LECTURE-3

Graphic Communication (9673)

SUBJECT NAME OF THE TROPICS CLASS DURATION

Graphic 1. Pitch 45 minutes
Communication 2. Process capturing
(9673) sound using sound
editing software.
3. List of Video editing
software

What is Sound Pitch?

The pitch of a sound is also known as its frequency. When the frequency is high, the wavelength of the sound is
shorter. Humans can hear a range of sound between 20 and 20,000 Hz. 20 Hz has very low pitch while 20,000 Hz is a
very high pitched sound.

Instruct pitcher to take a short step forward, backward or to the side using the leg opposite the throwing
arm to transfer weight to the leg on the throwing-arm side.

The pitch of a sound is the number of vibrations per second the instrument produces.

Sound recording and reproduction

Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of

sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main
classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording. Acoustic
analog recording is achieved by a small microphone diaphragm that can detect changes in
atmospheric pressure (acoustic sound waves) and record them as a graphic representation of the
sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record).
In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are
converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field
by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic
tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a
bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound
waves. Electronically generated sound waves may also be recorded directly from devices such as
an electric guitar pickup or a synthesizer, without the use of acoustics in the recording process
other than the need for musicians to hear how well they are playing during recording sessions.

Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the
microphone to a digital form by a process of digitization, allowing it to be stored and
transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary
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numbers representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a
sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard. Digital recordings are
considered higher quality than analog recordings not necessarily because they have higher
fidelity (wider frequency response or dynamic range), but because the digital format can prevent
much loss of quality found in analog recording due to noise and electromagnetic interference in
playback, and mechanical deterioration or damage to the storage medium. A digital audio signal
must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is applied to a loudspeaker or
earphones.

Disc phonograph

Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone

The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone disc, generally
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credited to Emile Berliner and commercially introduced in the United States in 1889, though
others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notable Alexander Graham Bell in
1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit
of being louder (marginally) than cylinders, which by necessity, were single-sided. Sales of the
Gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had
become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of
cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. Although there was
no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several
different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a de facto industry standard
of nominally 78 revolutions per minute, though the actual speed differed between America and
the rest of the world. The specified speed was 78.26 rpm in America and 77.92 rpm throughout
the rest of the world, the difference in speeds was a result of the difference in cycle frequencies
of the AC power driving the synchronous motor and available gearing ratios.[8] The nominal
speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy-eight" (though not until
other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic-like
materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild steel, thorn and
even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life which was heavily dependent on how
they were reproduced.

Electrical recording

RCA-44, a classic ribbon microphone introduced in 1932. Similar units were widely used for broadcasting
and recording in the 1940s and are occasionally still used today.

Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the advent of digital media, arguably the
most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then
called "electrical recording", in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an
electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation
eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer
and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and
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allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured.

Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based
recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the Telegraphone, it remained so until
the 1920s, when recent radio-related developments in electronics converged to revolutionize the
recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as
electronic filters, all dependent on electronic amplification to be of practical use in recording.

Magnetic tape
Main article: Magnetic tape sound recording

Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)

An important field of invention during this period was magnetic tape and the tape recorder. The
original solid steel ribbon was replaced by a much more practical coated paper tape, but acetate
soon replaced paper as the standard tape base. Acetate had fairly low tensile strength and snapped
easily, so it was in turn eventually superseded by polyester. This technology, the basis for almost
all commercial recording from the 1950s to the 1980s, was developed in the 1930s by German
audio engineers who also rediscovered the principle of AC biasing.

A typical Compact Cassette

Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound
could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be
duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very
precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it.

The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing
procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality
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finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most
of which had formerly been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and
other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio
broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and tape echo allowed radio programs and
advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined
impact with innovations such as the endless loop broadcast cartridge led to significant changes
in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising.

Video Software Descriptions and Information

1. Adobe Premiere Elements 8

Adobe Premiere Elements 8 makes the process of making amazing videos extremely simple. You can upload
your videos and photos in one convenient place. There those videos can be viewed and edited. Adobe
Premiere Elements 8 incorporates a full range of creative features into its software. Create smart movies,
utilize automated titles, and menus, to save time and effort. If you have more time on your hands you can
edit your videos with professional effects and sound. Share your creations online, on DVDs, Blu Ray Discs,
mobile devices, and You Tube. This video software will impress even the most tenured videographer.

Avid Studio

Avid Studio brings a creative mix of consumer usability and professional quality in an affordable package. It
comes with functionality to create videos, organize your files, and easily edit your media. You can share
your creations on DVD, Blu ray, and multiple media players. Avid Studio allows you to edit videos in the
timeline or in your library. There is even a photo editor which allows you to edit your photos without ever
leaving the program! With over $2000 worth of effects, transitions, templates, menus, music, and sound
effects you will be making Hollywood quality videos in no time.

Corel VideoStudio Pro X5

Corel VideoStudio Pro X5 makes movie making fun. It provides quick video authoring for a more enjoyable
experience. Pro X5 provides multiple intuitive and powerful video-editing tools. You can import, edit and
share standard or HD video clips and DVDs. Packed with an amazing collection of templates and studio
quality effect plug-ins, Corel VideoStudio Pro X5's versatility shines through. You have the ability to share
your creations on several platforms including YouTube and Blu-ray discs.

CyberLink PowerDirector 8 Ultra

CyberLink PowerDirector 8 beefs up its stance from its previous version by increasing its power and speed.
One of its greatest features is the good ole Director Zone where you can add more flexibility to your creative
juices by downloading any of the 18,000+ free effects and templates. Just register and grab those extra
effects! CyberLink PowerDirector 8 offers many video enhancements and editing tools to assist you in
creating great videos. One of our favorite features are the multiple timeline tracks which allow you to
maximize your creativity. This video software is a true favorite of many home movie buffs.

Muvee Reveal X

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Muvee Reveal X is a simple video editing software program which removes most of the complicated work
from movie making. If you want to learn how to make videos and watch them in the shortest amount of time
Muvee Reveal X may be right for you. You can add media, add music, upload, embed, burn, and play your
videos.

Nero Multimedia Suite 10

Nero Multimedia Suite 10 is a three product bundle packed with several powerful tools. Usually bundled
products tend to lack some of the features that video only software products provide. Nero Multimedia Suite
10 does not disappoint with multiple features and capabilities. With the packaged media organizer and
player, superior burning software, and backup technology this software can meet several of your needs.

Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate

Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate includes an impressive collection of plug-ins for advanced effects, editing and
production. It also comes with Hollywood style effects from Red Giant Software which allows you to
integrate some truly fancy effects into your productions. You can create visually stunning videos in high-
definition and stereoscopic 3D. Generate unbelievable effects, transitions, and animations. Pinnacle Studio
16 Ultimate includes a Chroma-key green screen. Share your videos on Blu Ray and AVCHD discs, You
Tube, iPod, Nintendo Wii, and more. This video software is filled to the brim with features and add-ons.

Roxio Creator 2010 Pro

Roxio Creator 2010 Pro is full of easy to use tools useful for creating and completing video, audio and photo
projects. Creator 2010 Pro software has an abundance of features which make editing video and creating
DVDs simple. Make professional videos come alive with several quality effects and transitions. Roxio is a
robust software bundle which includes advanced audio tools, backup technology as well as drag and drop
disc burning for DVD, AVCHD, and Blu Ray discs.

Sony Vegas Movie Studio 9 Platinum

Sony Vegas Movie Studio 9 Platinum is a well rounded video editing software program which produces remarkable
HD movies. You can share and burn your video clips as well as upload them to You Tube. Burning to Blu Ray and DVD
disc is easy.