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Courier New , Century ,etc

MECHANISM FOR SOAP

FORMATION

• 1.Attack of hydroxyl anion on carboxyl group.

• 2.Good leaving group (OR) removed, and

carboxylic acid formed , alongwith alkoxide
anion.

• 3.Alkoxide anion being less acidic than

carboxylic acids, causes abstraction of proton
from carboxylic acid.

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
REPORT
SUBMITTED BY :
Akshay Kohli
Class - XII - B
Roll no.-
SUBMITTED TO :
Mrs. Minnisha Lather

St. Theresa’s Sr. Sec. School ,

Karnal

AIM
TO DETERMINE
Foaming capacity of different samples .
TO FIND :-
Which soap or detergent has highest soapation power .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO SINCERELY AND PROFUESELY THANK
MRS.SHIKHI SINGLA,OUR CHEMISTR TEACHER FOR HER
VALUABLE AND VERY RELEVANT
IDEAS WHICH FACILITATED MY PROJECT WORK.

I ALSO EXPRESS MY DEEP THANK TO OUR LAB ASSISTANT

WHO'S GREAT SUGGESTION WERE A HUGE HELP TO ME.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the chemistry project report

on

FOAMING CAPACITY AND SOAPATION POWER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requierment for

CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

TO

D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL, THERMAL COLONY, PANIPAT

Is record of bonafied practicals carried out by

SHUBHAM GOEL

Under my supervision and guidance

FACULTY GUIDE

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

SAPONIFICATION
One of the organic chemical reaction know to anciently was the
preparation of soaps through a reaction called saponification.
Natural soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acid, orginally
made by boiling lard or other animal fat together with lye or
(potassium hydroxide).hydrolysis of the fats and occurs,yielding
glycerol and crude soap.

CH2-OH

CH2-OH + 3CH(CH2)14CO2NA(SODIUM PALMITATE)

CH2-OH A CRUDE SOAP
(GLYCEROL)

ACTION
Soaps exert their cleansing action in aqueous solution because of
the formation of fundamental particles called micelles. An
illustration of the structure of a soap micelle is shown below .Note
that the interior of the micelle is non-polar because it contains all
the non polar hydrocarbon ''tails'' of the soap.
The exterior of the micelle is highly polar because it contains all of
the ions, the negative carboxylate ions and the sodium ions. These
are nicely solvated and stablized by the surrounding solvent
molecules.the nonpolar ''tails''are protected from the water,which
they would not intract favorably.
the hydrocarbon tails intract with each other favorably by van der
waal attraction.
the result is that nonpolar substance like grease are able to enter
the interior of
the micelee and be favorably solvated by the nonpolar tails.In this
way,substance
which would not dissolve in water at all are able to be include
inside the aqueous phase.
Note that micelles are not considerd to be dissolved in the ordinary
sense,because they are rather particles,but neither are they
considered to be suspended particles.
They are intermediate species.typically, micelles might contain 50-
200 molecules in roughly spherical shape. It turns
out interestingly , that the length of the hydrocarbon tails which are
present in natural occuring fatty acids,are just right for forming
stable micelles,which are essential to cleansing action.
If the fatty acids salt has less than 12 carbon,the van der wall
attraction between the tails is not large enough to afford a stable
interior for the micelle.if it is more than about 18 carbon.
The van der waals interactions are too strong,and they result in
precipitation of the salt, with the tails interacting more strongly in
the solid,insoluble lattice.

CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS
1.ANIONIC

Anionic detergent are sodium salts of sulphated long chain

hydrocarbons.
Alkyl hydrocarbon sulphate formed by treating long chain alcohols
with conc. Sulphuric (H2SO4) acid and are then neutralized with
an alkali.
Similarly alkyl benzene sulphonates are obtained by neutralizing
alkyl benzene
sulphonic acids with alkali.
USES: Household soaps, toothpastes

2.CATIONIC
These are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with
acetates,chlorides or bromides as anions.
Cationic part posses the hydrocarbon chain.
USES:possesses germicidal properties and are more expensive,
thus of limited use.

3.NON IONIC
Do not contain any ion in them
Formed by esterification reaction between stearic ester and
polyethelene glycol.

TYPES OF SOAPS ON BASIS OF CARBON

CHAIN LENTH

THE TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS AND CARBON CHAIN

DETERMINE THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS SOAPS.
TALLOW OR ANIMAL FATS GIVE PRIMARILY SODIUM
STERATE (18 CARBON) A VERY HARD, INSOLUBLE SOAP.
FATTY ACIDS WITH LONGER CHAIN ARE EVEN MORE
INSOLUBLE. AS A MATTER OF FACT, ZINC STEARATE IS
USED IN TELCOM POWDERS BECAUSE IT IS WATER
REPELLENT.

COCONUT OIL IS A SOURCE OF LAURIC ACID (18

CARBON) WHICH CAN BE MADE IN TO SODIUM
LAURATE.THIS SOAP IS VERY SOLUBLE AND
WILL LATHER EASILY EVEN IN SEA WATER.

FATTY ACID WITH ONLY 10 OR FEWER CARBONS ARE NOT

USED IN SOAPS BECAUSE THEY IRRITATE THE SKIN AND
HAVE OBJECTIONAL ODOURS.

SOAP CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF

USE

SAVING SOAPS
GLYCEROL: to prevent rapid drying
ROSIN GUM: to form sodium rosinate.
this compound is responsible for
lathering

FLOATING SOAPS
Made by beating tiny air bubbles into soap before
it's hardening.

SCOURING SOAPS:
These are formed by adding abrasive agents
pumice or sand
grains into molten soap.
Bulders like trisodium and sodium carbonate.

MEDICATED SOAPS:
They are some ingredient of medical or value.
They may contain:
1. Antiseptics-To inhibit growth of micro organisms.
2. Antipruterics - These are anti itching compounds
of medical
value.
3. Keratolytics- These are responsible for softening
of epidermis layer. Also they enhance skin's
moisture absorbing
ability.

SOAPS IN HARD WATER

HOW WATER HARDNESS AFFECTS

CLEANSING ACTION
 Although soap is a good cleaning agent, its effectiveness is
reduced when used in hard water. Hardness in water is caused by
the presence of minerals salts-mostly those ofcalcium (Ca) and
magnesium (Mg), but sometimes also iron (Fe)and maganese(Mn).

The minerals salts react with soap to form an insoluble precipitate

known as soap film or SCUM.

1.Soap film does not rinse away easily.it tends to remain behind
and produces visible deposits on clothing and makes fabric feel
stiff. It also attaches to the insides of bathtubs, sinks and washing
machines.
2. Some soap is used up by reacting with hard water minerals to
form scum. This reduces the amount of soap available for
cleaning. Even when clothes are washed in soft water, some
hardness minerals are introduces by the soil on clothes. Soap
molecules are not very versatile and cannot be adapted to today's
variety of fibers, washing temperature and water conditions.

EXPERIMENT

APPARATUS REQURIED

Test tubes, conical flasks, test tube stand, soap

sample, detergent sample, distilled water.

PROCEDURE
1. Five 100ml flasks are taken and numbered as 1-5. In
each of these take 3 different soap and 3 detergents (5gm each).
2. 50ml distilled water is added to these.
3. Contents of each are heated slightly to dissolve
completely.
4. 5 dry test tubes are taken and solutions obtained
above (in flask 1 to 5) are added to them.
5. Each of the test tubes are taken and shaken
 vigorously with equal force covering their mouth
with thumbs.
6. Foam gets formed the test tubes 1-5.
7. Immediately a stop watch is started to record the
time taken in disappearance of foam in all the
5 test tubes.
PRECAUTIONS
1. One must only use distilled water for finding out
the foaming capacities. Tap water contains ions
which may interfere with soap action by formation
of scud.
It may be noted that detergent however will not
be affected.
2. stop watch should be fairly accurate.
3.Apparatus must be thoroughly cleaned to remove
any foreign particles.
4. The test tubes should be held stationary and
not moved around.

OBSERVATIONS
RESULT

AMONG SOAP ORDER OF

SOPATION POWER IS
1.lux
2.liril
3.haumam

AMONG DETERGENT MAX.

SOAPATION POWER IS IN
ORDER
1.SURF EXCEL (QUICK WASH)
2.IMPACT
3.SUPER NIRMA(BLUE)