 1. Define the term work. How the work done by constant force represented
graphically?

Ans. The work done by a constant force is defined as:

The product of magnitude of displacement and the component of the force in the
direction of the displacement.

Consider an object which is being pulled by a constant force F at an angle θ to the


direction of motion. The force displaces the object from one point to another point
through displacement d.

The work done W by the force is described as:

W = (F cosθ)d = Fd cosθ

W = F.d

Thus the work done by a force is the dot product of force and displacement. It is a scalar
quantity and its SI unit is joule (J = N m).

• If θ < 90°, work is said to be positive

• If θ = 90°, no work is done

• If θ > 90°, the work done is said to be negative

Graphical Representation of Work Done by Constant Force


When a constant force acts through a distance, then the Force-Displacement graph is a
horizontal straight line and the work done by this force is equal to the area under graph.

Explanation: Figure shows the Force-Displacement graph of a constant force. If the


constant force F (newton) acts through displacement d (meter) such that force and
displacement are in the same direction, then the work done is Fd (joules). Clearly
shaded area in the figure is also Fd. Hence the area under Force-Displacement graph
can be taken to represent the work done by the force.

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Important Note: If the force is not in the direction of displacement, the graph is
plotted between ‘F cosθ’ and ‘d’ for the description of work done.

4.2 WORK DONE BY A VARIALE FORCE


Q # 2. Derive the expression of work done by variable force. How the work done
by variable force represented graphically?

Ans. Consider a variable force act on a body which displaces it from point ‘a’ to point
‘b’ as shown in the figure.

We want to find out the expression of work done by the variable force. For this we
divide the path followed by the object into n short intervals of displacements Δd1, Δd2,
… … … , Δdn and

F1, F2, … … … , Fn are the forces acting during these intervals. If are the work done
during displacement interval Δd1, Δd2, … … … , Δdn respectively, then the total work
done Wtotal by the variable force will be:

Wtotal = ΔW1 + ΔW2 + … … … + ΔWn … (1)

The work done during displacement interval Δd1 = ΔW1 = F1. Δd1 = F1 Δd1cos θ1

The work done during displacement interval Δd2 = ΔW2 = F2. Δd2 = F2 Δd2cos θ2

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

The work done during displacement interval Δdn = ΔWn = Fn. Δdn = Fn Δdncos θn

Putting value in equation (1), we get:

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Wtotal = ΔW1 + ΔW2 + … … … + ΔWn

Wtotal = F1. Δd1 + F2. Δd2 + … … … + Fn. Δdn

Wtotal = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 Δd𝑖 cos θ𝑖 … (2)

This is the expression of work done by a variable force.

Graphical Representation of Work Done by Variable Force


The work done by variable force in moving a particle between two points is equal to
the area under ‘F cosθ’ verses ‘d’ curve.

The displacement ‘d’ has been subdivided in to ‘n’ equal intervals. The ith shaded
rectangle has the area Fi cosθi Δdi which is the work done during the ith interval. Thus
the total work done by the variable force (given by equation 2) will be the equal to the
sum of the area of all the rectangles.

It is clear from figure that total work done by variable force (given by equation 2)
becomes more accurate when we subdivide the total displacement into large number of
intervals. In this condition, Δd becomes very small.

If we let each Δd to approach zero then we obtain exact result of work done. In such
condition, equation (2) takes the form:

Wtotal = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 Δd𝑖 cos θ𝑖


𝛥𝑑→0

Thus, in the limit Δd approaches zero, the total area of rectangles approaches exact area
between ‘F cosθ’ verses ‘d’ curve.

Q # 3. A person holds a bag of groceries while standing still, talking to a friend. A


car is stationary with the engine running. From the stand point of work, how are
these two situations similar?

Ans. In both the above two cases, since there is no displacement, therefore the work
done W=Fdcosθ will be zero. The two situations are similar in the sense that work done
in both cases is zero.

Q # 4. A force F acts through a distance L. The force is then increased to 3F, and
then acts through a further distance of 2L. Draw the work diagram to scale.

Ans. The force-displacement graph is shown in the figure.

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As the work done is equal to the area under the force-displacement curve. Hence

Work Done W = (F X L) + (3F X 2L)

= FL + 6FL

= 7FL

Q # 5. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as shown in the figure.


Calculate the work done by the force as the object moves from x = 0 to x = 6m.

To Determine: Work W =?

Calculations: As Work done W= Area under Force-Displacement Graph

➔ W = (Area of rectangle) + (Area of triangle)

➔W= (5N) X (4m) + ½ (5N) X (2m)

➔W= 20J + 5J = 25J

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Q # 6. A man pushes a lawn mower with a 40 N force directed at an angle of 20°
downward from the horizontal. Find the work done by the man as he cuts a strip
of grass 20 m long.

Given Data: Force F = 40N, Inclination θ = 20°, Displacement d = 20m

To Determine: Work Done W =?

Calculations: As W = Fd cosθ = 40 X 20 X cos20° =750J = 7.5 X 102J

4.3 WORK DONE BY GRAVITATIONAL FIELD


Q # 7. Show that the work done in earth’s gravitational field is independent of
path followed.

Ans. Consider an object of mass m being displaced with constant velocity from point
A to point B along various paths in the presence of a gravitational force. In this case the
gravitational force is equal to the equal to weight ‘mg’ of the object.

Work done along path 1

The work done by the gravitational force along the path ADB can be split into
two parts i.e., WAD and WDB.

WADB = WAD +WDB … (1)

The work is zero because weight ‘mg’ is perpendicular to this path. The work ‘WDB =
-mgh’, the negative sign is due to the fact that ‘mg’ is opposite to that of displacement.

Thus the equation (1) will become:

WADB = 0 + (-mgh) = -mgh … (2)

Work done along path 2

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If we consider the path ACB, the work done along path AC is ‘WAC = -mgh’.
Since the work done along path CB is ‘WCB = 0’, therefore:

WACB = WAC +WCB = (-mgh) + 0 = -mgh … (3)

Work done along path 3

To find out the work done along this curved path, we divide it into series of
horizontal and vertical steps as shown in the figure.

There is no work done along horizontal steps, because mg is perpendicular to the


displacement for these steps. The work done by the force of gravity along vertical
displacements will be:

WAC = -mg (Δy1 + Δy2 + … + Δyn)

As Δy1 + Δy2 + … + Δyn = h

Therefore

WAC = -mgh … (4)

Conclusion: Thus from equation (2), (3) and (4), it is proved that work done in the
earth’s gravitational field is independent of the path followed.

Gravitational Field: The space around the earth in which its gravitational force acts
on a body is called gravitational field.

Conservative Field: The field in which “Work done be independent of path followed”
Or

“Work done in a closed path be zero”, is called a conservative field.

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Important Note: The frictional force is a non-conservative force, because if the object
is moved over a rough surface between two points along different paths, the work done
against the frictional force certainly depends on the path followed.

Q # 8. Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting a mass of 10 kg (at steady
velocity) through a vertical height of 10 m.

Given Data: Mass ‘m’ = 10 kg, Height ‘h’ = 10m

To Determine: Work Done W =?

Calculations: As W = mgh = (10)(9.8)(10) = 980J = 0.980kJ

Q # 9. In which case is more work done? When a 50 kg bag of books is lifted


through 50 cm, or when a 50 kg crate is pushed through 2m across the floor with
a force of 50 N.

Case-1: When a Case-2: When a


50 kg bag of books 50 kg crate is
is lifted through pushed through
50 cm 2m across the
floor with a force
of 50 N

Mass ‘m’ = 50 kg Mass ‘m’ = 50 kg

Height ‘h’ = 50cm Distance ‘d’ = 2m


= 0.50m
Work Done W =?
Work Done W =?
W = (F)(d) = 50 X
W = mgh = 50 X 2 =100J
9.8 X 0.50

→ W = 245J

Conclusion: More work in done in case-1

Q # 10. A rain drop (m = 3.35 X 10-5kg) falls vertically at a constant speed under
the influence of forces of gravity and friction. In falling through 100 m, how much
work is done by (a) gravity and (b) friction.

Given Data: Mass of rain drop ‘m’ = 3.35 X 10-5kg

To Determine: (a)Work Done by Gravity Wg = ?, (b)Work Done by Friction Wf = ?

Calculations: (a) Wg = Fg.h = |Fg||h| cos0° ⸫ |h| = h & |Fg| = mg

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= mgh = 3.35 X 10-5 X 9.8 X 100 = 0.328J

(b) As the rain drop falling with constant velocity, therefore force of friction will be
equal but opposite to that of weiht.

Wf = -mgh = -3.35 X 10-5 X 9.8 X 100 = -0.328J

Q # 11. Ten bricks, each 6.0 cm thick and mass 1.5 kg, lie flat on table. How much
work is required to stack them one on the top of another?

Given Data: Mass of a brick ‘m’ = 1.5kg, Thickness of a brick ‘h’ = 6cm = 0.6m

To Determine: Work to stack them one on the top of another ‘W’ =?

Calculations: Ten bricks lifted to the height h1 =0m, h2 =0.6m, h3 =0.12m … …, h10
=0.54m, respectively. Total Work Done:

WT = mgh1 + mgh2 + mgh3 + mgh4 + mgh5 + mgh6 + mgh7 + mgh8 + mgh9 + mgh10

→WT = mg (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6 + h7 + h8 + h9 + h10)

→ WT = 1.5 X 9.8 X (0 + 0.06 + 0.12 + 0.18 + 0.24 +0.30 + 0.36 + 0.42 + 0.48 + 0.54)
= 40J

4.4 POWER

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Q # 12. Define the term power. Show that power is the dot product of force and
velocity.

Ans. The rate at which the work is being done is called power. It is a scalar quantity
and its SI unit is watt (W).

Average Power: If the work ΔW is done in time interval Δt, then the average
power Pav during this time interval is described as:
ΔW
Pav = Δt

Instantaneous Power: If the work is expressed as function of time, then the


instantaneous power P at any instant is defined as:
ΔW
P = lim
𝛥𝑡→0 Δt

Relationship between Power and Velocity


If the work ΔW is done in time interval Δt, then the instantaneous power P at any
instant is defined as:
ΔW
P = lim
𝛥𝑡→0 Δt

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𝐅.𝚫𝐝
P = lim ⸫ work done ΔW = F.Δd
𝛥𝑡→0 Δt

𝚫𝐝
As lim =𝐯
𝛥𝑡→0 Δt

So, P = F.v

Hence proved that the power is the dot product of force and velocity.

Q # 13. Show that 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ

In electrical measurements, the unit of work is expressed as watt second. However the
commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour.

1kWh = 1000Wx3600s

= 3600000J

1kWh =3.6MJ

Hence proved.

Q # 14. A 70 kg man runs up a long flight of stairs in 4.0 s. The vertical height of
the stairs is 4.5m. Calculate his power output in watts.

Given Data: Mass ‘m’ = 70kg, Time ‘t’ = 4s, Height ‘h’ = 4.5m

To Determine: Power ‘P’ =?


𝑊 𝑚𝒈ℎ 70x9.8x4.5
Calculations: P = = = = 7.7x102 W
𝑡 𝑡 4

Q # 15. A force (thrust) of 400 N is required to overcome road friction and air
resistance in propelling an automobile at 80kmh-1. What power (kW) must the
engine developed?

Given Data: Force ‘F’ =400N, Velocity ‘v’ = 80kmh-1 = 80x1000m/3600s =


22.22 ms-1

To Determine: Power ‘P’ =?

Calculations: P = F.v = Fv cos0° ⸫ F||v

= 400 x 22.22 =8888W ≈ 8.9kW

Q # 16. 100m3 of water is pumped from a reservoir into a tank, 10 m higher than
reservoir, in 20 minutes. If density of water is 1000kgm-3, find

(a) The increase in P.E.


(b) The power delivered by the pump.

Given Data: Volume ‘V’ = 100m3, Time ‘t’ = 20min = 20x60s = 1200s,
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Height ‘h’ = 10m, Density ‘ρ’ = 1000kg

To Determine: (a) Increase in P.E =? , (b) Power ‘P’ =?

Calculations: (a) Increase in P.E = mgh = ρVgh = (1000)(100)(9.8)(10) = 9.8x106J


𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 Increase in P.E 9.8𝑥106
Power ‘P’ = = = = 8200W = 8.2kW
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 1200

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Area under the curve of force-displacement graph is equal to:

a) Displacement
b) Work
c) Power
d) Energy

2. Slope of work time graph is equal to.

a) Displacement
b) Acceleration
c) Power
d) Energy

3. A field in which the work done in a moving a body along closed path is zero is
called.

a) Electric field
b) Conservative field
c) Electromagnetic field
d) Maximum

4. When a force is parallel to the direction of motion of the body, then work done on
the body is:

a) zero
b) minimum
c) infinity
d) Maximum

5. Work has the dimension as that of same as that of.

a) Torque
b) Angular momentum
c) Linear momentum
d) Power

6. The consumption of energy by 60 watt bulb in 2 seconds is:

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a) 20 J
b) 120 J
c) 30 J
d) 0.02 J

7. Power is also defined as dot product of

a) Force and displacement


b) Force and mass
c) Force and velocity
d) Force and time

8. One kilowatt hour of work is equal to

a) 0.36 MJ
b) 3.6 MJ
c) 36 MJ
d) 360 MJ

4.5 ENERGY
Q # 17. Define the term energy. Describe the different types of mechanical
energy.

Ans. Energy of the body is its capacity to do work. It is a scalar quantity and its SI
unit is joule (J).

There are two basic forms of energy are the kinetic energy and potential energy.

Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy (K.E) is possessed by a body due to its motion and is given by the
formula:

K.E= ½ mv2

Where ‘m’ is the mass of the body moving with velocity v.

Potential Energy
The potential energy (P.E) is possessed by a body because of its position in a force
field e.g. gravitational field or because of its constrained state.

• Gravitational P.E.

The potential energy due to gravitational field near the surface of the earth at height
‘h’ is given by the formula:

P.E = mgh

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This is called gravitational P.E. The gravitational P.E. is always determined relative to
some arbitrary position which is assigned the value of zero P.E. In the present case,
this reference level is the surface of the Earth as position of zero P.E.

• Elastic P.E.

The elastic potential energy is the energy stored in the spring due to its compressed or
stretched state.

Q # 18. An object has 1 J of potential energy. Explain what does it mean?

Ans. It means that work has been done on the body by the force of 1 N which has
lifted the body through a distance of 1 m. This work has been stored in the body in the
form of P.E which is 1J.

Q # 19. A ball of mass m is held at a height h1 above a table. The table top is at a
height h2 above the floor. One student says that the ball has potential energy
mgh1 but another says that it is mg (h1 + h2). Who is correct?

Ans. The 1st student has taken the table as the point of reference for calculating the
P.E. While the 2nd student has taken the floor as the point of reference. So both are
correct according to their own points of references.

Q # 20. What sort of energy is in the following:

(a) Compressed spring, (b) Water in a high dam, (c) A moving car

Ans.

a) Elastic Potential Energy


b) Gravitational Potential Energy
c) Kinetic Energy

Q # 21. State the work energy principle. Also derive its mathematical form.

Statement: Work done on the body equals the change in its kinetic energy

Proof. Consider a body of mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity vi. A force acting
through a distance ‘d’ increases the velocity to vf, then from the 3rd equation of
motion:

2ad = vf2 – vi2

d = ½ a (vf2 – vi2) … (1)

From the second law of motion:

F = ma … (2)

Multiplying equation (1) and (2), we have:

Fd = ½ m(vf2 – vi2)
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Fd = ½ mvf2 – ½ m vi2 … (3)

Where the left hand side of the above equation gives the work done on the body and
the right hand side gives the change in kinetic energy of the body.

The equation (3) is the mathematical form of work energy principle.

Q # 22. A car of mass 800 kg travelling 54kmh-1 is brought to rest in 60 m. find


the average retarding force on the car. What happened to original kinetic
energy?

Given Data: Mass ‘m’ = 800kg, Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 54kmh-1 =


54x1000m
= 15ms-1
3600s

Final Velocity ‘vf’ = 0ms-1, Distance covered ‘d’ = 60m

To Determine: Average Retarding Force ‘F’ =?

Calculations: By Work-Energy Principle: Fd = ½ mvf2 – ½ m vi2

➔ F = m/2d (vf2 – vi2)


800
➔ F = 2x60 (02 – 152) = – 1500

The K.E is dissipated in doing work against friction.

Q # 23. How large a force is required to accelerate an electron (9.1x10-31kg) from


rest to a speed of 2x107ms-1 through a distance of 5.0cm?

Given Data: Mass ‘m’= 9.1x10-31kg, Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 0ms-1

Final Velocity ‘vf’ = 2x107ms-1, Distance covered ‘d’ = 5.0cm = 0.05m

To Determine: Accelerating Force ‘F’ =?

Calculations: By Work-Energy Principle: Fd = ½ mvf2 – ½ m vi2

➔ F = m/2d (vf2 – vi2)


9.1x10−31
➔ F= [(2x107)2 – 02] = 3.6x10-15N
2x0.05

Q # 24. What do you know about absolute potential energy? Also derive its
expression.

Absolute Potential Energy


The absolute potential energy of an object at a certain point is the work done by the
gravitational force in displacing the object from that position to infinity (where the
force of gravity becomes zero).

The relation for the calculation for the potential energy P.E =mgh, is true only near
the surface of the earth where the gravitational force is nearly constant. But if the
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object is displaced through the large distances, then the gravitational force will not
remain constant, since it varies inversely to the square of the distance.

In order to overcome this difficulty, we divide the whole distance into small steps
each of length ‘Δr’ so that the value of the force remains constant for each small step.
Hence the total work done can be calculated by adding all the work done during all
these steps.

The gravitational force at the center of this step is


𝑀𝑚
F = G 𝑟2 … (1)

Where G is the gravitational constant, m is the mass of the object and M is the mass
of the earth.

If r1 and r2 are the distances of points 1 and 2 respectively, from the center O of earth.
The distance between the center of 1st step and center of the earth will be:
𝑟1 +𝑟2
r=
2

If Δr = r2 – r1 ➔ r2 = r1 + Δr

Hence
𝑟1 +𝑟1 +Δr 2𝑟1 +Δr Δr
r= = = r1 +
2 2 2

Squaring above equation we get:


Δr 2 Δr Δr
r2 = (r1 + ) = r12 + 2 r1 + ( 2 )2
2 2

Δr
As Δr2<< r12, so we can neglect the term ( 2 ) 2

Hence

r2 = r12 + r1Δr = r12 + r1 (r2 – r1) = r1r2

Thus the equation (1) will become:


𝑀𝑚
F = Gr1r2

As the force is assumed to be constant during the interval Δr, so the work done in
displacing the object from point 1 to point 2 will be:

Mm Mm
W1→2 = F. r=Fr cos 180 = −Fr= − G ( Δr ) = −G ( r2 − r1 )
r1r2 r1r2

Mm  1 1 
W1→2 = −G  − 
r1r2  r1 r2 
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Similarly the work done during the second step in which the body is displaced from
point 2 to point 3 is

Mm  1 1 
W2→3 = −G  − 
r2 r3  r2 r3 

The work done during the last step is

Mm  1 1
W( N −1)→N = −G  − 
rN −1rN  rN −1 rN 

Hence, the total work done in displacing the body form point 1 to point N is
calculated by adding up the work done during all these steps.

WTotal = W1→2 +W2→3 + ... ... ... ... + W( N−1)→N

 1 1   1 1   1 1 
WTotal = −GMm  −  +  −  + ... ... ... ... +  − 
 r1 r2   r2 r3   rN −1 rN  

On simplification, we get:

1 1 
WTotal = −GMm  − 
 r1 rN 

If the point N is situated at infinite distance from the earth, so rN = 

1 1 1 
WTotal = −GMm  −  = −GMm  − 0 
 r1    r1 

GMm
WTotal = −
r1

Therefore the general expression for the gravitational potential energy of a body
situated at distance from the center of the earth is

Mm
U = −G
r

The negative sign shows that the earth gravitational field is attractive.

Q # 25. Define the term escape velocity. Also derive its expression.

Escape Velocity

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The velocity given to the object on the surface of the earth so that it escapes the earth
gravitational field and reaches at an infinite distance from the surface of the earth is
called the escape velocity.

Derivation of Mathematical Expression for Escape Velocity

Consider an object of mass ‘m’ which is given the initial velocity vesc to escape the
earth’s gravitational field. The K.E corresponding to the initial velocity is will be

1 2
Initial K.E= m v esc
2

We know that the work done in lifting a body from the earth surface to infinite
distance is equal to increase in its potential energy.

 Mm  Mm
Increase in P.E=0 −  −G =G
 R  R

Where M and R are the mass and radius of the earth,

The body will escape out of gravitational field if the initial K.E. of the body is equal
to the increase in P.E. of the body in lifting it up to infinity. Then

1 Mm
2
m v esc =G
2 R

2GM
vesc =
R

GM
As g =
R2

Hence vesc = 2gR

The value of vesc comes out to be approximately 11 kms-1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

9. If mass of a moving object is doubled, its K.E becomes:

a) 2 times
b) 4 times
c) 5 times
d) 16 times

10. The energy stored in the spring of a watch is:

a) K.E
b) Electrical Energy
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c) Elastic P.E
d) Solar Energy

11. Work-energy equation can be expressed as:

a) Fa=K.Ef − K.Ei
ma= ( K.E f ) − ( K.Ei )
2 2
b)
c) Fd=K.Ef − K.Ei
d) F.V=K.Ef − K.Ei

12. The escape velocity form the earth surface in km s-1 is.

a) 4.2 km s-1
b) 7.5 km s-1
c) 9.5 km s-1
d) 11 km s-1

4.6 INTERCONVERSION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC


ENERGY

Q # 26. Describe the inter-conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy for a
free falling object.

Ans. Consider a body of mass m a rest, at a height h above the surface of earth as
shown in the figure. We want to discuss the inter-conversion of potential energy into
kinetic energy for a free falling object under the action of gravity.

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Energy of the body at point A

The potential energy of the body at point A is P.E A = mgh and the kinetic energy at
this point is K.EA. Thus the total energy of the object at this position will be:

T.E A =P.E A +K.E A

T.E A =mgh+0=mgh

Energy of the body at point B

During downward motion, the object passes through point B. When the object is at
point B, the body has fallen through a distance x.

P.EB =mg ( h − x )

1
And T.E B = mv 2B
2

The velocity at point B can be calculated using 3rd equation of motion.

vf2 − vi2 = 2aS

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Here vf = vB , vi = 0, S = x, a = g

v 2B − 0 = 2gx

vB = 2gx

1
K.E B = m ( 2gx ) = mgx
2

The total energy at point B is

T.E B = P.E B + K.E B

T.EB = mg ( h − x ) + mgx = mgh

Energy of the body at point C

At point C, just before the body strikes the earth, the potential energy and the kinetic
energy will be:

P.E C = 0

1
And T.E C = mv C2
2

The velocity at point C can be calculated using 3rd equation of motion.

vf2 − vi2 = 2aS

Here vf = vC , vi = 0, S = h, a = g

vC2 − 0 = 2gh

vC = 2gh

1
K.E C = m ( 2gh ) = mgh
2

The total energy at point C is

T.EC = P.EC + K.EC = 0 + mgh = mgh

Conclusion

From calculations of energies of falling objects on different points, it is clear that


potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy and vice versa, but the total
energy of the system remains the same.
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Actually when a body falls, its velocity increases i.e., the body is being accelerated
under the action of gravity. The increase in velocity results in increase of K.E. On the
other hand, as the body falls, its height decreases and hence, its potential energy also
decreases. This can be described as:

Loss of P.E. = Gain in K.E.

m ( v 22 − v 22 )
1
 mg ( h1 − h 2 ) =
2

This is true only when frictional force is not considered. If we assume that a frictional
force f is present during downward motion, then a part of P.E. is used in doing work
against friction. The remaining P.E. is converted into K.E. It is described as:

Loss of P.E. = gain in K.E. + Work against Friction

1
 mgh = mv 2 + fh
2

where h is the vertical distance covered, v is velocity gained by the object and f is the
force of friction.

21
Q # 27. A brick of mass 2.0 kg is dropped from a rest position 5.0 m above the
ground. What is its velocity at a height of 3.0 m above the ground?

Given Data: Mass ‘m’ = 2kg, Initial Height ‘hi’=5m,

Final Height ‘hf’=5m, Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 0ms-1

To Determine: Final Velocity ‘vf’ =?

Calculations: By Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

Loss of P.E. = Gain in K.E.

m ( vf2 − vi2 )
1
 mg ( h i − h f ) =
2

 g ( hi − hf ) = (
1 2
2
v f − vi2 )

 9.8  ( 5 − 3) =
2
( vf − 0 )
1 2

 vf2 = 2  9.8  2  v f2 = 3.92  v f = 6.3ms -1

Q # 28. A diver weighing 750 N dives from a board 10 m above the surface of a
pool water. Use the principle of mechanical energy to find his speed at a point
above the water surface, neglecting the air friction.

Given Data: Weight ‘w’ = mg 750N, Initial Height ‘hi’=10m,

Final Height ‘hf’=5m, Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 0ms-1

To Determine: Final Velocity ‘vf’ =?

Calculations: By Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

Loss of P.E. = Gain in K.E.

m ( vf2 − vi2 )
1
 mg ( h i − h f ) =
2

 g ( hi − hf ) = (
1 2
2
v f − vi2 )

 9.8  (10 − 5 ) =
2
( vf − 0 )
1 2

 vf2 = 2  9.8  5  v f2 = 98  v f = 9.9ms -1

22
Q # 29. A 1000 kg automobile at the tip of an incline 10 m high and 100 m long is
released and rolls down the hill. What is its speed at the bottom of the incline if
the average retarding force due to friction is 480 N?

Given Data: Mass ‘m’ = 1000kg, Initial Height ‘hi’=10m,

Final Height ‘hf’=0m, Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 0ms-1

Retarding Force ‘F’ = 480N, Distance Covered ‘d’ = 100m

To Determine: Final Velocity ‘vf’ =?

Calculations: By Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

Loss of P.E. = Gain in K.E. + Work against Friction

m ( v f2 − vi2 ) + Fd
1
 mg ( h i − h f ) =
2

 1000  9.8  (10 ) = 1000  ( v f2 − 0 ) + 480 100


1
2

 500vf2 = 98000 − 48000

 500v f2 = 50000  v f2 = 100  v f = 10ms -1

Q # 30. A child starts from rest at the top of a slide of height 4.0 m.

a) What is his speed at the bottom if the slide is frictionless?


b) If he reaches the bottom, with a speed of 6ms-1, what percentage of his
total energy at the top of the slide is lost as a result of friction?

Given Data: Initial Height ‘hi’=4m, Final Height ‘hf’=0m,

Initial Velocity ‘vi’ = 0ms-1

To Determine:

(a) Final Velocity ‘vf’ =?


(b) % Loss of K.E. if vf’ = 6ms-1

Calculations:

(a) By Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy:

Loss of P.E. = Gain in K.E.

m ( vf2 − vi2 )
1
 mg ( h i − h f ) =
2

23
 g ( hi − hf ) = (
1 2
2
v f − vi2 )

 9.8  ( 4 ) =
2
( vf − 0 )
1 2

 vf2 = 2  9.8  4  v f2 = 78.4  v f = 8.8ms -1

Loss of K.E.
(b) % Loss of K.E. = 100
Maximum K.E.

1 1 2
 mvf − mv'f 
2

% Loss of K.E. =   100


2 2
1
mvf2
2

vf2 − v'f2
% Loss of K.E. = 100
vf2

% Loss of K.E. =
(8.8 2
− 62 )
100 = 54%
8.82

Q # 31. When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone become very hot.
Where does this heat energy come from?

Ans. The atmosphere of earth contains a large number of gas molecules, dust particles
and water vapors. So when a rocket enters into the atmosphere and passes through
these particles, due to the force of friction, the kinetic energy of the rocket is lost in
the form of heat. That’s why its nose cone becomes very hot.

4.7 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY


Q # 32. State and explain the law of conservation of energy.

Statement

“Energy cannot be destroyed. It can be transformed from one kind into another but
the total amount of energy remains constant.”

Explanation: For free falling object, the potential energy may change into kinetic
energy, but the total energy remains constant. Mathematically,

Q # 33. Why there is a need to develop new sources of useful energy?

Ans. We daily observe many energy transformations from one kind to another. Most
common among these are the conversion of mechanical, electrical and chemical
energy in to heat energy. For example, the P.E. of the falling object changes to K.E.,
but on striking the ground, the K.E. changes into heat and sound.
24
Ultimately all energy transfers result in heating of the environment and energy is
wasted. This appears to be the fate of all available energies and is one reason why
new sources of useful energy have to be developed.

Q # 34. A girl drops a cup from a certain height, which breaks into pieces. What
energy changes are involved?

Ans. When the cup was in the hands of girl, it had gravitational P.E. When the cup is
dropped, its P.E. is converted into the K.E. On striking the ground, this energy is
converted into sound energy, heat energy and work done in breaking the cup into
pieces.

Q # 35. A boy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidentally smashes a


greenhouse window. List the possible energy changes.

Ans. Initially, the catapult had elastic P.E. when the stone is thrown, its P.E. is
converted into K.E. On striking the window, this energy is converted into sound
energy, heat energy and work done in breaking the window into pieces.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

13. The original source of tidal energy is:

a) Moon
b) Earth
c) Sun
d) Sea

14. The tides raise the water in the sea roughly in a day:

a) Once
b) Twice
c) Four times
d) Eight times

15. The source of geothermal energy is.

a) Decay of radioactive element in the earth


b) Compression of material in the earth
c) Residual lost of the earth
d) All as said in a, b and c

16. Which of the following types of force can do no work on the particle on which it
acts?

a) Frictional force
b) Gravitational force
c) Elastic force
d) Centripetal force

25
4.8 NON CONSERVATIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Q # 36. How can we make use of the energy from tides for useful purposes?

Ans. Gravitational force of the moon give rise to the tides in the sea. If the water at
the high tide is trapped in a basin by constructing a dam. Then the water is released in
a controlled way at the low tide to run turbines to generate electricity.

26
Q # 37. How can the energy from waves be used to generate electricity?

Ans. In order to generate electricity from energy of waves, we make use of large
floats which move up and down with the waves. One such device is Salter’s Duck,
which consist of two parts (i) Duck Float and (ii) Balance Float.

27
The wave energy makes Duck Float move relative to the Balance Float. The relative
motion of Duck Float is then used to run electricity generators.

Q # 38. Describe different ways by which solar energy is converted into electrical
energy.

Ans. The earth receives huge amounts of energy directly from sun, which is converted
into electrical energy by the processes described below:

• Much higher temperature can be achieved by concentrating solar radiation on


to a small surface area by using huge reflectors (mirror) or lenses to produce stream
for running turbines.
• For direct conversion of sunlight into electricity, semiconductor devices called
solar cells (also known as photo voltaic cell) are used. Electrons in silicon gain energy
from sunlight to create a voltage. The voltage produced by a single cell is very low. In
order to get sufficient high voltage for practical use, a large number of cells are
connected in series forming solar cell panel.

28
Q # 39. How is the energy obtained by Direct Combustion of biomass and waste
product used as fuel?

Ans. Waste products like wood waste, crop residue and particularly the municipal
solid waste can be used to get energy by direct combustion. In this process, the waste
material is burnt in confined container. Heat produced in this way is directly used in
boiler to produce stream that can run turbine generator.

Q # 40. How can the bio-fuel obtained by the fermentation of

Biomass?

Ans. Bio-fuel is obtained by the fermentation of biomass using enzyme and by


decomposition through bacterial action in the absence of air.

• The rotting of biomass in a closed tank called digester produced Bio-gas


which can be piped to use the cooking and heating.
• The waste material of this process is a good fertilizer.

29
Q # 41. Describe different sources of Geothermal energy.

Ans. Geothermal energy is the heat energy extracted from inside the Earth in the form
of hot water or stream. Heat within the Earth is generated by following processes:

• The energy, heating the rocks, is constantly being released by the decay of
radioactive elements
• Igneous rocks, within 10 km of the earth surface, are in molten or partly
molten state. They conduct heat energy from earth interior (Temperature of these
rocks is about 200°C)
• Compression of material deep inside the earth also causes generation of heat
energy.

Q # 42. How the Geothermal energy be used to produce electricity.

Ans. In some places water beneath the ground is in contact with hot rocks and is
raised to high temperature and pressure. It comes to the surface as hot springs, geyser,
or stream vents. The turbine can be directed to turn turbines of electric generators.

At places water is not present and hot rocks are not very deep, the water is pumped
down through them to get stream. The stream is then can be used to drive turbines.

30
31
1) Area under the curve of force-displacement graph is equal to:
a) Displacement
b) Work
c) Power
d) Energy
2) Slope of work time graph is equal to.
a) Displacement
b) Acceleration
c) Power
d) Energy
3) Work done will be maximum if the angle between the force F and
displacement d is.
a) 45°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 0°
4) A field will be conservative when work done:
a) By centripetal force is zero
b) By a frictional force is negative
c) By force perpendicular to the displacement is zero
d) In a close path is zero
5) A field in which the work done in a moving a body along closed path is zero is
called.
a) Electric field
b) Conservative field
c) Electromagnetic field
d) Maximum
6) When a force is parallel to the direction of motion of the body, then work done
on the body is:
a) zero
b) minimum
c) infinity
d) Maximum
7) The work done is said to be negative when force and displacement are
a) Parallel
b) Anti-parallel
c) Perpendicular
d) None
8) Which of the following is not conservative force?
a) Friction
b) Electric
c) Gravitational
d) Magnetic
9) Which of the following types of force can do no work on the particle on which
it acts?
a) Frictional force
b) Gravitational force
c) Elastic force
d) Centripetal force
32
10) Work has the dimension as that of same as that of.
a) Torque
b) Angular momentum
c) Linear momentum
d) Power
11) The average power and instantaneous power become equal if work is done at.
a) Any rate
b) At variable rate
c) At uniform rate
d) At high rate
12) The relation between horse power and watt is.
a) 1 hp = 546 watts
b) 1 hp = 746 watts
c) 1 hp = 1000 watts
d) 1 hp = 946 watts
13) If mass of a moving object is doubled, its K.E becomes:
a) 2 times
b) 4 times
c) 5 times
d) 16 times
14) Work done on the body equals to the
a) Change in its K.E always
b) Change in its P.E always
c) Change in it K.E and change in its P.E
d) Neither change in K.E nor change in its P.E
15) Work done by the force of friction is.
a) Always positive
b) Always negative
c) Positive only for small frictional force
d) Positive only for large frictional force
16) The consumption of energy by 60 watt bulb in 2 seconds is:
a) 20 J
b) 120 J
c) 30 J
d) 0.02 J
17) Power is also defined as dot product of
a) Force and displacement
b) Force and mass
c) Force and velocity
d) Force and time
18) One kilowatt hour of work is equal to
a) 0.36 MJ
b) 3.6 MJ
c) 36 MJ
d) 360 MJ
19) One mega watt hour is equal to.
a) 3.6x 106 J
b) 3.6x 1012 J
c) 3.6x 109 J
33
d) 3.6x 108 J
20) The escape velocity form the earth surface in km s-1 is.
a) 4.2 km s-1
b) 7.5 km s-1
c) 9.5 km s-1
d) 11 km s-1
21) The work done by the force of 10N applied parallel to direction of motion up
to 20 m
a) 10 J
b) 20 J
c) 200 J
d) 2000 J
22) The SI unit of power is
a) Joule
b) Horsepower
c) kWh
d) Watt
23) The original source of tidal energy is:
a) Moon
b) Earth
c) Sun
d) Sea
24) The energy stored in the spring of a watch is:
a) K.E
b) Electrical Energy
c) Elastic P.E
d) Solar Energy
25) Work-energy equation can be expressed as:
a) 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖
b) 𝑚𝑎 = (𝐾. 𝐸𝑓)2 – (𝐾. 𝐸i)2
c) 𝐹𝑑 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖
d) 𝐹. 𝑉 = 𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖
26) The tides raise the mater in the sea roughly in a day:
a) Once
b) Twice
c) Four times
d) Eight times
27) The source of geothermal energy is.
a) Decay of radioactive element in the earth
b) Compression of material in the earth
c) Residual lost of the earth
d) All as said in a, b and c

Answers of MCQs
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 b 9 b
2 c 10 c
3 b 11 c
4 d 12 d
34
5 a 13 a
6 b 14 b
7 c 15 d
8 b 16 d

35
Numerical problems

Problem #1
A force acting on an object varies with distance‘d’ as shown. Calculate the work
done by the force as the object is displaced from d=0 to d=6m.

Solution
The total work done can be calculated from the area under the curve of the given
graph from d=0 to d=6m. Consider rectangle:

As

Area=Length×width
F=5N; d=4m; W=?
W=Fd
W=5N×4m=20J ( Q Nm=J )
The area of rectangleis:
1
Area= base×height
2

1
W= ×2m×5N=5J ( Q Nm=J )
2
Total Work done=Area of rectangle+ Area of triangle
Total Work done=20J+5J=25J

Problem #2

36
A 70kg man runs up a long flight of stairs in 4s. The vertical height of the stair is
4.5m. Calculate his power.

Solution
Mass=m=70kg;
Time=t=4s;
Height=h=4.5m;
g=9.8ms-2 ; Power=P=?

Work mgh 70×9.8×4.5


Power=P= = = =772watts
Time t 4
Power=P=7.72×102 watt

Problem # 3
A body of mass 2.0kg is dropped from a rest position 5m above the ground.
What is its velocity at height of 3.0m above the ground?

Solution
Mass=m=2.0kg;
Height=h=5m;
Effective height through with body falls
h1 =5-3=2m

Gravitational acceleration g=9.8ms-2

initial Velocity Vi =0ms -1


final Velocity Vf =V=?

2gs=Vf 2 -Vi 2

2×9.8×2=V 2 -0

v= 39.2=6.3ms-1

2nd method
According to law of conservation of energy:

37
Loss of P.E = Gain in K .E
1
mgh1 = mV 2
2
V = 2 gh1
V = 2  9.8  2 = 6.3ms −1

Problem #4
A man pulls a trolley through a distance of 50m by applying a force of 100 N
which makes an angle of 30o with horizontal. Calculate the work done by the
man.

Solution

Angle=θ=30o
Distance=d=50m
Force=F=100N
Work done=W=?
r r
W=F.d=Fdcosθ
W=100×50×cos30
W=5000×0.866=4330J

Problem #5
A man whose mass is 70kg walks up to the third floor of a building which is 12m
above the ground in 20s. Find his power in watts and hp.

Solution
Mass=m=70kg
Height=h=12m
Time=t=20s

g=9.8ms -2
Power=P=?

w mgh 70×9.8×12
P= = = =411.6watts
Δt Δt 20
1hp=746watts
411.6
P= =0.55 hp
746

Problem #6
38
A ball of mass 100g is thrown vertically upward at a speed of 25m/s. If no energy
is lost determine the height it would reach. If the ball only raises to 25m,
calculate the work done against air resistance. Also calculate the force of friction.

Solution
100
Mass of ball=m=100g= =0.1kg
1000
speed=V=26ms-1; g=9.8ms -2
height=h=?

(a) In ideal case according to the law of conservation of energy:

Gain in P.E=Loss in K.E


1
mgh= mV 2
2
2
V 252 265
h= = = =31.9m
2g 2×9.8 19.6

(b) In real case according to the law of conservation of energy:

work against friction=W=?


Loss in K.E=Gain in P.E+work done against force of friction
1
mV 2 =mgh+fh
2
1
×0.1×252 =0.1×9.8×25+W
2
31.25=24.5+W
W=31.25-24.5
W=6.7J

(c) Force of friction=f=?

Since

W=fd=6.7J
6.7 6.7
f= = =0.3N
d 25

Problem #7
An object of mass 1000g fall from a height of 30m on the sand below. If it
penetrates 4 cm into the sand, what opposing force is exerted on it by the sand?
Neglect air friction.

39
Solution

1000
Mass=m=1000g= =1kg;
1000
g=9.8ms-2 ; height=h=30m;
4
distance=d=4cm= =0.04m;
100
force of friction=f=?

In ideal case according to the law of conservation of energy:

Loss in P.E=Work done against force of friction


mgh=fs
1×9.8×30=f×0.04
294
f= =7350N
0.04

Problem # 8
A body of mass ‘m’ drops from bridge into water of the river. The bridge in 10m
high from the water surface.

(a) Find the speed of the body 5m above the water surface.
(b) Find the speed of the body before it strike the water.

Solution
Mass of the body=m;
height from water surface=h1 =10m;
height 5m above water surface=h=10-5=5m

(a) Speed above water surface=V=?

In ideal case according to the law of conservation of energy:

Loss of P.E=Gain in K.E


1
mgh1 = mV 2
2
V= 2gh1 = 2×9.8×5= 98=9.9ms -1

(b) Speed of the body before it strikes the water=V=?

In ideal case according to the law of conservation of energy:

40
Loss of P.E=Gain in K.E
1
mgh1 = mV 2
2
V= 2gh1 = 2×9.8×10= 196=14ms -1

Problem #9
The engine of a JF-Thunder fighter (made by Pakistan and China) develops a
thrust of 3000N. What horsepower does it produces at velocity of 600m/s.

Solution
Force of thrust=F=3000N;
Velocity of engine=V=600ms-1 ;
Horsepower=P=?
P=F.V=FVcosθ=3000×600×cos0o =1800000watts
since1hp=746watts
1800000
P= =2413hp.
746

41

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