Answer Key PDF

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew
Answer Key by Jeffrey Stackert and Mark Z. Brettler

Yale University Press, 2002
yalebooks.com/hebrew
Exercises for Chapter 1
1. l¬n ˙kw ly n<m yhwh lywm qwmy l>d ky m¡p†y l<sπ gwym lq∫ßy mml¬w® l¡p¬ >lyhm
z>my kl ˙rwn <py ky b<¡ qn<®y t<¬l kl h<rß
2. a. [mv b. vwdq
c. dly d. rc
e. vqba f. rs
g. twja h. rx
i. lwdG j. rv
k. bwf l. jBzmh
m. yDm[T n. jK
o. vpn p. j
3. n sonant a guttural
[ guttural b labial
p labial d dental
x sibilant, emphatic/velar h guttural
q emphatic/velar z sibilant
r sonant j guttural
c sibilant f dental, emphatic/velar
v sibilant l sonant
t dental m labial, sonant

1.
rwmøj}h'Aµ[i hPo µk,l;
≈meq; (long), l/gs, (short), µl,/j (long), qr,yji (short), jTæPæ& (short), jTæP&æ πfæj} (ultrashort),
alem; µl,/j (long)
zj'a‘n< rj'a' lyIa'

jTæPæ& (short), qr,yji (short), jTæP&æ (short), jTæP&æ (short), l/gs, (short), l/gs, πfæj} (ultrashort), jTæPæ&
(short)
[b'v; raeB]Ala,
l/gs, (short), aw;v] (ultrashort), yrexe (long), ≈meq; (long), jTæPæ& (short)
2.
a. µh;r:b]aæ b. dqo[}y"
c. ta, d. T;k]cæj;
e. /rmoj} f. µyaimef]
g. jqæ h. lyIaæ
i. qj'xy] I j. rre/s
k. vaeh;
3.
a. ¡énêhem b. sé∫a¬
c. m∑rå˙øq d. ¡øm∑a>
e. ya˙á∫ø¡ f. ∞eh
g. hehårªm h. ¡∑nª®
i. <a˙ar j. y∑<åm∑r
k. lå>∑ßªm
Exercises for Chapter 2 (page 2 of 2)
4.
a. consonant, consonant, vowel

b. vowel
c. vowel, vowel
d. vowel
e. vowel
f. consonant
g. consonant
h. vowel
i. vowel
j. consonant, consonant, vowel
k. consonant, vowel
l. vowel
m. consonant
n. vowel, vowel
o. consonant
p. consonant, consonant, vowel
q. consonant, consonant, vowel
r. consonant, vowel
5.
µyhiløa‘ j'Wrw“ µwhøt] y nEP]Al[æ Ëv,jow“ Whbow: Whto h t;y“h; ≈r<a;h;w“ ≈r<a;h; taew“ µyIm'V;h' tae µyhiløa‘ ar:B; tyviarEB]
µyIM;h' ynEP]Al[' tp,j,r"m]
Vowel letters are enlarged and bolded.

Exercises for chapter 3
1.
(p) rm,aYow"2 (p) ynINEhi (p) rm,aYow" µh;r:b]a' / wyl;ae (p) rm,aYw" // µh;r:b]a'Ata, hS;nI µyhiløa‘h;w“ / (p) hL,aeh; µyrIb;D]h' rj'a' yhiy“w" Gen. 22:1
dj'a' l[' / hl;[ol] µv; (p) Whle[}h'w“ // hY:rIMoh' (p) ≈r<a,Ala, Úl]JAËl,w“ / qj;x]yIAta, (p) T;b]h'a;Arv,a} Úd“yjiy“Ata, Ún“BiAta, an:Ajq"
// wnoB] qj;xy] I taew“ wTøai wyr:[;n“ ynEv]Ata, jQ'YIw" / wrømoj}Ata, vboj}Y"w" (p) rq<BoB' µh;r:b]a' µKev]Y"w" 3 (p) Úyl,ae rm'ao rv,a} µyrIh;h,
ar“Y"w" wyn:y[eAta, µh;r:b]a' aC;YIw" yviyliV]h' µwYoB' 4 µyhiløa‘h; wløArm'a;Arv,a} µwqøM;h'Ala, (p) Ël,YEw" (p) µq:Y:w" / hl;[o yxe[} [Q'b'y“w"
hw<j}T'v]nIw“ // hKoAd[' hk;l]nE (p) r['N"h'w“ ynIa}w" / rwmøj}h'Aµ[i hPo µk,l;AWbv] wyr:[;n“Ala, µh;r:b]a' (p) rm,aYow" 5 qjor:me µwqøM;h'Ata,
Wkl]YEw" // (p) tl,k,a}M'h'Ata,w“ vaeh;Ata, wdøy:B] jQ'YIw" / wnoB] qj;xy] IAl[' (p) µc,Y:w" hl;[oh; yxe[}Ata, µh;r:b]a' jQ'YIw" 6 µk,ylea} (p) hb;Wvn:w“
wD;j]y" µh,ynEv]
/ denotes the division of the half verse into two sections (ˆfoq; πqez)
// denotes the division of the whole verse into halves (jnæt]aæ)
Words with (p) following them have penultimate stress; unmarked words have ultimate stress.
Cantillation marks
22:1 [yæbir], af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez;, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi
22:2 rzeP,; hl:/dG“ av;yliT], af;v]Pæ, ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq;
πqez:, bytiy“, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi
22:3 am;d]qæ, vreGE, [yæbir,“ af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, µyIvær]G,e ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"Wm, jn"t]aæ, af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm,
ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, ak;r]yme, qWLsi
22:4 jn"Wm, ["ybir], af;v]Pæ, aG:r]Dæ, rybiT], ak;r“yme, aj;p]fi, qWLsi
22:5 al;z“aæ, vreG,E [yæbir“, ak;r“yme, af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi
22:6 al;z“aæ, vreG,E jn"Wm, [yæbir“, af;v]Pæ, af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, ak;r“yme, aj;p]fi, qWLsi
1.
a. miƒbår rB; d“mi B Î lq vgd
b. ¡i¡¡â hv; v]vi V Î qzj vgd
c. bånâ hn: B; B Î lq vgd
a. ¡ibb∑r rBe B]vi B Î qzj vgd
e. gå∫ah Hbæ G: G Î lq vgd; H Î qyPm
f. bénåh Hn:B] B Î lq vgd; H Î qyPm
g. hi¬tª∫ byTi k]hi T Î lq vgd
h. wayy∑¡t T]v]ye y“w" Y Î qzj vgd; T Î lq vgd
i. yi¬to∫ bTo k]yi T Î lq vgd
j. be©eƒ dg, B, B Î lq vgd
k. yi∫géƒû WdG] b]yi G Î lq vgd
l. né®atem µT, ttæn“ T Î qzj vgd
m. >å∫art T]r]bæ [; T Î lq vgd
n. malkª yKi l]mæ K Î lq vgd
o. sabbô®å t; /B B]sæ B Î qzj vgd
p. gannªm µynI nG" N Î qzj vgd
q. dibbartª yTi r“Bæ B]Di B Î qzj vgd; T Î lq vgd
r. kª-¬é∫ad-peh hP, dbæk] yKi K Î lq vgd; P Î lq vgd
2.
td,g,Bo B opens word; g,d, t do not follow a jn: aw:v] (i.e. a closed syllable, thus no
lqæ vgeD:)
WdG]b]Ti T opens word; b does not follow a jn: aw:v]; G follows a closed syllable (i.e. a
jn: aw:v]); d follows a [n: aw:v] (i.e. does not follow a closed syllable)
µT,d]g"B] B opens word; g follows a [n: aw:v] (rather than an jn: aw:v]); d does not follow
a jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]
/bÎWbT]k]yi k does not follow a jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]; b follows a [n: aw:v]; b is
closely connected to (i.e. by πQ:m)æ the previous word, which ends with a
vowel
hn:b]Tok]Ti T opens word; k does not follow a jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]; b does not
follow a jn: aw:v]
1.
a. t/rh;n“ The ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction.
b. l/Qmi The ˆWn assimilates to the following letter, thus doubling it.
c. tv,j&n]Bi The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two consecutive vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.
d. πs,k&,B] k is spirantized (no vgeD;) because it no longer opens the word (tpk dgb
rule).
e. vyaiK; The preposition takes the vowel of the definite article, and the ahe elides.
f. µyrIvy; “ The ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction.
g. µyvin:a}læ The preposition -l takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}
vowel, thus jTæPæ&.
h. hd;/b[}læ The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}
vowel, thus jTæPæ&.
i. hd;/b[}læ The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}
vowel, thus ≈meq;.
j. µykil;m]li The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.
k. v/na‘K, The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}
vowel, thus l/gs,.
l. µaun“Ki The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.
2.
a. Each form is definite article + noun: hæ+doubling; [ takes ≈meq; due to compensatory
lengthening; j takes jTæPæ& with virtual doubling.
b. Singular vs. plural: the plural form of takes the feminine t/- affix, and the first ≈meq; is
reduced to jTæP" πfæj} due to propretonic reduction of a vowel with a guttural.
c. hwhyAd/bK], the initial ≈meq; is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction in the construct
form.
d. Each form is preposition l] + noun. In lWbg“li, the initial [n: aw:v] changes to qr,yji due to
rule of aw:v].
e. The two forms are identical. In Ëreb;m], the ≈meq; is due to compensatory lengthening
because r will not tolerate vgED:. In ljey"m], j will not tolerate vgED;, but j does not require
compensatory lengthening but rather allows virtual doubling, hence jTæPæ&.
f. Final j after a vowel takes a furtive jTæPæ& (hbwng jtp) to aid in pronunciation.
g. πGoyI exhibits ˆWn assimilation.
h. Each form is a masculine plural noun; µydIs;j} has a jTæPæ& πfæj} because the initial guttural
will not tolerate a [n: aw:v]
Exercises for Chapter 7 (Page 2 of 2)
i. The first form is the second person masculine singular, while the second form is the
second person feminine singular. The second form exhibits pretonic reduction, hence
aw:v] rather than µl,/j.
j. In the second form, because the third radical is a j, the final vowel is jTæPæ&.
k. tbæ[}/T is the construct form for this feminine noun, which thus exhibits these changes:
the final h reverts to the historically original t; the ≈meq; preceding the final h changes
to jTæPæ& because the a-class vowel appears in a closed, unaccented syllable; the ≈meq;
following the [ is reduced to jTæPæ& πfæj} due to propretonic reduction.
l. The second form is pausal; thus the aw:v] is lengthened to ≈meq;.
m. The second form is pausal; thus the l/gs, is lengthened to ≈meq;.
n. The ≈meq; following the v is reduced to aw:v] in the second form due to propretonic
reduction.
1.
a. hr:wTøh' b. ˆheKohæ
c. br,j,&h' d. rB;d]Mihæ
e. ry[ih… f. l[æBæ&hæ
g. ds,j&,h' h. gjæhæ
i. ayciN:h' j. hm;jehæ
k. ˆ/ra}h; l. Ëa;l]Mæhæ
m. y/Ghæ n. bh;Z:hæ
o. ≈r,a&;h; p. taF;jæhæ
q. rh;h; r. hl;y“L&æhæ
s. µ/Yhæ t. ≈[eh;
u. πa;h; v. tB;Væhæ
w. rq,B&ohæ x. lyijæ&hæ/j"K&ohæ
y. hm;k]j;h, z. t/ja;h;
aa. r/kB]hæ bb. rp,S&ehæ
cc. lh;Q;hæ/hd;[eh; dd. hd,C;hæ
ee. rxej;h, ff. ˆz<ao&h;
gg. ˆqeZ:hæ hh. r/Dhæ
ii. µVehæ
2.
a. h} Is the land good? b. h} Is the slave bad?
c. h, Is the man wise? d. h' Are the priests old/elders?
e. h} Is the warrior/great man old/an elder?
3.
a. ambiguous; Is he wise?/ the wise man b. interrogative; Is it good?
c. definite article; the border d. definite article; the bad (thing)
e. definite article; the shore/lip f. definite article; the command
g. definite article; the work h. definite article; the young boy
i. ambiguous; Is it iniquity?/the iniquity j. ambiguous; Is it dust?/the dust
k. impossible l. interrogative; Is she a young girl?
m. ambiguous; Is it life?/the life n. interrogative; Is it a people?
o. definite article; the voice/sound p. interrogative; Is it a teaching?
q. interrogative; Is it a saying? r. definite article; the saying
s. definite article; the burnt offering t. definite article; the bad (thing)
u. definite article; the animal v. definite article; the famine
w. definite article; the world/eternity x. definite article; the light
y. interrogative; Is it light? z. ambiguous; Is it kindness?/ the kindness
aa. ambiguous; Is it a sword?/the sword bb. definite article; the war
1.
a. µd;a;K]/vyaiK] b. hm;d;a}Bæ
c. hj;n“Mihæw“ d. r[æV&æmi
e. Ël,M&,hæme/Ël,M&,hæAˆmi f. hp,W
g. lj'n"&l]/lj'n&"Ala, h. ryQlæ/hm;/jlæ/ryQihæAla,/hm;/jhæAla,
i. tyIb'&K] j. [ær&el;
k. t[eK; l. varoB;
m. hM;aæK] n. µd;a;l]
o. µynIp;W p. yrIp]W
q. µD;hæw“ r. aSekiw“
s. y/gw“ t. ylik]Bi
u. fP;v]miB] v. µaeh;me/µaeh;Aˆmi
w. hk;al;m]Ki x. d/bk;w“
y. hpoW z. µyImæ&V;hæme/µyImæ&V;hæAˆmi
aa. tv,j&n]W bb. πn;k;l]
cc. πs,k,&B] dd. µaun“W
ee. vd,j&oBæ ff. rb;D;hæ
gg. Ëa;l]mæW hh. rb;d;K]
2.
a. hn;V;mi The ˆWn assimilates to the following consonant, which is doubled.
“From a year”
b. âXohæme The ˆWn in ˆmi would normally assimilate; however, because the following
consonant is a guttural and thus will not tolerate vgeD,; the vowel of the
preposition undergoes compensatory lengthening from qr,yji to yrexe.
“From the flock”
c. µyIm&'W The conjunctive ww: is vocalized -W when it precedes a labial (the letters
pmwb).
“and water”
d. lh,ao&B; The preposition takes the vowel of the definite article, which here is ≈meq;
due to the a which opens the word. The h of the definite article elides.
“In the tent”
e. vyaime The ˆWn in ˆmi would normally assimilate; however, because the following
consonant is a guttural and thus will not tolerate vgeD,; the vowel of the
preposition undergoes compensatory lengthening from qr,yji to yrexe.
“From a man”
f. rc;b;K] According to the rule of tpk dgb, because b is no longer the first letter of
the word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;).
“like meat”
g. lWbg]W According to the rule of tpk dgb, because b is no longer the first letter of
the word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;). Moreover, The conjunctive ww: is
vocalized -W when it precedes a consonant followed by a [n" aw:v].
“and a border”
h. l/dg;l] According to the rule of tpk dgb, because g is no longer the first letter of
the word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;).
“To a great one”
i. µIl'&v;Wryli When -l] is prefixed to a word with an initial d/y vocalized with a aw:v], the
preposition is vocalized with a qr,yji and the d/y loses its aw:v].
“To Jerusalem”
3.
a. j'B&ez“Mih' bybis; b. µwqøM;h'AlWm/µwqøM;h'Adg,n<
c. hj;P;v]MihæAlx,ae d. hV;aih;Aµ[i/hV;aih;Ata,
e. fb,Ve&læ/hF,Mælæ f. ˆ/pX;hæAˆybeW bg,N<&h'AˆyBe
g. jt'P&,hæAd[æ h. ˆb,a,&h;AtjæTæ
i. cb,K&,hæAl[æ j. ˆK;v]MihæAlWm/ˆK;vM] ihæAdg,n<
k. ab;X;hæAla,
1.
a. “great (pl.)/great”: Because of propretonic reduction, the ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] in the
plural form.
b. “garments/garment”: The noun is a masculine qi†l segholate and thus forms its plural
in the µy i ; ] pattern.
c. “many (pl.)/much”: The root of bræ is *bbr, and thus the third root letter is retained
when the plural affix is attached to the singular noun.
d. “lands/land”: The noun is a feminine qa†l segholate and thus forms its plural in the
t/ ; ] form. However, because the initial consonant is a, a jTæPæ& πfæj} replaces the
expected aw:v].
e. “prophets/prophet”: Because of propretonic reduction, the ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] in the
plural form.
f. “maidservants/maidservant”: The noun is a feminine qi†l segholate and thus forms its
plural in the t/ ; ] form.
g. “holy things/holy thing”: The noun is a masculine qu†l segholate and thus forms its
plural in the µy i ; ’ pattern.
h. “officials/official”: The root of rcæ is *rrc, and thus the third root letter is retained
when the plural affix is attached to the singular noun. However, because r will not
tolerate vgeD;, the jTæPæ& undergoes compensatory lengthening, changing to ≈meq;.
i. “new (pl.)/new”: Because of propretonic reduction, the initial ≈meq; normally reduces to
aw:v] in the plural form. However, because the initial radical is j, a jTæPæ& πfæj} replaces
the expected aw:v].
j. “two feet/foot”: The second form is the dual of the qa†l segholate.
k. “cereal offerings/cereal offering”: The noun is a feminine qi†l segholate and thus
forms its plural in the t/ ; ] form.
l. “winds/wind”: When the plural suffix is added, the tyje no longer ends the word, and
thus the furtive jTæPæ& is lost.
m. “tribes/tribe”: The noun is a masculine qi†l segholate and thus forms its plural in the
µy i ; ] pattern.
2.
a. µyBir" t/dc; b. t/l/dG“ µyIn&"y[e
c. µyqiyDiXæhæ µyniB;hæ d. (or: hr;v;y:) rv;y: Ër,D,&
e. hl;/dG“ ˆb,a&, f. hb;/f hr;[}n"
g. qyDiXæhæ vyaih; h. t/mk;j}hæ t/nB;hæ
i. µyli/dG“hæ µyTiB;hæ j. hv;/dQ]hæ ≈r,a;&h;
k. µyBir" µysiWs l. µybi/f µyQiju
m. v/dq; j"Be&z“mi n. rjeaæ π/[
o. h[;r;h; ≈r,a;&h; p. µyrIv;y“ µyXiji
q. hr;v;y“ lg,r,& r. l/dG:hæ hn,j}Mæhæ
s. hl;/dG“hæ hl;j}N"hæ t. hN:fæQ]hæ hj;P;v]Mihæ
u. µybi/Fhæ t/dC;hæ v. t/l/dG] t/kl]m]mæ
w. l/dG: lyIjæ& x. µyqiyDiXæhæ µyI/Ghæ
y. µyBiræh; µyliysiK]hæ z. µyvi/dQ]hæ t/m/qM]hæ
aa. µyrIjea} µyri/mj} bb. qyDiXæhæw“ µk;j;h, aybiN:hæ
cc. rjea} l[æBæ& dd. t/[r: µynIv;
ee. rv;Y:hæ lh;N:hæ ff. hN:fæQ]hæ ry[ih;
gg. b/Fhæ ˆm,V,&hæ hh. µy[iv;r“h; µyaiyciN“hæ
ii. hq;yDiXæhæ hj;pV] ihæ jj. t/b/f t/r/T
kk. µyNIfæQ]hæ µyrih;h,
1.
a. ambiguous: smoke is good; good smoke
b. ambiguous: gods are great; great gods
c. sentence: The women are wise.
d. impossible (ˆba is feminine)
e. phrase: the large grave
f. sentence: The song is good.
g. impossible (ry[ is feminine)
h. ambiguous: messengers are many; many messengers
i. ambiguous: an offering is impure; an impure offering
j. sentence: The houses are bad.
k. phrase: the pure sacrifice
l. impossible
m. sentence: The prophetesses are many.
n. sentence: The cloud is great.
o. ambiguous: two feet are straight; two straight feet
p. impossible
q. ambiguous: joy is very great; very great joy
r. ambiguous: a widow is just; a just widow
s. impossible
t. ambiguous: signs are good; good signs
u. impossible
v. impossible
w. sentence: The dream is bad.
x. ambiguous: a witness is very wise; a very wise witness
y. ambiguous: statutes are bad; bad statutes
z. ambiguous: prayer is short; a short prayer
aa. ambiguous: a feast is great; a great feast
bb. impossible
cc. ambiguous: inheritance is good; a good inheritance
dd. ambiguous: bread is good; good bread
ee. impossible
ff. impossible (tyrb is feminine)
gg. sentence: The bull is impure.
hh. ambiguous: a sun is new; a new sun
ii. ambiguous: wars are many; many wars
jj. ambiguous: a maidservant is righteous; a righteous maidservant
kk. sentence: The owner is just.
ll. sentence: The elders are wicked.
2. Note: the word order of the sentences may also be reversed, i.e. hb;/f hj;m]ci
means the same thing as hj;m]ci hb;/f.
a. hb;/f hj;m]ci
b. h[;v;r“ hd;[eh;
c. µyli/dG“hæ µyriyQihæ
d. µyBiræh; t/rh;N“hæ
e. hv;d;j}hæ hF;jihæ
f. hv;/dq] ≈r,a,&
g. qyDix; y/G
h. b/f jbæz,&
i. µyriv;y“hæ µyliD;g]Mihæ
j. vd;j; ˆ/ra;
k. bræh; bk,r,h;
l. µyaimef] µycib;K]
m. µyqiyDixæ µyri/BGI
n. ha;mef] tr,f&oQ]hæ
o. µybi/Fhæ µynin:[}h;
p. µy[ir: µydib;[}
q. µyri/hf] µyliyae
r. hPo rq;B;hæ
s. ˆfoq; tyIBæ&
t. t/Br" t/mj;l]mi
u. µyli/dG“ t/l/q
v. v/dq; dg,B,&hæ
w. yjæhæ aybiN:hæ
x. µyBiræ µyrib;q]
y. hl;/dG“ hj;m]ci
z. t/b/f t/LpiT]hæ
aa. hq;yDixæ hj;p]Vihæ
bb. µv; fpeVohæ
cc. [ræ Ëv,jo&
dd. µybi/f µydil;y“hæ
ee. (or: t/rv;;y“hæ) µyrIv;y“hæ µykir;D]hæ
ff. hn;foq] ˆb,a,&
gg. bræ µD;
3.
a. ˆK;vm] iB] µyhiløa‘
b. hl;/dG“hæ ry[ih; rjæaæ rq;B;hæ
c. laov]Bi [ræh; ˆheKohwæ “ qyDiXæhæ aybiN:hæ
d. rh;h; dg,n,/lWm µyBir" µykia;l]mæ
e. j"Be&z]MihæAlx,ae bræ ˆg:D;w“ bræ ˆyIy"&
f. hr;v;y“hæ hV;aih;Ata,/µ[i v/dQ;hæ vyaih;
g. ˆfoQ;hæ tyIBæ&hæ bybis; l/dG:hæ rq;B;hæ
h. vd;j;h, aSeKihæ tjæTæ& hN:fæQ]hæ br,j,&hæ
i. ≈r,a;&B;/hm;d;a}Bæ hq;d;x] ˆyae
4.
Genesis 2:7
hY j: ' vp,n<l] µd:a;h; yhiy“w" The human became a living being
attributive
Genesis 29:2
hld; Go “ ˆb,a,h;w“ Now the stone was large.
predicative
Exodus 1:8
µyIr:x]mAi l[æ vdj
; ;AËl,m, µq;Y:w" A new king arose over Egypt.
attributive
Numbers 19:9
rwhfø ; µwqøm;B] hn<j}M'l' ≈Wjmi outside the camp in a pure place
attributive
Numbers 20:11
µyBri " µyIm' Wax]YEw" many waters came out
attributive
Numbers 20:15
µyBri " µymiy: µyIr"xm] iB] bv,NEw" We dwelled many days in Egypt.
attributive
Deuteronomy 2:10
brw" “ lwdGø : µ[æ a great and numerous people
attributive (both)
Deuteronomy 28:38
hd<C;h' ayxiwTø br" [r"z< The field will bring forth much seed.
attributive
Deuteronomy 28:64
ˆb,a;w: ≈[e … µ y rj
I ae } µyhilaø ‘ other gods (of) wood and stone
attributive
Joshua 10:2
ˆw[øb]GI hlw; dGø “ ry[i yKi daom] War“yYIw" They were very afraid because Gibeon was a great
attributive city
1 Samuel 20:2
ˆfqo ; rb;D; waø lwdGø : rb;D,; a great thing or a small thing
attributive
2 Samuel 20:16
ry[ih;Aˆmi hmk
; j; } hV;ai ar:q]Tiw" The wise woman called from the city.
attributive
2 Kings 2:23
ry[ihA; ˆmi Wax]y: µyNf
I q
' ] µyrI[;n“W Now the little boys departed from the city.
attributive
Psalm 51:12
µyhiløa‘ yliAar:B] rwhf
ø ; ble Create for me a pure heart, O God!
attributive
Psalm 96:1
≈r<a;h;AlK; hw:hyl' Wryvi vdj
: ; ryvi hw:hyl' Wryvi Sing to the Lord a new song! Sing to the
attributive Lord, all the earth!
Proverbs 10:1
ba;AjM'cy' “ µkj
; ; ˆBe A wise son gladdens a father.
attributive
Daniel 11:3
rwBGø I Ël,m, dm'[;w“ A mighty king will stand
attributive
Note: the adjectives are identified in bold.

1.
a. singular construct Alyae: two syllable words with penultimate stress with pattern yI æ
reduces to y e (one syllable); plural unbound µyliyae: yI æ patterned nouns have this
irregular plural form; plural construct Ayleyae: the final µy i of the plural is replaced by
y e.
a. singular construct A≈je: no change; plural unbound µyXiji: because the root of this noun
is *xxj, the final root letter appears when the regular masculine plural ending µy i is
affixed; plural construct AyXej:i as in the unbound plural form, initial yrexe becomes qr,yji
because it finds itself in a closed, unaccented syllable, which prefers a short vowel.
c. singular construct Avm,v,: no change of segholate noun; plural unbound t/vm;v:] regular
segholate feminine plural form; plural construct At/vm]v:i because this segholate is
historically a qi†l form, the original qr,yji vowel reappears in the plural construct, and,
as expected, the feminine plural ending remains unchanged.
d. singular construct AtKær]Bi: the historically original t reappears in the construct form,
and the final ≈meq; is reduced because it is now in a closed, unaccented syllable; the
≈meq; under the vyre in the bound form is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction,
and because of the rule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji; plural unbound t/kr;B]: the
regular feminine plural suffix is affixed; plural construct At/kr]Bi: the ≈meq; under the vyre
in the plural form is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction, and because of the
rule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji.
e. singular construct Abhæz:“ the initial ≈meq; is reduced by propretonic reduction, and the
final ≈meq; is reduced because it is now in a closed unaccented syllable; plural unbound
µybih;z“: the initial is subject to propretonic reduction; plural construct Aybeh}z": the ≈meq; in
the plural form is reduced due to propretonic reduction, and because the vowel
follows a guttural, is reduced to jTæPæ πfæj} rather than aw:v]. Consequently, the preceding
vowel harmonizes, becoming the full vowel that corresponds to the πfæj} vowel.
f. singular construct Atjæp]v:i the historically original t reappears in the construct form;
plural unbound t/jp;v]: the normal feminine plural segholate form; plural construct
At/jp]vi: the ≈meq; in the plural form is reduced due to propretonic reduction, and
because of the rule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji.
g. singular construct AËr,D:, no change; plural unbound µykir:D“: normal masculine plural
segholate form; plural construct Ayker“D:æ because this segholate is historically a qa†l
form, the original jTæPæ vowel reappears in the plural construct, and, as expected, y e
ending replaces the plural unbound ending.
2.
a. AËaæl]mæ messenger of b. Atræ/T teaching of
c. Ad/bK] glory of d. AtyBe house of
e. Abhæz“ gold of f. AjBæz]mi altar of
g. Aab;x] host of h. Atjæn“mi offering of
i. Alyje power of j. Aˆ/[} iniquity of
k. Ar/a light of l. Aˆqez“ elder of
m. Arpæ[} dust of n. Atmæj} anger of
o. Ahaer]mæ vision of p. Atdæ[} congregation of
q. Aj"Ko strength of r. Agjæ feast of
3.
a. At/jn“mi; offerings of b. Ayre[}væ; gates of
c. Aydeg“Bi; garments of d. At/LpiT]; prayers of
e. At/kr]B;i blessings of f. Aymek]jæ; wise men of
g. At/kl]m]mæ; kingdoms of h. At/b[}/T; abominations of
i. At/as]Ki; thrones of j. At/rh}n"; rivers of
k. Ayfeb]vi; rods/tribes of l. Ayre/mj}; donkeys of
m. AyleD“g“mi; towers of n. At/jm]ci; joys of
o. At/rWbG“; mights of p. Aymer]Kæ; vineyards of
4.
a. ˆqeZ:h'Ar/v
b. ry[ih;Ab/jr“
c. µIl&'v;Wry]Aymer]K'
d. l/av]Aˆf,B,
e. hw:hy]Atk'l]m]m'
f. hV;aih;Ady"
g. hw:hy“Aˆymiy“
h. tyIB&'h'Atl,D,
i. ˆn:[;h,Ahaer]m'
j. ˆb,a,&AjB'z“mi
k. rq;B;h'Abro
l. ˆqeZ:h'AπK'
m. aybiN:h'Ady"B]
n. hr;[}N"h'Aybia}
o. πs,K,&h'Alq'v]mi
p. hl;/dG“h' ry[ih;AvyaiAypil]
q. µyaiybiN“h'Aˆ/rj}a'
r. r['N"&h'Ayjia}
s. ˆheKoAtkær“Bi
t. µyhiløa‘At[æDæ
u. ≈r,a;&h;Abjæ/r
v. hb;/Fhæ hV;aih;Ar/B
w. hd,C;hæAËr,ao
x. r/vAµx,a,
y. bh;z:Alq,v,
z. r/BGIhæAyneB]
aa. ameF;hæ vyaih;ArqæB]
bb. hq;yDiXæhæ hV;aih;At/m
cc. µY:hæAble
dd. µk;j;h,At[æDæ
ee. µyri/mj}hæAtyriaev]/rt,y,
ff. h[;v;r“h; hm;a;h;Atbæ[}/T
gg. l/dG:hæ tyIBæ&hæAt/ryqi
hh. b/Fhæ ˆ/da;h;Adb,[,
ii. r/BGIhæA["/rz“
jj. tyIB&æhæAË/T
kk. Ël,M&,hæAbhæz“AlK;
ll. µyrI[;l] rP;sM] ihæ
mm. rP;hæAµDæ
nn. aybin: hce[}mæ
oo. hj;P;vM] ihæAbr,q,B]/Ë/tB]
pp. µk;j;h,Aˆ/vl]/tpæc]
qq. ryQihæ ≈Wjmi
rr. hm;k]j; tyviare
5. a = absolute/unbound; b = construct/bound; unless noted, nouns have not undergone

phonetic changes
a. a b a b
µymh ynp l[ tpjrm µyhla jwrw
ynp: aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy i ending is changed to the conventional bound
mp ending
“Now the spirit of God was hovering over the face of the water”
b. a b b a a
lkan ˆgh ≈[ yrpm çjnh la hçah rmatw
“The woman said to the serpent, ‘We may eat from the fruit of the trees of the garden.’”
c. a b b
µyyjh ≈[ ˚rd
“The way of the tree of life”
d. a b b a
≈rah lk ynp l[ hwhy µxyph µçmw
lk: µl,/j vowel is subject to ppr
mp ending
“From there the LORD scattered them over the face of all the earth.”
e. a b a
hl[h yx[ ta µhrba jqyw
yx[: initial composite vowel is the result of ppr; the plural µy i ending is changed to the
conventional bound mp ending
“Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering.”
f. a b a b a
≈rah yhlaw µymçh yhla hwhyb ˚[ybçaw
yhla: the plural µy i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending
“I (will) adjure you by the LORD, the God of the heavens and the earth.”
g. a a a b
bq[y µwljb µyhlah ˚alm yla rmayw
˚alm: the ≈meq; vowel that would normally follow the a changes to jTæPæ because it now
appears in a closed, unaccented syllable
“The angel of God said to me, ‘Jacob!’”
h. a a b a
tybb µç tybh yçnam çya ˆyaw
yçna: the ≈meq; vowel in the second syllable reduces due to ppr, which then allows the
preceding jTæPæ πfæj} to convert to a full jTæPæ; the plural µy i ending is changed to the
conventional bound mp ending
“There was no one from the men of the household there in the house.”
i. a b a b
bhz ylkw πskAylk
ylk: the plural µy i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending
“Vessels of silver and vessels of gold”
j. a b a b
µyh ˚wtb larçy ynb wabyw
˚wt: the nominal pattern w< ;& has a bound form of /
ynb: the initial aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy i ending is changed to the conventional
bound mp ending
“The children of Israel entered into the midst of the sea.”
k. a a b a
hwhy la µ[h yrbd ta hçm dgyw
yrbd: the plural µy i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending; the ≈meq; that
follows the b in the absolute form undergoes ppr, and the rule of aw:v] requires that the
initial aw:v] become a qr,yji.
“Moses spoke the words of the people to the LORD.”
l. a a b b
µyyj ˚lm ynp rwab
mp ending
“In the light of a king’s face is life.”
1.
ms fs fs mp fp root
["m&evo t[æm&ævo h[;m]vo µy[im]vo t/[m]vo [mv

bv; hb;v; hb;v; µybiv; t/bv; bwv
laevo tl,a&,vo hl;a}vo µylia}vo t/la}vo lav
µc; hm;c; hm;c; µymic; t/mc; µwc
ha,ro ha;ro hY:airo µyairo t/aro yar
aceno taceno ha;c]no µyaic]no t/ac]no acn
rmeao tr,m&,ao hr;m]ao µyrim]ao t/rm]ao rma
2.
a. lkeao b. µc;
c. t/[m]vo d. tjæl&ævo
e. tr,m,&ao f. taxeyo
g. t/aro h. µylia}vo
i. tk,l,&ho j. t/kl]ho
k. td,l,&yo l. t[ædæ&yO
m. aceno n. µyjiq]lø
o. µybiv]y p. t/l[o
q. bv; r. areqo
s. µyci[o t. ˆteno
3. Note: other word-orders are possible
a. b/Fhæ aybiN:hæArbæD“ tae ["me&vo dwID; br,[,B]

b. µy[iv;r“l; µ/lv; ˆyae dymiT; rmeao aybiN:hæ
c. µk;j;h, yrik]N:hæ hdec;Ala, tk,l&,how“ hl;doG“hæ ry[ih;me taxeyo rm;T;
d. µm;/y rv;Y:hæ rh;N:hæAˆmi ha;B; bqo[}y" tjæPæ&v]mi
e. rj;m; ˆK;v]MihæAla, hj;n“MihæAta, tj,q,&lø hN:jæ µyrim]ao µydil;y“hæ
f. hb;/f hw:hy“ træ/t yKi ["d&eyo hv,m
g. l/dG:hæ ˆheKohæ µr,K,&Alx,ae rv,a} [ræh; Ëa;l]MæhæAta, hmoløv]W dwID: µyairoh} t/la}vo µyviN:hæ
h. dwID; tLæhiT]Ata, t/ar]qwo “ rh;h; varol] wD;j]y" t/l[o t/qyDiXæhæ µyviN:hæ
i. µyQijuhæAta, ["m&evo y/Ghæ yKi y/Glæ lk,ao& ˆtenow“ y/Glæ µylidoG] µyci[m} æ hc,[o µyhiløa‘
j. dl,y,& td,l,&yo hr:v;Y“hæ Ër,D,&hæAlx,ae l/dG:hæ tyIBæBæ tb,v,&y rv,a} hV;aih;
k. ˆ/ra;B; hF;jihæAta, µc; rv,a} µh;r;b]aæl] hB;ræ hF;ji tjæl&ævow“ hb;v; hr;c;
l. hw:hy“ ynep]li µy[iv;r] µhe yKi t/bqeN“hæAta,w“ µyrIk;Z“hæAta, lkeao l/dG:hæ yrIa}h;
4.
a. You will be one like God, knowing good and bad.
y[ed]yo: lqæ mp participle (construct)
b. The ones coming were male and female; from all flesh they came.
µyaiB;hæ: lqæ mp participle (definite)
c. And also belonging to Lot, the one walking with Abraham, were flocks, herds, and
tents.
Ëlehohæ: lqæ ms participle (definite)
d. All the persons belonging to Jacob who came to Egypt — those who emerged from
his loins, besides the wives of Jacob’s sons
ha;B;hæ: lqæ fs participle (definite)
yaex]yo: lqæ mp participle (construct)
e. Now the appearance of the glory of YHWH was like a consuming fire on the top of
the mount before the eyes of the children of Israel
tl,k,&ao: lqæ fs participle
f. This is the teaching concerning the one who bears a male or female (child)
td,l,&Yohæ: lqæ fs participle (definite)
g. All of the generation that did what was evil in the eyes of the LORD
hc,[oh;: lqæ ms participle (definite)
h. The good land that your God is giving you as an inheritance
ˆtenO: lqæ ms participle
i. Now, O Israel, what is the LORD your God asking from you?
laevo: lqæ ms participle
j. For her house was in the city wall, and she dwelled in the wall.
tb,v&;/y: lqæ fs participle (pausal)
k. The priests, carriers of the ark of the covenant.
yaec]nO: lqæ mp participle (construct)
l. A voice calling, “In the wilderness, prepare the way of the LORD!”
are/q: lqæ ms participle
m. For there is no person taking (it) to heart.
µc;: lqæ ms participle
n. For they say, “The LORD does not see us.”
µyrim]ao: lqæ mp participle
ha,ro: lqæ ms participle
o. For the LORD knows they way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will
perish.
["de&/y: lqæ ms participle
p. The one who hears prayer! All flesh may come before you!
["me&vo: lqæ ms participle
q. Before the LORD, for he comes to judge the earth.
ab;: lqæ ms participle
r. Who is this coming up from the wilderness?
hl;[o: lqæ fs participle
s. All the rivers flow to the sea, but the sea does not become full.
µykil]ho: lqæ mp participle
1.
T]aæ hT;aæ
ayhi/awhi Wnj]n"&a}
µhe/hM;he& µT,aæ
ˆTeaæ/hn:Te&aæ ynIa}/ykinOa;
aWh hN:he&
2.
a. µykia;l]MæhæAta, rmevo aWh
b. âXohæAta, rpeso hT;aæ
c. tWkl]Mæhæ aSekiB] tk,l,&mo ynIa}
d. ˆm,V,&hæAta, µykip]vo Wnj]n"&a}
e. ryQihæAta, t/rb]vo ˆTeaæ
f. vd;j; dg,B,& µyvib]lø µhe
g. µyxi[eh;Ata, µytir]Ko µT,aæ
h. l[æBæ&Ata, t/vr“Do hN;he&
i. hw;hy“ tyrIB]Ata, tr,k,&zO ayhi
j. l/dG:hæ rp,Se&hæAta, tb,t,&Ko T]aæ
k. µh;r:b]aæ hdec]Bi hr:c;Ata, dqePo aWh
l. [ræh; µ[;h;Ayrej}aæ πdero ynIa}
m. tyIBæ&hæ amef; yKi tyIBæ&hæAta, µypir“c Wnj]n"&a}
n. h[;b]GIBæ rv,a} l/dG:hæ tyIB&æBæ bvey aWh
3.
a. ayhihæ hm;m;Vh] æ b. hZ,hæ byrIh;
c. ayhihæ hk;al;M]hæ d. taZOhæ t[eh;
e. hM;he&h; µyrI[;N“hæ f. taZohæ ≈r,a;&h;
g. aWhhæ d/bK;hæ h. hM;he&hæ t/as]Kihæ
i. rq;B;hæ hz, j. aWhhæ hl;y“Læ&hæ
k. hZ,hæ µ/qM;hæ l. hM;he&hæ µynIn:[h} æ
m. hN:he&h; t/ma;h; n. aWhhæ rB;dM] ihæ
o. Ëa;l]Mæhæ hT;aæ p. hZ,hæ ha,r“Mæhæ
q. hL,ae&h; µyGIjæhæ r. hZ,hæ lWbG“hæ
s. µykir;D“hæ hL,ae& t. hL,ae&h; t/kl;mM] æhæ
u. taZOhæ hm;jehæ v. hj;p]Vihæ ayhi
w. µyhiløa‘ Wnj]n"&a} x. aWhhæ Ëv,j&hæ
y. hL,ae&h; t/mB;hæ z. ayhihæ hj;m]Cihæ

aa. µyrixej}hæ hL,ae& bb. hN:he&hæ t/LpiT]hæ
cc. hM;he&h; t/r/Bhæ dd. hZ,hæ rZ:hæ
ee. hL,ae&h; µyrIP;hæ
4.
a. yrIa}h; lkæa; rv,a} aybiN:hæ t/mx][æAta, µyrIb]qo hM;he&
b. ˆp,G,&hæ yriP]Ata, lkeao ry[ih;Ar[æVæAla, Ëleho rv,a} aWhhæ qyDIXæhæ
c. aWhhæ ˆheKohæ t/r/TAta, W[m]vy] I ˆ[æmæ&l] b/jr“h;Ala, µyaiB; µhe
d. hw:hy“ tybeB] rv,a} hw:hy“ jBæz“miAl[æ µyIm;& Ëpevo ynIa}
e. ayhihæ ≈r,a&;B; l/dG: b[;r: vyE yKi µj,l,& lkeao aWhhæ vyaih; ˆyae
f. hm;j;l]mil] µyaix]yO rv,a} µyrI/BGIhæAta, tyrIB] treKo dwID;
g. hZ,hæ b/jr]h;me ayciN:hæ rxæj} ˆfoq;
h. aWhhæ qyDiXæhæ aybiN:hæ yreb]DiAla, µy[im]vow“ hr;/ThæAta, µyrIm]vo µn:yae yKi hw:hy“ tmæje l/dG:
i. µk;j; WNn<&yae yKi ayhihæ hm;j;l]Milæ µyXiji j"qe&lø aWhhæ lysiK]hæ ˆyae
j. µr,K,&hæAla, tk,l,&how“ r/mj}hæAl[æ ry[ih;me taxeyO rv,a} hV;aih; ayhi
5.
a. More cursed are you than all the beasts and wild animals of the field
b. Now the gold of that land was good
c. For you are dust, and to dust you will return
d. for she was the mother of all living
e. Am I my brother’s keeper?
f. The sons of God (divine beings) saw the human women, that they were beautiful.
g. This is the sign of the covenant that I am giving for all time between me and you and
all living beings who are with you.
h. for all the land which you see
i. On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abraham.
j. There is no fear of God in this place.
k. The son of this maidservant will not inherit with my son, Isaac.
l. Whose daughter are you?
m. Now these are the days of the years of the life of Abraham which he lived
n. The LORD appeared to him that night and said, “I am the God of Abraham, your
father.”
o. For from that well they would give the flocks drink. Now there was a great stone
over the mouth of the well.
p. Now these are the names of the children of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob,
each (literally: a man) with his household they came.
q. For the place on which you are standing is holy ground.
r. Today you are going out in the month of Abib.
s. Those men said to him, “We are unclean by corpse contamination (literally: from the
life-force of a person).”
t. Mortal (literally: son of man), I am sending you to the children of Israel.
u. Even upon the male and the female slaves will I pour out my spirit in those days.
1.
3fp 3mp 2fp 2mp 1cp 3fs 3ms 2fs 2ms 1cs
ˆheB; µh,B; µk,B; WnB;& HB; /B ËB; ÚB] yBi
µT;ai µk,T]ai WnT&;ai HT;ai /Tai ËT;ai ÚT]ai yTiai
ˆt;ao µt;ao µk,t]a, Wnt&;ao Ht;ao /tao Ët;ao Út]ao ytiao
ˆl;/q µl;/q ˆk,l]/q µk,l]/q Wnl&e/q Hl;/q /l/q Ël;/q Úl]/q yli/q
ˆr;c;B] µr;c;B] ˆk,r“cæB] µk,r“cæB] Wnre&c;B] Hr:c;B] /rc;B] Ërec;B] Úr“c;B] yrIc;B]
ˆm;r“Kæ µm;r“Kæ ˆk,m]r“Kæ µk,m]r“Kæ Wnme&r“Kæ Hm;r“Kæ /mr“Kæ Ëmer“Kæ Úm]r“Kæ ymir“Kæ
ˆt;k;r“Bi µt;k;r“Bi ˆk,t]kær“Bi µk,t]kær“Bi Wnte&k;r“Bi Ht;k;r“Bi /tk;r“Bi Ëtek;r“Bi Út]k;r“Bi ytik;r“Bi
2.
a. yli/yliae b. HB;
c. WNM,&mi d. Ú/m&K;
e. µk,M;[i/µk,T]ai f. HM;[i/HT;ai
g. Ún“yae h. WNd,&/[
i. ynIn“hi j. ÚT]ai/ÚM][i
k. µd;/[ l. /nyBe
m. ËMemi n. Ún“yae
o. µN:hi p. hN:he&me
q. h;/m&K; r. Wnyle&ae/Wnl;&
s. /Tai//M[i t. Wnt;&ao
u. wyl;ae//l v. ËMemi
3.
a. yliamoc] b. /r[}y"
c. Ún“/yb]a, d. µT;v]qæ
e. ˆk,t]ræx] f. Hr;x;/a
g. ˆk,n“Bær]q; h. Hm;D;
i. ˆt;j]P'v]mi j. Wnt&eaF;jæ
k. ˆv;D;q]mi l. ytim;k]j;
m. ynIyyE n. Ht;d;/b[}
o. µr;b;D] p. /t[;b]GI//rr“hæ
q. µk,r]Ge r. ÚZ“[;/ÚZ“[u
s. µk,l]hæq] t. yDib][æ
u. ˆk,n“axo v. Út]/m
w. µf;b]vi x. Hs;m;j}
y. ˆD;s]jæ z. Wnle&D;g“mi
aa. ytiyBe bb. Úb]h;z“

cc. /tm;j} dd. Hl;q;v]mi
ee. Hx;r]aæ ff. ˆk,l]kæyhe
gg. µd;g“Bi hh. Wnte&r;x;
ii. µt;[;Wvy“ jj. ˆk,t]læj}n"
kk. Ht;x;[} ll. µk,X]qi
mm. /Nji
4.
a. aWhhæ rp,Se&hæ yreb]DIAta, rmevo aWh yki ynI[;h,w“ µymiT;hæ vyaih;AµDæ tae [v;r;h; Ëpevo
b. v/dq; rb;D; /B vyE yKi ˆ/yl][,h; ˆ/ra;h;Al[æ /tao µc; ynIa}
c. πs,k,&w: bh;z: HB; vyE µyrima] o µhe yKi Ht;ao rbevo rXæhæ
d. ymir]Kæ lx,ae& bvey rv,a} µk;j;h, tybel] Ëlæh; yKi /tybeb] WNn&<yae hNEhi
e. µj,l,& µh,l; ˆyaew“ b[;r: vyE yKi ry[il; µyaiB; µd;/[
f. daom] µy[ir: µhe yKi µh,l; /tao j"l&evow“ rp,se&Al[æ aybiN:hæ yreb]DiAlK;Ata, bteko ynIa}
g. yli µt;ao T]aæ tn,t,&noh} lk;yheBæ ˆB;r]q;l] rq;b;W âxo ÚM]mi laevo ynIa}
h. WnT&er]f;Q]mi /nB;r]q; b/fh} Wnte&L;piT]mi /tL;piT] hb;/fh}
i. µv; lkeao rv,a} aWhhæ l/dG:hæ r/BGIhæAta, aWh πderoh} µv; Ún“bi hl,[o hm;l;&
j. µK,mi µhe µybi/f yKi µh,l; Ht;ao ˆtenO ynIa}
5.
a. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives came with him to the ark.
wynb(w): µynIB;
wtva: hV;ai
b. God said, “This is the sign of the covenant which I am giving between me and you
and all living flesh which are with you for all time (literally: for the generations of all
time).”
c. For all the land which you see I will give to you and to your posterity forever.
˚[rz(lw): [ræz,&
d. God said, “Indeed, Sarah your wife will bear for you a son.”
˚tva: hV;ai
e. God is with you in everything that you do.
f. Isaac spoke to Abraham, his father, and he said, “My father!” And he answered
(literally: said), “Here I am, my son.” He said, “Here are the fire and the wood, but
where is the sheep for the burnt offering?”
wyba: ba;
yba: ba;
ynb: ˆBe
g. before (literally: to the eyes of) the Hittites, among all who enter the gate of his city
wry[: ry[i
h. You shall not take a wife for my son from the Canaanite daughters in whose land I
am dwelling.
ynb(l): ˆBe
wxra(b): ≈r,a,&
i. Now Jacob went on his way and the messengers of God met him.
wkrd(l): Ër,D,&
j. Esau said, “I have much; my brother, may you have what is yours!”
yja: ja;
k. All who went out of the gate of his city listened to Hamor and to his son Shechem.
wnb: ˆBe
wry[: ry[i
l. There is none intelligent and wise like you!
m. Is your father still alive? Do you have a brother?
µkyba: ba;
n. Who is like you, O LORD, among the gods?
o. The LORD your God multiplied you, and indeed you are today as a multitude—like
the stars of the heavens!
µkyhla: µyhiløa‘
p. I was standing between the LORD and you at that time.
q. When the LORD your God will destroy the nations whose land the LORD your God
is giving to you.
µxra: ≈r,a,&
r. And now here we are in your hand: do to us what is good and just in your eyes.
˚dy(b): dy:
˚yny[(b): µyIn"&y[e
s. He had no other (literally: he did not have beyond him) son or daughter.
t. Who is a god like you, lifting iniquity?
1.
3fp 3mp 2fp 2mp 1cp 3fs 3ms 2fs 2ms 1cs
ˆh,yle[} µh,yle[} ˆk,yle[} µk,yle[} Wnyle&[; h;yl&,[; wyl;[; ËyIlæ&[; Úyl,&[; ylæ[;
µk,yde[} h;yd,&[; wyd;[; Úyd,&[; ydæ[;
ˆh,ylea} µh,ylea} µk,ylea} Wnyle&ae h;yl&,ae wyl;ae ËyIlæ&ae Úyl,&ae ylæae
ˆh,yreyvi µh,yreyvi ˆk,yreyvi µk,yreyvi Wnyre&yvi h;yr&,yvi wyr:yvi ËyIr"&yvi Úyr&,yvi yr"yvi
ˆh,yleD“g“mi µh,yleD“g“mi ˆk,yleD“g“mi µk,yleD“g“mi Wnyle&D;g“mi h;yl&,D;g“mi wyl;D;g“mi ËyIlæ&D;g“mi Úyl,&D;g“mi ylæD;g“mi
ˆh,ymek]jæ µh,ymek]jæ ˆk,ymek]jæ µk,ymek]jæ Wnym&ek;j} h;ym,&k;j} wym;k;j} ËyIm&æk;j} Úym&,k;j} ymæk;j}
ˆh,yceb]Ki µh,yceb]Ki ˆk,ycebK] i µk,yceb]Ki Wnyc&eb;K] h;yc,&b;K] wyc;b;K] ËyIcæ&b;K] Úyc,&b;K] ycæb;K]
ˆh,yte/LpiT] µh,yte/LpiT] ˆk,yte/LpiT] µk,yte/LpiT] Wnyt&e/LpiT] h;yt,&/LpiT] wyt;/LpiT] ËyIt&æ/LpiT] Úyt,&/LpiT] ytæ/LpiT]
ˆh,yte/kr]Bi µh,yte/kr]Bi ˆk,yte/kr]Bi µk,yte/kr]Bi Wnyt&e/kr]Bi h;yt&,/kr]Bi wyt;/kr]Bi ËyIt&æ/kr]Bi Úyt,&/kr]Bi ytæ/kr]Bi
2.
a. µk,ylea}/µk,l; b. ylæ[;
c. Úyd,&[; d. wyr;j}aæ
e. Wnyte&j]Tæ f. ˆh,ylea}/ˆh,l;
g. h;yd,&[; h. µh,yle[}
3.
a. yli b. ylæ[;
c. ÚM]mi d. Úyl,&a;
e. Ht;ao f. h;yr,&j}aæ
g. WnM;&[i/WnT;ai h. WnyTe&j]Tæ
i. µK,mi j. µk,yrej}aæ
k. hN:he&K; l. ˆh,ylea}
4.
a. ykæl;m] b. wyn:P;
c. Úyn,/& yb]a, d. µh,yt/Tv]qæ
e. ˆk,yneh}Ko f. h;yt,&/rx]/a
g. ˆk,yte/jn“mi h. h;yT,&B;
i. ˆh,yte/jP]v]mi j. Wnyte&/aF;jæ
k. ˆh,yneK]v]mi l. ytæ/jB]z“mi
m. yræ[}væ n. h;yc,&[}mæ
o. µh,yreb]Di p. wyl;yae
q. µk,yreGE r. Úyt,&/tB]væ
s. µk,yte/b[}/T t. ydæb;[}
u. Úyt,&/x]mi v. µh,yfeb]vi
w. h;yt,&/mh}B] x. ˆh,yjet]Pi
y. Wnyle&D;g“mi z. yQæju
aa. Úyt,&/jp]vi bb. wyr;/mj}
cc. h;yr,&yqi dd. h;yt,&/m/lj}
ee. ˆk,ylek]yhe ff. µh,ydeg“Bi
gg. Wnyte&/rx; hh. µh,yreyvi
ii. ËyItæ&/mB; jj. wyn:n:[}
kk. µk,yte/kr]Bi ll. wyt;/v]qæ
5.
a. yviD:q]mi b. yvæD:q]mi
c. Úm]r]Kæ d. µk,ymer“Kæ
e. Út]m;B; f. µk,yte/mB;
g. /tj;p]vi h. wyt;j;p]vi
i. Hr;/B j. h;yt,&/r/B
k. Wnre&/mj} l. Wnyre&/mj}
m. µk,t]mæa} n. µk,ytehomaæ
o. Ëtem;/j p. ËyIt&æ/m/j
q. µr;/D r. µh,yte/r/D
s. ˆT;j]Pæv]mi t. ˆh,yte/jP]v]mi
6.
a. ytiyBe lWm rv,a} l/dG:hæ rh;N:hæAymeAta, µytivo taoZhæ hV;aih;w“ aWhhæ vyaih;
b. µh,yte/dc]Bi/µh,ydec]Bi µb;h;z“ tae µyaix]mo µn:yae yKi hk,Bo µ[;h;
c. wyr;j}aæ td,m,&[ow“ ˆymiy:l] hn:poW hm;q; hq;yDiXæhæ
d. ytæ/r/Tmi µyrIs; Úk]/tB] µyrIG: rv,a} Úyr,&GE
e. µj,l,&l] /tao µylia}vow“ yDib][æ taræql] i hd,C;læ µyxir: ˆ/yb]a,h; yneB]
f. vaeB; µk,yTeB;Ata, µypir]c yKi µt;ao fpevo fpeVohæ
g. hm;j;l]MiBæ hl;/dg“ h[;Wvy“ /l ˆtenO hw:hy“ yKi µr; yKilm] æAble
7.
a. But dust you shall eat all the days of your life.
˚yyj: µyyIjæ
b. These are the sons of Ham, according to their clans and to their languages, by their lands
and by their nations.
µtjpvm: t/jP;v]mi
µtnvl: t/n/vl]
µtxra: t/xr:a}
µhywg: µyI/G
c. He said to him, “I am the LORD who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldees to give to
you this land to inherit.”
d. I will fulfill my covenant between me and you and your descendents after you forever as
an everlasting covenant, to be your God and for your descendents after you.
ytyrb: tyrIB]
˚[rz: [ræz&,
µtrd: t/r/D
e. And he was waiting (literally: standing) upon them beneath the tree.
f. Our father is old and there is no man in the land to enter upon us (idiomatic for sexual
intercourse) according to the way of all the earth.
wnyba: ba;
g. The angel of the LORD called to him from the heavens and said, “Abraham, Abraham!”
And he replied, “Here I am.”
h. Now the LORD was standing beside him, and he said, “I am the LORD, the God of
Abraham, your father, and the God of Isaac. The land upon which you are lying I will
give to you and to your offspring.”
˚yba: ba;
˚[rz: [ræz,&
i. Esau took his wives and his sons and his daughters and all those living in his house and
his property and all his animals.
wyvn: µyvin:
wynb: µynIB;
wytnb: µyTiB;
wtyb: tyIBæ&
whnqm: hn,qm] i
wtmhb: hm;heB]
j. Now the hands of Moses became heavy, so they took a stone and placed (it) beneath him,
and he sat down upon it.
k. He sanctified Aaron and his garments and his sons and their garments with him.
wydgb: µydig:B]
wynb: µynIB;
l. And over the land he showed you his great fire, and his words you heard from the midst of
the fire.
wva: vae
wyrbd: µyrib;D“
Ëwt: Ëw<T&;
m. You should love the LORD your God and you should observe his injunctions and statutes
and judgments and commandments all the days.
wtrmçm: tr,m&,v]mi
wytqj: t/Qju
wyfpçm: µyfiP;v]mi
wytwxm: twOxm] i
n. The place that the LORD your God will choose from all your tribes to place his name.
µkyfbv: µyfib;v]
wmv: µve
o. He will take your male and female servants and your good young men and your asses.
µkydb[: µydib;[}
µkytwjpç: t/jp;v]
µkyrwjb: µyrIWjBæ
µkyrwmj: µyrI/mj}
p. Solomon lay with his fathers and he was buried in the city of David, his father, and
Rehoboam, his son, reigned after him.
wytba: t/ba;
wyba: ba;
wnb: ˆBe
q. The word of the LORD came to me, saying
r. We and our fathers, our kings and our officials, in the cities of Judah and in the streets of
Jerusalem
wnytba: t/ba;
wnyklm: µykil;m]
wnyrç: µyrIc;
s. But you did not return to me, saying of the LORD.
t. The one who hears (or: the hearer of) prayer—to you all flesh will come!
1.
a. tjæaæ t[e/µ[æPæ&
b. dj;a, rb;D;
c. µyviD;q]mi µyIn"&v] µyIn"&v] µyviD;q]mi µyviD;q]mi ynev]
d. t/[b;G“ µyTæ&v] µyTæ&v] t/[b;G“ t/[b;G“ yTev]
e. t/rx;/a hv;løv] hv;løv] t/rx;/a t/rx;/a tv,l&ov]
f. t/x[e vlv; vlv; t/x[e t/x[e vlv]
g. t/rx; [Bær]aæ [Bær]aæ t/rx;
h. µyviD;q]mi h[;B;r]aæ h[;B;r]aæ µyviD;q]mi µyviD;q]mi t[æB&ær]aæ
i. t/tv;q] vmej; vmej; t/tv;q] t/tv;q] vmej}
j. t/ba; hV;mij} hV;mij} t/ba; t/ba; tv,me&j}
k. vve t/kr:B] t/kr:B] vve
l. t/r/B hV;vi hV;vi t/r/B t/r/B tv,ve&
m. t/tl;D] [bæv,& [bæv,& t/tl;D]
n. µyriz: h[;b]vi h[;b]vi µyriz: µyriz: t[æb]vi
o. µymir:K] hn:mov] hn:mov] µymir:K] µymir:K] tn"mov]
p. t/LpiT] hn,mov] hn,mov] t/LpiT]
q. µyrIyvi h[;v]Ti h[;v]Ti µyrIyvi µyrIyvi t[æv]Ti
r. µyrI[; [væTe& [væTe& µyrI[; µyrI[; [væT]
s. t/mB; rc,[, rc,[, t/mB;
t. µyrI/mz“mi hr;c;[} hr;c;[} µyri/mz“mi µyrI/mz“mi tr,c,&[}
u. t/nm;l]aæ hrec][, yTev][æ t/nm;la] æ hrec][, tjæaæ
v. µydil;y“ rc;[; yTev][æ µydil;y“ rc;[; djæaæ
w. µyliq;v] rc;[; µynev]
x. t/ma; hrec][, µyTev]
y. t/mx;[} hrec][, vlv]
z. µyliysiK] rc;[; hv;lv]
aa. µyXiji rc;[; h[;B;r]aæ
bb. µykir;D“ hrec][, [Bær]aæ
cc. t/nB; hrec][, vmej}
dd. µynIB; rc;[; hV;mij}
ee. t/t/a hrec][, vve
ff. t/nB;r“q; rc;[; hV;vi
gg. t/m/j hrec][, [bæv]
hh. µyrixej} rc;[; h[;b]vi

ii. µyrip;s] rc;[; hn:mov]
jj. t/b[e/T hrec][, hn,mov]
kk. t/rh;n“ rc;[; h[;v]Ti
ll. µymi[;P]/µyTi[i hrec][, [væT]
mm. µycib;K] µyric][,
nn. t/tB;væ µyric][,
oo. t/Maæ µyvilv]
pp. [ræz,& µy[iB;r]aæ
qq. µydig:B] µyVimij}
rr. µyliyae µyVivi
ss. t/br:j} µy[ib]vi
tt. t/jn:m] µynImov]
uu. t/r[;n“ µy[iv]Ti
vv. µy[iv;r“ ha;me
ww. t/[v;r“h; taæm]
ww. µyTiB; h[;B;r“aæw“ µyVimij} *
xx. µynIh}Ko µyIn"&v]W µynImov] *
yy. µ/y/µymiy: hV;mij}w" µy[iv]Ti*
zz. t/lyle yxije&w: hn,mov]W µyVivi*
aaa. µykia;l]mæ h[;v]tiw“ µyvilv] *
bbb. µyliysiK] /BrI*
ccc. âxo dj;a,w“ µyvilv] t/ame tmej} µyItæ&am; *
ddd. µyvin:a} rc;[; hV;viw“ µyItæ&am;W πl,a,& *
*There is substantial variation in the forms of large numbers
2.
a. ˆ/varih; µ/qM;hæ b. tynIVehæ hV;aih;
c. yviliV]hæ vyaih; d. y[ibir“h; µ[;h;
e. yviymij}hæ db,[&,h; f. yViVihæ vdoQ;hæ vyaih;
g. y[iybiV]hæ hw:hy“Aaybin“ h. ynIymiV]hæ vd,jo&hæ
i. ty[iviT]hæ hl;/[h; j. yriyci[}h; gj;h,
k. rc;[; h[;B;r]aæh; fb,Ve&hæ l. hv;lv]W µyVimij}hæ sWShæ
3.
a. All the days which Adam lived were 930 years, and he died.
b. All the days of Enoch were 365 years.
c. From the age of (literally: son of) twenty years and above, for 603,550
d. The 1,775
e. He had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen.
f. In the twenty-third year of Nebuchadrezzar, Nebuzaradan, the chief of the guards,
exiled the Judeans—745 persons. All the persons (equaled) 4,600.
g. The sons of Parosh were 2,172. The sons of Shephatiah were 372.
h. The entire assembly as one (equaled) 42,360, aside from their male and female
servants: these numbered 7,337. They also had 200 male and female singers. Their
horses numbered 736. Their mules numbered 245. Their camels numbered 435.
Their asses numbered 6,720.
1.
a. bn"G:: lqæ 3ms perfect, root: bng, “he stole”; µT,b]n"G“:lqæ 2mp perfect, root: bng, “you (mp)
stole”; in the second form, the heavy suffix µT,- receives the stress, and thus the initial
≈meq; vowel reduces to a [n: aw:v] due to ppr.
b. dbeK;: lqæ 3ms perfect, root: dbk, “he was heavy”; T]d]bæK;: lqæ 2fs perfect, root: dbk, “you
(fs) were heavy”; dbk is a stative verb, and thus its theme vowel is an “i” class vowel;
in the 2fs form (like most forms), however, Philippi’s rule is applied, and thus a short
“a” vowel replaces the long “i” vowel.
c. btoK]: lqæ ms imperative, root: btk, “Write!”; ybit]Ki: lqæ fs imperative, root: btk,
“Write!”; the imperative is identical to the imperfect without its prefix; in the case of
ybit]Ki, the rule of aw:v] applies, and thus the initial vocal aw:v] changes to a qr,yji.
d. bWtK;: lqæ ms passive participle, root: btk, “it is written”; t/bWtK]: lqæ fp passive
participle, root: btk, “they (f) are written”; because the final syllable receives the
stress in the plural form, the initial ≈meq; vowel reduces to a [n: aw;v] due to ppr.
e. bTok]yI: lqæ 3ms imperfect, root: btk, “He will write”; WbT]k]yI: lqæ 3mp imperfect, root: btk,
“They (m) will write”; because the plural form has ultimate stress, which opens the
penultimate syllable, through pretonic reduction the pretonic “u” class vowel (the
µl,/j) reduces to a [n: aw:v].
f. bteKo: lqæ ms active participle, root: btk, “he is writing”; t/bt]K:o lqæ fp active participle,
root: btk, “They (f) are writing”; because the plural form has ultimate stress, which
opens the penultimate syllable, the pretonic “i” class vowel (the µl,/j) reduces to a [n:
aw:v] (pretonic reduction).
2.
Perfect
3ms rpæs; dbeK; ˆfoq;
3fs hr;p]s; hd;b]K; hn:f]q;
2ms T;r“pæ&s; T;d]b&æK; T;n“fo&q;
2fs T]r“pæs; T]d]bæK; T]n“fo&q;
1cs yTir“pæ&s; yTid]bæ&K; yTin“fo&q;
3cp Wrp]s; Wdb]K; Wnf]q;
2mp µT,r“pæs] µT,d]bæK] µT,n“f;q]
2fp ˆT,r“pæs] ˆT,d]bæK] ˆT,n“f;q]
1cp Wnr“pæ&s; Wnd]bæ&K; WNfo&q;
Imperfect
3ms ˆKov]yI dmæl]yI
3fs ˆKov]Ti dmæl]Ti
2ms ˆKov]Ti dmæl]Ti
2fs ynIK]v]Ti ydIm]l]Ti
1cs ˆKov]a, dmæl]a,
3mp WnK]v]yI Wdm]l]yI
3fp hN:Ko&v]Ti hn:d]mæ&l]Ti
2mp WnK]v]Ti Wdm]l]Ti
2fp hN:Ko&v]Ti hn:d]mæ&l]Ti
1cp ˆKov]nI dmæl]nI
Imperative
ms ˆkov] dmæl]
fs ynIk]vi ydim]li
mp Wnk]vi Wdm]li
fp hN:ko&v] hn:d]mæ&l]
Infinitive
construct: rkoz“
absolute: r/kz:
1cs yrIk]z:
2ms Úr“k]z:
2fs Ërek]z:
3ms /rk]z:
3fs Hr;k]z:
1cp Wnr&ek]z:
2mp µk,r“k]z:
2fp ˆk,r“k]z:
3mp µr;k]z:
3fp ˆr;k]z:
Participle
active passive
ms rbeqo rWbq;
fs hr;b]qo/tr,b,&qo hr:Wbq]
mp µyrIb]qo µyrIWbq]
fp t/rb]qo t/rWbq]
3. Note: Almost all third person imperfect forms are also theoretically jussive.
Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translation
fqv perf 2 f s you were quiet
rvq impv (2) m s tie!
inf const to tie/tying
bng conv impf 1 c s I stole
nqz impf 3 m s he will be/grow old
crp inf const +1cs suf my spreading
kpv impv (2) f s spill out!
rkm inf abs certainly sell
rgs pass part closed
vrg cohort (1) c s may I chase out
nmf act part f s is hiding
mjr pass part f p are pitied
lvm conv perf 3 m s he will rule
rxq impf 2, 3 f p you/they will cut, reap
vpt perf 2 f p you caught
bkr impf m s ride!
inf const to ride
dkl impv (2) m p capture!
trk inf const +3fs suf their cutting
rbq inf abs certainly bury
tbv conv impf 3 m s he ceased
qbd conv perf 3 f s she will cling
bkr cohort (1) c p may we/let’s ride
rmv impf 3 m p pausal they will guard
qbd perf 2 m p you clung
dgb act part m p are acting treacherously
nkv inf con +3fs suf her dwelling
4.
a. ˆqæz“a,w: yTin“qæz:
b. yvir“d“Tiw" T]v]ræD;
c. fqov]
d. qDæx]Tiw" T;q]dæ&x;
e. hd;g“b;W dGOb]Ti
f. trok]Tiw" T;ræ&K;
g. hn:p]Do&r“Tiw" Wpd]r:
h. ˆWmf;
i. hr:K]m]nI
j. Wcr“Pi
k. bræq]Tiw" hb;r“q;
l. hn:r“xo&q]Tiw" ˆT,r“xæq]
m. dKol]yI dkol;
n. hr:B]v]nI
o. ytib]v;
p. WbK]r“Tiw" µT,b]kær“
q. t/rWgs]
r. µyliv]m
s. lDæg“YIw" ldæG:
t. Wnd]mæl;w“ dmæl]nI
u. hn:d]ko&l]
v. qBæd]yI
5.
a. Reuben went and lay with Bilhah, the concubine of his father, and Israel heard.
˚lyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - klh
bkvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - bkv
[mvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – [mv
b. If a man steals a bull or a sheep…he must pay five (head of) cattle in the place of the
bull and four (head of) sheep in the place of the sheep.
bngy: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root - bng
µlvy: l[ePi 3ms imperfect; root - µlv
c. Remember what the LORD your God did to Miriam, on the way as you left Egypt.
rwkz: lqæ infinitive absolute; root - rkz
hc[: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - h/yc[
µktaxb: lqæ infinitive construct + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; root - axy
d. Only be very careful to do the commandment and the law which Moses, the servant
of the LORD, commanded you, to love the LORD your God and to walk in all his
ways and to keep his commandments and to cling to him and to serve him with all
your heart and with all your soul.
wrmv: lqæ mp imperative; root – rmv
twc[l: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – h/yc[
hwx: l[ePi 3ms perfect; root – h/ywx
hbhal: lqæ feminine infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – bha
tkll: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – klh
rmvl: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – rmv

hqbdlw: lqæ feminine infinitive construct + -l] preposition and conjunctive -w; root – qbd
wdb[lw: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition, conjunctive –w, and 3ms object suffix; root
- db[
e. They said to him, “Look, you have become old, and your sons have not walked in
your ways. Now, place a king over us to lead us like all the nations!”
tnqz: lqæ 2ms perfect; root - nqz
wklh: lqæ 3mp perfect; root – klh
hmyc: lqæ ms elongated imperative; root – myc
wnfpvl: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition + 1cp object suffix; root - fpv
f. “And you will rule over Israel…and indeed, Saul my father knows as much.” The
two of them made a covenant before the LORD, and David stayed in Horshah, while
Jonathan went to his house.
˚lmt: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root – klm
[dy: lqæ ms active participle; root - [dy
wtrkyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect; root – trk
bvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – bvy
˚lh: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - klh
g. Now the rest of the deeds of Omri which he did and his might that he exhibited—are
they not written in the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel? Omri laid down
with his fathers, and he was buried in Samaria, and Ahab his son ruled in his place.
Now Ahab, the son of Omri, became king over Israel in the thirty-eighth year of
Asah, the king of Judah, and Ahab, the son of Omri, ruled over Israel in Samaria for
twenty-two years. Ahab, the son of Omri, did more evil in the eyes of the LORD,
more than all who reigned before him.
hc[: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - h/yc[
µybwtk: lqæ mp passive participle; root – btk
bkvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - bkv
rbqyw: l[æpn] I 3ms converted imperfect; root – rbq
˚lm: lqæ 3ms perfect; root – klm
˚lmyw: 3ms imperfect; root – klm
c[yw: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root - h/yc[
h. Jehoshaphat said, “Is there no longer a prophet of the LORD here that we may inquire
of him?”
rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – rma
hvrdnw: lqæ 1cp cohortative (+ -w); root - vrd
Answer Key for

by Mark Zvi Brettler
yalebooks.com
1.
a. hq;[}xæ (“she cried out”) - h[;m]v; (“she heard”)
Each form is a lqæ 3fs perfect, roots – q[x and [mv; due to the second guttural in q[x, the
[n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.
b. rzo[}y" (“he will help”) - rGOs]yI (“he will close”)
Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect, roots – rz[ and rgs; the first guttural in the root rz[
prefers a jTæP&æ vowel (partial assimilation), and the guttural prefers not to have a jn: aw:v], so
it becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.
c. jmæc]Ti (“you will rejoice”) - Ëløm]Ti (“you will rule”)
Each form is a lqæ 2ms/3fs imperfect, roots – jmc and klm; the third guttural in the root
jmc prefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class theme
vowel of the strong verb changes to a jTæP&æ.
d. µT,r]mæa} (“you [mp] said”) - µT,b]kær] (“you [mp] rode”)
Each form is a lqæ 2mp perfect, roots – rma and bkr; the first guttural in rma will not
tolerate a vocal aw:v] and thus the [n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.
e. r[æb]yI (“he will burn”) - troky] I (“he will cut”)
Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect, roots – r[b and trk; the second guttural in the root r[b
prefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class theme
f. hn:l]aæ&G“ (“Redeem!”) - hn:dq ] o&P] (“Visit/remember!”)
Each form is a lqæ fp imperative, roots – lag and dqp; the second guttural in the root lag
prefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class theme
g. hv;Wbj} (“bound”) - hr;Wkz] (“remembered”)
Each form is a lqæ fs passive participle, roots – vbj and rkz; the first guttural in vbj will
not tolerate a vocal aw:v] and thus the [n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.
h. ["Go&p]li (“to meet”) - laov]li (“to meet”)
Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition, roots – [gp and lav; the final ˆyI[&æ
takes a furtive jTæP&æ because it follows a “u” or “i” class vowel.
i. µq;[}z" (“their crying out”) - µn:m]f; (“their hiding”)
Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct + 3mp suffix, roots – q[z and nmf; second guttural
infinitive constructs with suffix are vocalized with a jTæP&æ followed by a jTæP&æ πfæj} under the
influence of the guttural (partial assimilation).
Answer Key for

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2.
Perfect
3ms dbæ[; djæP; [ræK;
3fs hd;b][; hd;j}P; h[;r“K;
2ms T;d]bæ&[; T;d]jæ&P; T;[]ræ&K;
2fs T]d]bæ[; T]d]jæP; T][]ræK;
1cs yTid]bæ&[; yTid]jæ&P; yTi[]ræ&K;
3cp Wdb][; Wdj}P; W[r“K;
2mp µT,d]bæ[} µT,d]jæP] µT,[]ræK]
2fp ˆT,d]bæ[} ˆT,d]jæP] ˆT,[]ræK]
1cp Wnd]bæ&[; Wnd]jæ&P; Wn[]ræ&K;
Imperfect
3ms rbo[}y" qz"j‘y< πaæn“yI
3fs rbo[}Tæ qz"j‘T, πaæn“Ti
2ms rbo[}Tæ qz"j‘T, πaæn“Ti
2fs yrib][æTæ yqiz“j,T, ypia}n“Ti
1cs rbo[‘a, qz"j‘a, πaæn“a,
3mp Wrb][æy" Wqz“j,y< Wpa}n“yI
3fp hn:r]bo&[}Tæ hn:q]zæ&j‘T, hn:p]aæ&n“Ti
2mp Wrb][æTæ Wqz“j,T, Wpa}n“Ti
2fp hn:r]bo&[}Tæ hn:q]zæ&j‘T, hn:p]aæ&n“Ti
1cp rbo[}n" qz"j‘n< πaæn“nI
Imperative
ms qzæj} Ëro[} saæm] jræB]
fs yqiz“ji ykir“[i ysia}mæ yjir“Bi
mp Wqz“ji Wkr“[i Wsa}mæ Wjr“Bi
fp hn:q]zæ&j} hn:k]ro&[} hn:s]aæ&m] hn:j]ræ&B]
Answer Key for

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Infinitive
construct: q[ox]
absolute: q/[x;
1cs yqi[}xæ
2ms Úq][æxæ
2fs Ëqe[}xæ
3ms /q[}xæ
3fs Hq;[}xæ
1cp Wnqe&[}xæ
2mp µk,q][æxæ
2fp ˆk,q][æxæ
3mp µq;[}xæ
3fp ˆq;[}xæ
Participle
active passive
ms laev o ["d&eyO lWav; ["Wd&y:
fs hl;a}vo/tl,a&,vo h[;d]yO/t[ædæ&yO hl;Wav] h[;Wdy“
mp µylia}vo µy[id]yO µyliWav] µy[iWdy“
fp t/la}vo t/[d]yO t/lWav] t/[Wdy“
Answer Key for

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3.
jkv act part m s he forgets
[bc perf 2 f p you were sated
xjr inf const +3fs suff her washing
mkj conv impf 3 m s he was wise
pan impf 3 f s she will commit adultery
impf 2 m s you will commit adultery
l[p conv perf 1 c s we will do/make
qjr conv impf 3 m s he was distant
lba conv perf 3 c p they will mourn
jxr inf const +1cs suff my murdering
bz[ impv f s leave!
s[k impf 3 m p they will be angry
qjc conv impf 1 c s I laughed
jls impv m s forgive!
Hbg perf 1 c s I was high
vrj conv impf 1 c p we plowed
kph inf const turning, to turn
impv m s turn!
[qb act part m s he splits, is splitting
jvm act part f s she is anointing
ljn conv perf 3 c p they will inherit
sam perf 3 c p they despised
jbz inf const to sacrifice, sacrificing
bvj impv f p think!
pan perf 3 c p they were adulterous
[rq inf abs will certainly tear
njb cohort (1) (c) p let us examine
Answer Key for

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4.
a. qOlj}Y"w" qlæj;
b. hD;b][,a,
c. j"fe&Bo (hT;aæ)
d. Wfj}v]YIw" Wfj}væ
e. tjæmæ&xo
f. µyliv]K
g. t/jq]lø
h. [væp]Ti laæ
i. t/q[}xo
j. WxP]j]Tæw" µT,x]pæj}
k. ldæj}
l. ["le&Bo
m. y[im]v]Tiw" T][æmæ&v;
n. rjoB]
o. Hr:j}Bæ
p. hq;[}z“nI
5.
a. They said to him, “Where is Sarah, your wife?” And he said, “Here in the tent.” And
he said, “I will surely return to you next year, and your wife Sarah will have a son.”
Now Sarah was listening at the opening of the tent, which (literally: and it) was
behind him. Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in days.
wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rma
rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma
t[mç: lqæ fs active participle – root [mv
bwça bwç: lqæ inf abs + 1cs imperfect – root bwv
µyab: lqæ mp active participle – root awb
˚tça: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form hV;ai
b. They said, “The man indeed asked of us and of our family, saying, ‘Is your father still
alive? Do you have a brother?’”
laç lwaç: lqæ inf abs + 3ms perfect – root lav
rmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rma
wntdlwmlw: fs noun + 1cp suffix + conjunctive -W + -l] preposition; abs. form td,l,&/m
µkyba: ms noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form ba;
Answer Key for

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c. He will surely cry out to me, and I will surely hear his cry, and I will become angry
and will slay you will the sword, and your wives will be widows, and your children
will be orphans.
q[xy q[x: lqæ inf abs + 3ms imperfect – root q[x
[mça [mç: lqæ inf abs + 1cs imperfect – root [mç
hrjw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yrj
ytgrhw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root grh
wyhw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root h/yyh
wtq[x: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form hq;[;x]
µkyçn: fp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyvin:
µkynbw: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form µynIB;
d. You should rejoice before the LORD our God—you and your sons and your
daughters and your male and female servants and the Levite who is in your gates, for
he has no tribal allotment with you.
µtjmçw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root jmc
µkyhla: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyhiløa‘
µkynbw: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form µynIB;
µkytnbw: fp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form t/nB;
µkydb[w: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form µydib;[}
µkythmaw: fp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form t/ma;
µkyr[çb: mp noun + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form µyri[;v]
e. All the elders of Israel came to Hebron to the king, and King David made a treaty
with them at Hebron before the LORD, and they anointed David as king over Israel.
David was 30 years old when he became king, and he reigned for 40 years. He ruled
over Judah in Hebron for seven years and six months, and he ruled over all of Israel
and Judah in Jerusalem for 33 years.
wabyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root awb
trkyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root trk
wjçmyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jvm
wklmb: lqæ inf const + 3ms suff + -B] prep – root klm
˚lm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root klm
f. He said to Jeroboam, “Take for yourself ten torn pieces, for thus said the LORD, the
God of Israel, ‘Look, I am tearing the kingdom from the hand of Solomon, and I am
giving to you ten of the tribes, but the one tribe will be his, for the sake of my servant
David, and for the sake of Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen from all the tribes
of Israel.’”
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jq: lqæ ms impv – root jql

rma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rma
[rq: lqæ ms act participle – root [rq
yttnw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root ntn
hyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyh
ytrjb: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rjb
ydb[: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form db,[,&
g. “Why do I need (literally: why to me) an abundance of your sacrifices?” says the
LORD. “I am sated with burnt offerings of rams and fat of fatlings; I take no delight
in the blood of bulls, lambs, and he goats.”
rmay: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rma
yt[bç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root [bc
ytxpj: lqæ 1cs perfect – root xpj
µkyjbz: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyjib;z“
h. “Also, in those days,” saying of the LORD, “I will not make an annihilation of you.
When they say, ‘On what account has the LORD our God done all of these (things) to
us?’ you shall say to them, ‘Just as you have abandoned me and have served foreign
gods in your land, you will serve foreigners in a land that is not yours.’”
hç[a: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yc[
hyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yyh
wrmat: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root rma
hç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root h/yc[
trmaw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rma
µtbz[: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root bz[
wdb[tw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect – root db[
wnyhla: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs. form µyhiløa‘
µkxrab: fs noun + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form ≈r,a,&
i. “I will break your (literally: break for you) staff of bread, and I will let loose upon
you a famine and evil wild beasts and they will make you childless, and pestilence
and blood will pass through you, and I will bring a sword upon you—I the LORD
have spoken.”
ytrbçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root rbv
ytjlçw: l[ePi 1cs converted perfect – root jlv
˚lkçw: l[ePi 3cp converted perfect + 2ms suffix (pausal) – root lkv
rb[y: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rb[
ayba: ly[ip]hi 1cs imperfect – root awb
ytrbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbd
Answer Key for

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j. My life is constantly in my hand—your Torah I do not forget.

ytjkç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root jkv
yçpn: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form vp,n,&
ypkb: ms noun + 1cs suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form πKæ
˚trwtw: fs noun + 2ms suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form hr;/T
Alternate translation with ÚP]Kæb]: My life is always in your hand, and your Torah I do not
forget
1.
a. qVæyI (“he will kiss”) - dBæk]yI (“he is heavy”)
Both forms are lqæ 3ms imperfects – roots qvn and dbk; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWn
verb) assimilates, thus qvæn“yI* > qVæyI.
b. ynIT]Ti (“you will give”) - ydiq]p]Ti (“you will visit/remember”)
Both forms are lqæ 2fs imperfects – roots ntn and dqp; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWn
verb) assimilates, thus ynIT]n“Ti* > ynIT]Ti.
c. jQ'Ti (“you/she will take”) - [mæv]Ti (“you/she will hear”)
Both forms are lqæ 2ms/3fs imperfects – roots jql and [mv; because of its semantic
relation to *ˆtn, the root jql acts like a first ˆWn verb in the imperfect, and thus the initial l
assimilates.
d. rXoa, (“I will guard”) – πDor“a, (“I will chase”)
Both forms are lqæ 1cs imperfects – roots rxn and pdr; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWn
verb) assimilates, thus rxon“a,* > rXoa,.
e. ytir“Ki (“Cut!) - yviG“ (“Approach!”)
Both forms are lqæ fs imperatives – roots trk and vgn; in first ˆWn verbs, the initial ˆWn is lost
in the imperative.
f. Wrb]qi (“Bury!”) – Wvr“ (“Inherit!”)
Both forms are lqæ mp imperatives – roots rbq and vry; the initial d/y in first d/y verbs
disappears in the imperative.
2. Note: forms that do not appear below are not attested in BH

Perfect
3ms zjæa; rxæy:
3fs hz;j}a; hr;x]y:
2ms T;z“jæ&a; T;r“xæ&y:
2fs T]z“jæa; T]r“xæy:
1cs yTiz“jæ&a; yTir“xæ&y:
3cp Wzj}a; Wrx]y:
2mp µT,z“jæa} µT,r“xæy“
2fp ˆT,z“jæa} ˆT,r“xæy“
1cp Wnz“jæ&a; Wnr“xæ&y:
Imperfect
3ms vbæyyI dreyE πGOyI rDoyI dbæayo rsoa‘y<
3fs vbæyTi dreTe πGOTi rDoTi dbæaTo rsoa‘T,
2ms vbæyTi dreTe πGOTi rDoTi dbæaTo rsoa‘T,
2fs yvib]yTi yDir“Te ypiG“Ti yrID]Ti yDib]aTo yris]a,T,
1cs vbæyai dreae πGOa, rDoa, dbæao rsoa‘a,
3mp Wvb]yyI Wdr“yE WpG“yI WrD]yI Wdb]ayo Wrs]a,y<
3fp hn:d]ræ&Te hn:p]Go&Ti hn:r“Do&Ti hn:d]bæ&aTo hn:r“so&a‘T,
2mp Wvb]yTi Wdr“Te WpG“Ti WrD“Ti Wdb]aTo Wrs]a,T,
2fp hn:r“so&a‘T,
1cp vbæynI drenE πGOnI rDonI dbæano rsoa‘n<
Imperative
ms vBæ dre πgon“ rdon“ dboa‘ rsoa‘
fs yviB] ydir“ ypig“nI yrid“nI ydib]ai yris]ai
mp WvB] Wdr“ Wpg“nI Wrd“nI Wdb]ai Wrs]ai
fp hn:d]ræ& hn:p]go&n“ hn:r“do&n“ hn:r“so&a‘
Infinitive
construct: tv,G<& tb,v,& πsoa‘
absolute: v/gn: b/vy: π/sa;
1cs yTiv]GI yTib]vi yPis]a;
2ms ÚT]v]GI ÚT]b]vi ÚP]s]a;
2fs ËTev]GI ËTeb]vi ËPes]a;
3ms /Tv]GI /Tb]vi /Ps]a;
3fs HT;v]GI HT;b]vi HP;s]a;
1cp WnT&ev]GI WnTe&b]vi WnPe&s]a;
2mp µk,T]v]GI µk,T]b]vi µk,P]s]a;
2fp ˆk,T]v]GI ˆk,T]b]vi ˆk,P]s]a;
3mp µT;v]GI µT;b]vi µP;s]a;
3fp ˆT;v]GI ˆT;b]vi ˆP;s]a;
Participle
active
ms rmeao o rxeyO πgenO
fs hr:m]ao/tr,m,&ao hr:x]yO/tr,x,&yO hp;g“nO/tp,n<&nO
mp µyrim]ao µyrix]yO µypig“nO
fp t/rm]ao t/rx]yO t/pg“nO
passive
ms rWma; rWxy: πWgn:
fs hr:Wma} hr:Wxy“ hp;Wgn“
mp µyriWma} µyriWxy“ µypiWgn“
fp t/rWma} t/rWxy“ t/pWgn“
3.
lpn conv impf 3 f s she fell
2 m s you fell
dry impv m p go down!
bfy conv impf 3 m s he/it was good
klh impf 1 c p we will walk
pan inf abs certainly commit adultery
ljn perf 3 c p they possessed
psy perf 3 m s he did again/he added
vry inf const +3fs suffix to inherit it (f)/her inheriting
bvy inf const +3mp suffix their residing
lky impf 1 c p we will be able
vfn conv impf 3 m s he abandoned
rdn act part f s she is vowing
dsy act part f p they are establishing
mva impf 3 f s she will be guilty
2 m s you will be guilty
bvy impv f p sit!/reside!
klh impv m s elongated go!
jql impv m s take!
lpn cohort (1) (c) p let us fall
qny act part m p construct those who nurse of
vby conv perf 3 c p they will wither

vgn impv m p approach!
pgn inf const +3ms suffix his smiting
lky perf 3 c p pausal they were able
rma conv impf 3 m s he said
vry inf const to inherit
4.
a. bræq]Tiw" hb;r]q;
b. tv,r,&yO
c. yrid]nI
d. T;p]sæa;w“ πsoa‘T,
e. /Tv]GI
f. Wlp]n:w“ hn:l]Po&Ti
g. Wnb]v&æy:w“ bvenE
h. vræyaiw: yTiv]ræ&y:
i. Wbv]
j. ylik]aTow" T]l]kæa;
k. hq;x]y:w“ qXoTi
l. qvæn:w“ qvæyyI
m. µT,l]pæn“W WlP]Ti
n. dre
o. hz;j}a;w“ zjeaTo
p. yTid]bæa;w“ dbeao
q. hb;r“q]nI/hv;G“nI
r. lkæayo
s. µyriWsa}
t. Hl;k]a;
u. ˆT,j]qæl]W hn:j]Qæ&Ti
v. Wkl]Yew" Wkl]h;
5.
a. The woman said to the serpent, “From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
but from the fruit of the tree which is in the center of the garden, God said, ‘You may
not eat, nor may you touch it, lest you die.’”
rmatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rma
lkan: lqæ 1cp imperfect – root rma
wlkat: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root rma
w[gt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root [gn
ˆwtmt: lqæ 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root twm
b. Abraham fell upon his face and laughed and said to himself, “Can one be born to a
man of 100 years? And Sarah—can a 90 year old woman give birth?” And Abraham
said to God, “If only Ishmael could live before you!” God said, “Indeed, your wife
Sarah will bear to you a son and you shall call his name Isaac, and I will establish my
covenant with him as an eternal covenant for his descendents after him.”
lpyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lpn
qjxyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root qjx
dlwy: l[æp]nI 3ms imperfect – root dly
dlt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root dly
hyjy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyj
tdly: lqæ fs active participle – root dly
tarqw: lqæ 2ms converted imperfect – root arq
ytmqhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted imperfect – root mwq
wynp: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µynIP;
wblb: ms noun + 3ms suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form ble
˚ynpl: mp noun + 2ms suffix + -l] preposition; abs. form µynIP;
˚tça: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form hV;ai
wmç: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µve
ytyrb: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form tyriB]
w[rzl: ms noun + 3ms suffix + -l] preposition; abs. form [ræz,&
c. Jacob made a vow, saying, “If God remains with me and protects me on this way that
I am traveling and provides me with food to eat and a garment to wear, and should I
return safely to the house of my father, then the LORD shall be my God.
rdyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rdn
rmal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root rma
hyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyh
ynrmçw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect + 1cs suffix – root rmv
˚lwh: lqæ ms active participle; root - klh
ˆtnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root ntn
lkal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lka
çbll: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root vbl
ytbçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root bwv
hyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yyh
yba: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form ba;
d. The idea was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and all his servants, and Pharaoh said to his
servants, “Can a man be found like this one who has the spirit of God in him?”
bfyyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bfy
axmnh: l[æp]nI 3ms perfect + interrogative hhe – root axm
wydb[: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µydib;[}
e. His sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and call for you a nursemaid from
the Hebrew women that she may nurse the child for you?” Pharaoh’s daughter
replied, “Go!” And the young woman went and called the child’s mother.
˚lah: lqæ 1cs imperfect + interrogative hhe – root klh
ytarqw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root arq
qnytw: ly[ip]hi 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: - root qny
ykl: lqæ fs imperative – root klh
˚ltw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root klh
arqtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rma
wtja: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form t/ja;
f. I take as witnesses against you this day the heavens and the earth, for you will surely
perish quickly from upon the land which you are crossing the Jordan to inherit.
ytdy[h: ly[p]hi 1cs perfect – root dw[
ˆwdbat dba: lqæ infinitive absolute + 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dba
µyrb[: mp active participle – root rb[
htçrl: lqæ infinitive construct + 3fs suffix + -l] preposition – root vry
g. The sons of Judah approached Joshua at Gilgal, and Caleb, the son of Jephuneh, the
Kenizite, said to him, “You know the word that the LORD spoke to Moses, the man
of God, concerning me and you at Kadesh Barnea. I was forty years old when Moses,
the servant of the LORD, sent me from Kadesh Barnea to spy out the land, and I
returned to him a report in accord with my heart.”
wçgyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root vgn
t[dy: lqæ 2ms perfect – root [dy
rbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbd
jlçb: lqæ infinitive construct -B] preposition – root jlv
lgrl: l[ePi infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lgr
bçaw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted imperfect – root bwv
ybbl: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form bb;le
h. David said to Gad, “I am in much distress. Let us fall into the hand of the LORD, for
his compassion is great, but let me not fall into the hand of a man.”
hlpn: lqæ (1c)p cohortative – root lpn
hlpa la: (1c)s cohortative in prohibitive construction – root lpn
?wymjr¿ wmjr: the yreq] is a mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µymij}ræ
i. Thus said the king: “Quickly go down!” And Elijah answered and spoke to them, “If
I am the man of God, let fire come down from the heavens and consume you and your
fifty (men)!” And the fire of God came down from the heavens and consumed him
and his fifty (men).
hdr: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root dry
ˆ[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root h/yn[
rbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbd
drt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root dry
lkatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root lka
drtw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dry
˚yçmj: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form µyVimij}
wyçmj: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µyVimij}
j. In the days of Ahashverosh, the Ahashverosh who ruled from Hodu to Cush—over
127 provinces—in those days, when Ahashverosh the king sat upon the throne of his
kingdom, which was in Shushan, the citadel—in the third year of his reign, he gave a
party for all his officials and servants.
yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root h/yyh
˚lmh: lqæ ms active participle – root klm
tbçk: lqæ infinitive construct + -K] preposition – root bvy
wklml: lqæ infinitive construct + 3ms suffix + -l] preposition – root klm
wtwklm: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form tWkl]mæ
wyrç: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µyric;
wydb[w: mp noun + 3ms suffix + conjunctive –w“; abs. form µydib;[}
Answer Key by Mark Zvi Brettler and Jeffrey Stackert
1.
a. rs; (“he turned”) - fpæv; (“he judged”)
Each form is a lqæ 3ms perfect – roots rws and fpv; because rs; comes from the hollow
root rws, it appears as a biliteral form with a long vowel in the lqæ 3ms perfect.
b. µt,ar:B] (“you created”) - µT,j]xær“ (“you murdered”)
Each form is a lqæ 2mp perfect – roots arb and jxr; in µt,ar:B], the πl,a;& quiesces, requiring
a long vowel (≈meq;). This creates an open syllable, so the following wT; does not take a
lq vgd.
c. t/nq] (“to buy”) - ≈/bq] (“to gather”)
Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct – roots h/ynq and xbq; final d/y verbs form their
infinitive constructs with the form t/ ].
d. t;/B&sæ (“you surrounded”) - T;j]væ&m; (“you anointed”)
Each form is a lqæ 2ms perfect – roots bbs and jvm; because t;/B&sæ is from the geminate
root bbs, its third root letter is preserved as the vgED: in the b, and the suffix is added to the
base -/Bsæ.
e. am;f]yI (“he will be impure”) - rhæf]yI (“he will be pure”)
Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect – roots amf and rhf; in the third πl,a;& verb, the πl,a;&
quiesces, and the preceding vowel lengthens to ≈meq;.
f. µyrir}xo (“they are showing hostility”) - µybiv]j (“they are thinking”)
Each form is a lqæ mp active participle– roots rrx and bvj; in the geminate plural active
participles, the [n: aw:v] characteristic of the strong form is replaced by a jTæPæ πfæj}.
2. Note: forms that do not appear below are not attested in BH

Perfect
3ms µr: tme rv; ar;q; alem; hp;x; llæq;
3fs hm;r:& hT;me& hr:v&; ha;r“q; ha;l]m; ht;p]x; hl;l}q;
2ms T;m]ræ& hT;m&æ T;r“væ& t;ar;&q; t;ale&m; t;ypi&x; t;/L&qæ
2fs T]m]ræ T]r“væ tar;q; talem; typix; t/Lqæ
1cs yTim]ræ& yTimæ& yTir“væ& ytiar;&q; ytiale&m; ytiypi&x; yti/L&qæ
3cp Wmr:& Wtme& Wrv;& War“q; Wal]m; Wpx; Wll}q;
2mp µT,m]ræ µT,r“væ µt,ar;q] µt,alem] µt,ypix] µt,/L&qæ
2fp ˆT,m]ræ ˆt,ypix]
1cp Wnm]r&æ Wnt]mæ& Wnr“væ& Wnar;&q; Wnale&m; Wnypi&x; Wn/L&qæ
Imperfect
3ms µWry: tWmy: ryviy: ar;qy] I al;m]yI hP,x]yI lqæyE
3fs µWrT; tWmT; ryviT; ar;q]Ti al;m]Ti hP,x]Ti lqæTe
2ms µWrT; tWmT; ryviT; ar;q]Ti al;m]Ti hP,x]Ti lqæTe
2fs ymiWr&T; ytiWm&T; yriyvi&T; yair]q]Ti yail]m]Ti yPix]Ti yLiqæ&Te
1cs µWra; tWma; ryvia; ar;q]a, al;m]a, hP,x]a, lqæae
3mp WmWr&y: WtWm&y: Wryvi&y: War]q]yI Wal]m]yI WPx]yI WLqæ&yE
3fp hn:ym,&WrT]* hn:yt,&WmT]* hn:r]ve&T; hn:ar&,q]Ti hn:al,&m]Ti hn:yP,&x]Ti
2mp WmWr&T; WtWm&T; Wryvi&T; War]q]Ti Wal]m]Ti WP]x]Ti WLqæ&Te
2fp hn:ym,&WrT]* hn:yt,&WmT]* hn:r“ve&T; hn:ar&,q]Ti hn:al,&m]Ti hn:yP,&x]Ti
1cp µWrn: tWmn: ryvin: ar;qn] I al;m]nI hP,x]nI lqænE
* the forms hn:m]ro&T;/hn:t]mo&T; also appear
Imperative
ms µWr tWm ryvi ar;q] al;m] hpex] lqo
fs ymiWr& ytiWm& yriyvi& yair]qi yail]mi ypix] yLiqo&
mp WmWr& WtWm& Wryvi& War]qi Wal]mi Wpx] WLqo&
fp hn:m]ro& hn:t]mo& hn:ar&,q] hn:al,&m] hn:ype&x]
Participle
active
ms sn: br: ht,vo apero µmeDo
fs hs;n: hb;r: ht;vo tapero tm,m,&Do
mp µysin: µybir: µytivo µyaip]ro µymim]Do
fp t/sn: t/br: t/t/v t/ap]ro t/mm]Do
passive
ms very rare yWtv; aWpr: µWmD:
fs for hy:Wtv] ha;Wpr“ hm;WmD“
mp hollow µyIWtv] µyaiWpr“ µymiWmD“
fp roots t/yWtv] t/aWpr“ t/mWmD“
Infinitive
construct: sWn byrI t/tv] apor“ µDo
absolute: s/n b/r htov; apor: µ/mD:
3.
swn perf 3 m s he fled
act part m s he is fleeing
mmd impf 3 c p they will be silent
ybr impv m p be numerous!
byr impv m p fight!
mmt perf 3 c p they ceased
twm perf 1 c s I died
ynp jussive 3 f s may she turn
2 m s may you turn
lyg conv perf 3 m s he will rejoice
ybv conv impf 3 m s he captured
ysk inf const +2fs suff your covering
mmc impf 3 m s he will be desolate
lyg impv f s rejoice!
tyv inf const +1cs suff my placing
ynb inf const his building
nnr impv f s +3ms suff rejoice!/cry out!
ynz conv impf 3 m s they prostituted
yxr impf 2 m p you will be pleased
yrp act part m s is fruitful
ylk conv impf 3 f s she finished
ydp pass part m p construct redeemed (of)
vwb inf abs certainly embarrass
xwp impf 2/3 f p + “and” (-w) you/they will be scattered
lyj impv m p writhe!
yvq conv impf 3 m s he was difficult
yzb perf 3 c p they despised
4.
a. hl;T; lt,YI&w"
b. ˆt,ap;r“ hn:aP,&r“Tiw"
c. πW[y: π/[
d. ht;f]m;W f/mTi
e. tz,z,&Bo
f. µyci/tyvi
g. µt;/lG“
h. yaer]yI
i. rhæTæ&w" ht;r“h;
j. HT;d]liB] ht;v]q; HT;d]liB] vq,Ti&w"
k. yWlT;
l. hx;r:
m. ≈r:T;&w" hx;r:&
n. ≈Wr
o. hx;ro
p. ht;r]g:w“ rWgT;
q. ]b]YEw" hk;B;
r. WnyBi&
s. yTiv]bæ&W v/bae
t. ymiWq
u. ypiW[&
v. WmD]YIw" Wmm}D;
w. yaix]m]Tiw" tax;m;
x. h[;To
y. t/nz“
5.
a. The serpent said to the woman, “Surely you will not die, for God knows that in the
day that you eat from it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing
good and bad. The woman saw that the tree was good for food and that it was
desirous to the eyes, and the tree was desirable to look at. She took from its fruit, and
she ate, and she also gave it to her husband with her, and he ate.
ˆwtmt twm: lqæ inf abs + 2mp imperfect – root twm
[dy: lqæ ms active part – root [dy
µklka: lqæ inf const + 2mp suff – root lka
wjqpnw: l[æpn] I 3cp converted perfect – root jqp
µtyyhw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root h/yyh
y[dy: lqæ mp active part (construct) – root [dy
artw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root yar
dmjnw: l[æp]nI ms part – root dmj
lykçhl: ly[ip]hi inf const + -l] preposition – root lkc
jqtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root jql
lkatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root lka
ˆttw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root ntn
lkayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lka
µkyny[: f dual noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
wyrpm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form yriP]
hçyal: ms noun + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form vyai
b. “For all the land which you see I will give to you and your offspring forever. I will
make your offspring like the dust of the earth, that if one (literally: a man) is able to
count the dust of the earth, so will your offspring be counted. Get up; walk
throughout the land, according to its length and its width, for I will give it to you.”
Abram moved his tent, and he came and settled in the oaks of Mamre, which are in
Hebron. He built there an altar to the LORD.
har: lqæ ms active part – root h/yar
hnnta: lqæ 1cs impf + 3fs suffix – root ntn
ytmçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root mwc
lkwy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root lky
twnml: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root h/ynm
hnmy: l[æp]nI 3ms impf – root h/ynm
µwq: lqæ ms impv – root mwq
˚lhth: l[ePæt]hi ms impv – root klh

lhayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lha
abyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root awb
bçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bvy
ˆbyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ynb
˚[rzlw: ms noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form [ræz&,
˚[rz: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form [ræz&,
hkral: ms noun + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form Ër,ao&
hbjrlw: ms noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form bjæro&
c. They made a covenant in Beer Sheva, and Abimelech and Pichol, the commander of
his army, rose and returned to the land of the Philistines. He planted a tamarisk tree
in Beer Sheva, and he called there on the name of the LORD, El Olam. Abraham
sojourned in the land of the Philistines many days.
wtrkyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root trk
µqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root mwq
wbçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root bwv
[fyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root [fn
arqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root arq
rgyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rwg
wabx: ms noun + 3ms suff; abs form ab;x;
d. But they did not know that Joseph understood, for the interpreter was between them.
He turned from them and wept. He returned to them and spoke to them, and he took
from them Simeon and bound him before them (literally: to their eyes).
w[dy: lqæ 3cp perfect – root [dy
[mç: lqæ ms active part – root [mv
bsyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bbs
˚byw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ykb
bçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bwv
rbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbd
jqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jql
rsayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rsa
µhyny[l: f dual noun + -l] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
e. Moses said, “Let me turn aside and look at this great sight! Why does the bush not
burn up?” The LORD saw that he turned aside to look, and God called to him from
the midst of the bush, and he said, “Moses, Moses!” He replied, “Here I am.” He
said, “Do not approach to here. Slip off your sandals, for the place in which you are
standing is holy ground.”
hrsa: lqæ cs cohortative – root rws
haraw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root h/yar
r[by: lqæ 3ms impf – root r[b
aryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yar
rs: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rws
twarl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root h/yar
brqt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root brq
lç: lqæ ms impv – root lvn
dmw[: lqæ ms active part – root dm[
˚yl[n: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyli[;n“
˚ylgr: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIlæ&g“ræ
f. You shall place your burnt offerings—the flesh and the blood—upon the altar of the
LORD your God, and the blood of your sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar
of the LORD your God, and the flesh you shall eat. Be careful and listen to all of
these words that I am commanding you in order that it may go well for you and for
your children after you forever, when you do what is good and right in the eyes of the
LORD your God.
tyç[w: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root h/yc[
˚pçy: l[æpn] I 3ms impf – root kpv
lkat: lqæ 2ms pausal imperfect – root lka
rmç: lqæ ms impv – root rmv
t[mçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root [mv
˚wxm: l[ePi ms participle + 2ms suff – root h/ywx
bfyy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root bfy
hç[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root yc[
˚ytl[: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form t/l[o
˚yhla: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘
˚yjbz: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyjib;z“
˚ynblw: mp noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;
g. Now if a man is convicted of a capital crime (literally: if there is in a man a sin with a
judgment of death) and he is put to death and you hang him upon a tree, you shall not
let his corpse remain on the tree over night, but you shall surely bury him in that day,
for being hung is a curse of God, and you shall not make your land impure which the
LORD your God is giving to you as an inheritance.
hyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root yyh
tmwhw: l[æp]h; 3ms converted perfect – root twm
tyltw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root h/ylt
ˆylt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root nyl
wnrbqt rwbq: lqæ inf abs + 2ms impf + 3ms suff – root rbq
ywlt: lqæ ms passive part – root h/ylt
amft: l[ePi 2ms impf – root amf
ˆtn: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ntn
wtlbn: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hl;ben“
˚tmda: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form hm;d;a}
h. The people said to Saul, “Should Jonathan die, who has done this great salvific act in
Israel! Far be it! As the LORD lives, not a hair from his head shall fall to the
ground! For he has acted with the LORD on this day!” So the people redeemed
Jonathan, and thus he did not die.
twmy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root twm
lpy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root lpn
wdpyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root ddp
tm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root twm
wçar: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form varo
i. They will return to you with all of their heart and with all of their soul in the land of
their enemies who captured them, and they will pray to you by way of of their land
which you gave to their fathers, the city which you chose, and the house which you
built [I built] for your name.
wbçw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root bwv
wbç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root h/ybv
wllpthw: l[ePæt]hi 3cp converted perfect – root h/yc[
httn: lqæ 2ms perfect – root ntn
trjb: lqæ 2ms perfect – root rjb
tynb: lqæ 2ms perfect – root h/ynb
?ytynb¿: lqæ 1cs perfect – root h/ynb
µbbl: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form bb;le
µçpn: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form vp,n,&
µhybya: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µybiy“ao
µxra: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ≈r,a,&
µtwbal: mp noun + -l] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ba;
˚mçl: ms noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µve
j. They sent to Jezebel, saying, “Naboth was stoned, and he died.” When Jezebel heard
that Naboth was stoned and died, Jezebel said to Ahab, “Get up! Take possession of
the vineyard of Naboth, the Jezreelite, who refused to sell to you, for Naboth is no
longer alive, for he is dead.” When Ahab heard that Naboth died, Ahab rose to go
down to Naboth the Jezreelite’s vineyard to take possession of it.
wjlçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jlv
rmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rma
lqs: lqæ passive 3ms perfect – root lqs
tmyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root twm
yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyh
[mçk: lqæ inf const + -k] preposition – root [mv
µwq: lqæ ms impv – root mwq
çr: lqæ ms impv – root vry
âm: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root nam
ttl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root ntn
tm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root twm
µqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root mwq
tdrl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root dry
wtçrl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition + 3ms suff – root vry
k. Hanamel, the son of my uncle, came to me, according to the word of the LORD, to
the court of the guard, and he said to me, “Buy my field which is in Anathoth which
is in the land of Benjamin, for yours is the right of inheritance and redemption. Buy
it for yourself.” Then I knew that it was a message from the LORD, so I bought the
field that was in Anathoth from my cousin Hanamel, and I weighed out for him the
silver—seventeen shekels of silver.
abyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root awb
hnq: lqæ ms impv – root h/ynq
[daw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root [dy
hnqaw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root ynq
hlqçaw: lqæ cs converted cohortative – root lqv
ydd: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form d/D
1.
yrh conv impf 3 f s she conceived
ysj impv m p show favor!
yba impf 3 m s he will desire
yzj conv impf 3 f s she saw
2 m s you saw
[[r impf 3 m s he will be bad
y[t impf 3 m s they will wander
yrj impf 3 m he will be angry
[gn/y inf const to touch/to be tired
jwn perf 3 c p they rested
bha impv m s love!
yyh jussive 3 m s let there be!
ypa impf 3 m p they will bake
yyj jussive 3 m s + conj. ww: and may he live
x[y act part m p construct advisors of
yry act part m p shooting
rra impf 1 c s I will curse
ylj perf 3 c p they became sick
yfn conv impf 3 m s he extended
nnj conv impf 3 m s he showed favor
[sn impv m p depart!
ynj inf const +1cp suffix our encamping
rw[ act part m s awake
yn[ inf const to answer
y[r act part m s +1cs suffix my shepherding
ygh inf abs certainly utter, groan
[fn impf 3 m s he will plant
afj perf 3 f s pausal she sinned
2.
a. Úl]f;q] b. WhyTi&l]fæq]/wyTil]fæq]
c. ynITæ&l]fæq] d. µtæl;f;q]
e. ynIve&B;l]yI f. µk,l]f;q]yI
g. ÚB]t]K; h. h;Wn&l]fæq]
i. WhWT&l]fæq] j. µyTil]fæq]
k. ynIWj&k;v] l. µWlf]qy] I
m. h;Wa&r; n. Whc;&[;
o. ÚD“p]yI p. hN:c,&[‘a,
q. WNa,&r]a, r. ynIWc&[;
s. Úyti&yair] t. µc;[;
u. ynIae&r]Ti
3.
jbz conv impf 1 c s +3mp suff I sacrificed them
zja impf 3 m p +2fs suff they will seize you
vbl impf 3 m s +3mp suff he will wear them/put them on
[dy perf 1 c s +3ms suff I know him
nnj jussive 3 m s +conj. ww: may he have pity on you
and 2ms suff
ntn impf 2 m p +3ms suff you will give them
acn impf 3 m p +1cp suff they will carry us
rxy perf 3 m s +3fs suff he fashioned her
axm perf 1 c s +3ms suff I found him
yar conv impf 3 m s +3fs suff he saw her
axm perf 3 f s +1cs suff she found us
vry conv perf 2 m s +3fs suff you will inherit her
btk impv m s +3mp suff write them!
jql impv m s +3fs suff take her!
lav perf 1 c s +3ms suff I asked him
lka impf 3 m s +3ms/1cp he will eat it/us
suff and
enclitic ˆWn
rkz impv m s +1cs suff remember me!
yar perf 3 m s +3ms suff he saw him
acn impf 3 m s +3ms suff he will carry him

yar perf 3 m s +3fs suff he saw her
myc impf 3 m s +1cs suff he will place me
acn perf 1 c s +3mp suff I carried them
2 f s +3mp suff you carried them
bz[ conv impf 3 m s +1cs suff he abandoned me
rxy/n impf 3 m s +3ms suff he will form/watch him
ntn perf 1 c s +2ms suff I have given you
jvm perf 3 m s +2ms suff he anointed you
4.
a. The LORD came down upon Mount Sinai to the top of the mountain, and the LORD
called Moses to the top of the mountain, so Moses went up.
dryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dry
l[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yl[
b. They will be upon Aaron and his sons when they go into the tent of meeting or when
they approach the altar to serve in the sanctuary, so that they do not bear sin and die.
This is an everlasting statute for him and his offspring after him.
wyhw: 3cp converted perfect – root yyh
µabb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix – root awb
µtçgb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix – root vgn
trçl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root trv
waçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root acn
wtmw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root twm
wynb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µynIB;
w[rzlw: ms noun + ww: + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form [ræz,&
c. The LORD spoke these words to all of your assembly on the mountain from the midst
of the fire, the cloud, and the heavy cloud with a great voice, and he did do (it) again.
He wrote them upon two stone tablets and gave them to me. When you heard the
voice from the midst of the darkness—when the mountain was burning with
fire—you drew near to me, all the heads of your tribes and your elders. You said,
“Surely the LORD our God has shown us his glory and greatness, and we have heard
his voice from the midst of the fire. This day we saw that God can speak to a human,
and he will live. But now, why should we die, for this great fire will consume us! If
we again hear the voice of the LORD our God, we will die!”
rbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbd

πsy: lqæ 3ms perfect – root psy
µbtkyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3mp suffix – root btk
µntyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3mp suffix – root ntn
µk[mçk: lqæ inf const + -K] preposition + 2mp suffix – root [mv
r[b: lqæ ms active part – root r[b
ˆwbrqtw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root brq
wrmatw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect – root rma
wnarh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect + 1cp suffix – root yar
wn[mç: lqæ 1cp perfect – root [mv
wnyar: lqæ 1cp perfect – root h/yar
rbdy: l[ePi 3ms imperfect – root rbd
twmn: lqæ 1cp imperfect – root twm
wnlkat: lqæ 3fs imperfect + 1cp suffix – root lka
µypsy: lqæ mp active part – root psy
[mçl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root [mv
wntmw: lqæ 1cp converted perfect – root twm
µklhq: ms noun + 2mp suffix; abs form lh;q;
µkyfbç: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyfib;v]
µkynqzw: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µynIqez“
wnyhla: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘
wdbk: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form dboK;
wldg: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form ldoG:
wlq: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form lqo
d. Some time later, during the wheat harvest, Samson visited his wife with a kid, and he
said, “Let me come into my wife, to the bed chamber,” but her father would not
permit him to come in. Her father said, “I surely thought (literally: said) that you
surely hated her, so I gave her to your friend. Is her younger sister not better than
she? May she be yours in place of her!”
dqpyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dqp
haba: lqæ cs cohortative – root awb
wntn: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3ms suffix – root ntn
awbl: lqæ inf const – root awb

ytrma rma: lqæ inf abs + 1cs perfect – root rma
htanç anç: lqæ inf abs + 2ms perfect + 3fs suffix – root anc
hnntaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 3fs suffix – root ntn
yht: lqæ 3fs jussive – root yyh
wtça: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hV;ai
ytça: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hV;ai
hyba: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form ba;
˚[rml: ms noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form ["r&eme
htja: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form t/ja;
e. Saul said, “Let us go down after the Philistines by night and plunder among them
until the light of the morning, and let us not leave even one person remaining among
them.” They said, “Do all that is good in your eyes.” But the priest said, “Let us
approach God here.” Saul inquired of God, “Shall I go down after the Philistines?
Will you give them into the hand of Israel?” But he did not answer him that day.
hdrn: lqæ cp cohortative – root dry
hzbnw: lqæ cp cohortative + non-conversive ww: – root zzb
raçn: l[æp]nI ms participle – root rav
hç[: lqæ ms impv – root yc[
hbrqn: lqæ cp cohortative – root brq
laçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lav
drah: lqæ 1cs imperfect + interrogative hhe – root dry
µntth: lqæ 2ms imperfect + interrogative hhe + 3mp suffix – root ntn
whn[: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3ms suffix – root yn[
˚yny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
f. I, the LORD, called you in righteousness, and I will seize your hand
And I will form you and make you a covenant people, a light to nations.
˚ytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root arq
qzjaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: – root qzj
˚rxaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxy
˚ntaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root ntn
˚dyb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form dy:
g. And now, thus says the LORD, the one who created you, O Jacob, and the one who
formed you, O Israel. Do not fear, for I have redeemed you. I have called your
name: you are mine. When you cross over the waters, I will be with you, and in
rivers—they will not wash you away. When you walk through fire, will not be
burned, neither will the flame burn you.
˚arb: lqæ ms active part + 2ms suffix – root arb
˚rxyw: lqæ ms active part + ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxy
aryt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root ary
˚ytlag: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root lag
ytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect – root arq
rb[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root rb[
˚wpfçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 2ms suffix – root pfv
˚lt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root klh
hwkt: l[æp]nI 2ms imperfect – root ywk
r[bt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root r[b
˚mçb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µve
h. I will overturn the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the
kingdoms of the nations. I will overturn chariot and its riders, and horses and their
riders will fall, each by the sword of his brother. In that day, saying of the LORD of
hosts, I will take you, O Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, my servant, saying of the
LORD, and I will place you as a signet ring, for I have chosen you, saying of the
LORD of hosts.
ytkphw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root kph
ytdmçhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root dmv
wdryw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root dry
˚jqa: lqæ 1cs imperfect + 2ms suffix – root jql
˚ytmçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect + 2ms suffix – root mwc
ytrjb: lqæ 1cs perfect – root rjb
hybkrw: lqæ mp active part + ww: + 3fs suffix – root bkr
µhybkrw: lqæ mp active part + ww: + 3mp suffix – root bkr
wyja: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form ja;
ydb[: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form db,[,&
i. Then they will call me, but I will not answer

They will seek me early, but they will not find me,
For they hate knowledge, and they have not chosen the fear of the LORD.
ynnarqy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root arq
hn[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root yn[
ynnrjçy: l[ePi 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root rjv
ynnaxmy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root axm
wanç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root anc
wrjb: lqæ 3cp perfect – root rjb
j. Acquire wisdom! Acquire understanding! Do not forget and do not wander from the
words of my mouth. Do not abandon her, so she will guard you. Love her, so she
will protect you.
hnq: lqæ ms impv – root ynq
jkçt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root jkv
ft law: lqæ prohibitive construction + ww: – 2ms impf – root yfn
hbz[t la: lqæ prohibitive construction + 3fs suffix – 2ms impf – root bz[
˚rmçtw: lqæ 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rmv
hbha: lqæ ms impv + 3fs suffix – root bha
˚rxtw: 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxn
yp: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hP,
k. I opened to my lover, but my lover had turned away, crossed over. My soul went out
when he spoke. I sought him, but I did not find him; I called him, but he did not
answer me. The guards circling around the city found me. They hit me; they
wounded me. The guards of the wall lifted my veil from upon me.
ytjtp: lqæ 1cs perfect – root jtp
qmj: lqæ 3ms perfect – root qmj
rb[: lqæ 3ms perfect (pausal) – root rb[
haxy: lqæ 3fs perfect – root axy
wrbdb: l[ePi inf const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root rbd
whytçqb: l[ePi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root vqb
whytaxm: lqæ 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root axm
wytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root arq
ynn[: lqæ 3ms perfect (pausal) + 1cs suffix – root yn[
ynaxm: lqæ 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root axm
µyrmçh: lqæ mp active part (definite) – root rmv
µybbsh: lqæ mp active part (definite) – root bbs
ynwkh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root ykn

ynw[xp: lqæ 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root [xp
waçn: lqæ 3cp perfect– root acn
yrmç: lqæ mp active part (construct) – root rmv
ydwdl: ms noun + -l] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form d/D
ydwdw: ms noun + disjunctive ww: + 1cs suffix; abs form d/D
yçpn: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form vp,n,&
ydydr: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form dydir]
1.
a. l[æp]nI 2fs perfect – root dmv; “you were destroyed”; note the prefixed ˆWn, which is
characteristic of the l[æp]nI perfect.
b. l[ePi 2ms perfect – root rpk; “you atoned”; note the vgED: in the middle root letter, which
is characteristic of the l[ePi.
c. l[æp]nI 3fs/2ms imperfect – root mlk; “she/you will be ashamed”; note the vgED: in the first
root letter as well as the vowel pattern, which are characteristic of the l[æp]nI imperfect.
d. l[æPu 3ms imperfect – root rfq; “it will be offered as incense”; note the vgED: in the
middle root letter as well as the vowel pattern, which are characteristic of the l[æPu
imperfect.
e. l[ePæt]hi 3cp perfect – root bxy; “they took their stand”; note prefixed wT; and doubling of
the middle root letter, which are characteristic of the l[ePæt]hi perfect.
f. l[æp]nI 3/2fp imperfect – root mlk; “they/you will be ashamed”; note the vgED: in the first
root letter and that the vowel under the lamed is a jTæPæ, changed from a yrexe due to
Phillippi’s law.
g. l[æp]nI cp cohortative – root mjl; “let us fight”; note the vgED: in the first root letter, which
is characteristic of the l[æp]nI. The jTæPæ πfæj} is due to pretonic reduction of yrexe.
h. l[æp]h; fp participle – root klv; “cast out”; note prefix vowel, which characterizes the
l[æp]h;, and the prefixed µme, which is characteristic of the participle. (The prefixed ahe
from the ly[ph has elided.)
i. l[ePi inf const + 3ms suffix – root vqb; “his seeking”; the doubling of middle root
letter, which is characteristic of the l[ePi, has been lost in the π/q; note also the pretonic
reduction with addition of the suffix (/vQeBæ > /vq]Bæ).
2.
lqæ l[æp]nI l[ePi l[æPu ly[ip]hi l[æp]h; l[ePæt]hi
Perfect
3ms Ëpæv; dræp]nI rMezI vQæBu lyDib]hi lDæb]h; dBeKæt]hi
3fs hk;p]v; hd;r]p]nI hr;M]zI hv;Q]Bu hl;yDi&b]hi hl;D]b]h; hd;B]Kæt]hi
2ms T;k]pæ&v; T;d]ræ&p]nI T;r“Mæ&zI T;v]Qæ&Bu T;l]Dæ&b]hi T;l]Dæ&b]h; T;d]Bæ&Kæt]hi
2fs T]k]pæv; T]d]ræp]nI T]r“MæzI T]v]QæBu T]l]Dæb]hi T]l]Dæb]h; T]d]BæKæt]hi
1cs yTik]pæ&v; yTid]r&æp]nI yTir“Mæ&zI yTiv]Qæ&Bu yTil]Dæ&b]hi yTil]Dæ&b]h; Tid]Bæ&Kæt]hi
3cp Wkp]v; Wdr]p]nI WrM]zI WvQ]Bu WlyD&ib]hi WlD]b]h; WdB]Kæt]hi
2mp µT,k]pæv] µT,d]ræp]nI µT,r“MæzI µT,v]QæBu µT,l]Dæb]hi µT,l]Dæb]h; µT,d]BæKæt]hi
2fp ˆT,k]pæv] ˆT,d]ræp]nI ˆT,r“MæzI ˆT,vQ

] æBu ˆT,l]Dæb]hi ˆT,l]Dæb]h; ˆT,d]BæKæt]hi
1cp Wnk]pæ&v; Wnd]ræ&p]nI Wnr“Mæ&zI Wnv]Qæ&Bu Wnl]Dæ&b]hi Wnl]Dæ&b]h; Wnd]Bæ&Kæt]hi
Imperfect
3ms ËPov]yI dreP;yI rMez"y“ vQæbuy“ lyDib]y" lDæb]y: dBeKæt]yI
3fs ËPov]Ti dreP;Ti rMez"T] vQæbuT] lyDib]Tæ lDæb]T; dBeKæt]Ti
2ms ËPov]Ti dreP;Ti rMez"T] vQæbuT] lyDib]Tæ lDæb]T; dBeKæt]Ti
2fs ykiP]v]Ti ydIr]P;Ti yrIM]z"T] yviQ]b]T] yliyD&ib]Tæ yliD]b]T; ydIB]Kæt]Ti
1cs ËPov]a, dreP;a, rMez"a} vQæbua} lyDib]aæ lDæb]a; dBeKæt]a,
3mp WkP]v]yI Wdr]P;yI WrM]z"y“ WvQ]buy“ WlyDi&b]y" WlD]b]y: WdB]Kæt]yI
3fp hn:k]Po&v]Ti hn:d]re&P;Ti hn:r]Me&z"T] hn:v]Qæ&buT] hn:l]De&b]Tæ hn:l]Dæ&b]T; hn:d]Be&Kæt]Ti
2mp WkP]v]Ti Wdr]P;Ti WrM]z"T] WvQ]buT] WlyDi&b]Tæ WlD]b]T; WdB]Kæt]Ti
2fp hn:k]Po&v]Ti hn:d]re&P;Ti hn:r]Me&z"T] hn:v]Qæ&buT] hn:l]De&b]Tæ hn:l]Dæ&b]T; hn:d]Be&Kæt]Ti
1cp ËPov]nI dreP;nI rMez"n“ vQæbun“ lyDib]n" lDæb]n: dBeKæt]nI
Imperative
ms Ëpov] dreP;hi rMez" lyDib]hæ dBeKæt]hi
fs ykip]vi ydIr]P;hi yrIM]z" yliyDi&b]hæ ydIB]Kæt]hi
mp Wkp]vi Wdr]P;hi WrM]z" WlyDi&b]hæ WdB]Kæt]hi
fp hn:k]po&v] hn:d]ræ&P;hi hn:r“Me&z" hn:l]D&eb]hæ very rare
Participle
ms Ëpevo dr:p]nI rMez"m] vQ;bum] lyDib]mæ lDæb]mu dBeKæt]mi
fs tk,p,&vo td,r&,p]nI tr,M&,z"m] tv,Q,&bum] tl,D,&b]mæ tl,D,&b]mu td,B,&Kæt]mi
fs hk;p]vo hd;r:p]nI hr:Mez"m] hv;Q;bum] hl;yDib]mæ hd;BeKæt]mi
mp µykip]vo µydir:p]nI µyriM]z"m] µyviQ;bum] µyliyDib]mæ µyliD:b]mu µydiB]Kæt]mi

fp t/kp]vo t/dr:p]nI t/rM]z"m] t/vQ;bum] t/lyDib]mæ t/lD:b]mu t/dB]Kæt]mi
Infinitive
const: Ëpov] dreP;hi rMez" none lyDib]hæ none dBeKæt]hi
abs: Ëpov; droP;hi/ rare rare lDeb]hæ lDeb]h; none
drop]nI
ˆy:n“Bi Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translation

l[ePi mdq impv m p come to meet!
ly[ip]hi jlx inf abs certainly succeed
impv m s succeed!
l[ePi flm conv perf 1 c p we will deliver
l[ePi rmz inf const to sing
impv m s sing!
l[æPu rpk participle m s atoned for
l[æp]nI mlk conv perf 1 c s I will be ashamed
l[ePi rbd participle f p speaking
ly[ip]hi drp impf 2 m s you will separate
3 f s she will separate
ly[ip]hi dmv jussive 3 m s may he destroy
l[æp]nI dmv inf const +3mp suff their destruction
ly[ip]hi rts cohortative c s let me hide
ly[ip]hi mkv conv impf 3 m s he got up early
l[æp]h; dmv impf 2 m s you will be destroyed
3 f s she will be destroyed
l[æp]nI mjl conv impf 1 c s I fought
l[æp]nI flm inf const +1cs suff my fleeing
impv f s flee!
ly[ip]hi rts impf 2 m s you will hide
3 f s she will hide
l[ePi vqb inf const to seek
impv m s seek!
ly[ip]hi mlk impf 1 c p +ww: we will be ashamed
ly[ip]hi ldb impf 3 f p they will divide
2 f p you will divide
l[æPu sbk conv impf 2 m s you were washed
3 f s she was washed
l[ePæt]hi bxy perfect 3 c p they took their stand

impv m s Take your stand!
inf const to take one’s stand
l[ePi rmz cohortative c p let us sing
l[æp]nI drp perfect 2 m p you divided
l[ePæt]hi llp perfect 3 m s he prayed
impv m s pray!
inf const to pray
ly[ip]hi lkc participle m p prospering
l[æp]nI rts conv impf 3 m p they were concealed
4.
a. hl;yKi&c]n"
b. lKec]Tæw" hl;yKi&c]hi
c. Wdr“P;yI Wdr“p]nIw“
d. hn:r“Be&Dæ
e. hN:d]ræ&P;Tiw" Wdr“p]nI
f. tv,Q,&bæm]
g. WbX]y"t]YIw" WbX]y"t]hi
h. µleK;hi
i. µyKiv]mæ
j. yTim]Dæqiw“ µDeqæa}
k. /ll]Pæt]hiB]
l. µyriT;s]nI
m. dmeV;YIw" dmæv]nI
n. hk;yli&v]aæ
o. Wmj}L;YIw" Wmj}l]nI
p. fLemæy“
q. t/rP]kæm]
r. hj;yli&x]mæ
s. sBekæn“w" Wns]Bæ&Ki
5. Translations below are from the NJPS
a. 3 God said, “Let there be light”; and there was light.

4 God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness.
5 God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was evening
and there was morning, a first day.
6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the water, that it may separate
water from water.”
7 God made the expanse, and it separated the water which was below the expanse
from the water which was above the expanse. And it was so.
8 God called the expanse Sky. And there was evening and there was morning, a
second day.
yhy: lqæ 3ms jussive – root yyh
aryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yar
ldbyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root ldb
arq: lqæ 3ms perfect – root arq
ç[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yc[
b. 1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh. For I have hardened his heart and
the hearts of his courtiers, in order that I may display these My signs among them,
2 and that you may recount in the hearing of your sons and of your sons’ sons how I
made a mockery of the Egyptians and how I displayed My signs among them — in
order that you may know that I am the LORD.”
ab: lqæ ms imperative – root awb
ytdbkh: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect – root dbk
ytv: lqæ inf const + 1cs suffix – root tyv
rpst: l[ePi 2ms imperfect – root rps
ytll[th: l[ePæt]hi 1cs perfect – root ll[
ytmç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root mwc
µt[dyw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root [dy
wbl: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form ble
wydb[: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µydib;[}
ytta: fp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form t/tao
wbrqb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form br,q,&
˚nb: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form ˆBe
c. 20 When he has finished purging the Shrine, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, the
live goat shall be brought forward.
21 Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over it
all the iniquities and transgressions of the Israelites, whatever their sins, putting them
on the head of the goat; and it shall be sent off to the wilderness through a designated
man.
22 Thus the goat shall carry on it all their iniquities to an inaccessible region; and the
goat shall be set free in the wilderness.
23 And Aaron shall go into the Tent of Meeting, take off the linen vestments that he
put on when he entered the Shrine, and leave them there.
24 He shall bathe his body in water in the holy precinct and put on his vestments;
then he shall come out and offer his burnt offering and the burnt offering of the
people, making expiation for himself and for the people.
25 The fat of the sin offering he shall turn into smoke on the altar.
26 He who set the Azazel-goat free shall wash his clothes and bathe his body in
water; after that he may reenter the camp.
hlkw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root ylk
rpkm: l[ePi inf construct + ˆmi preposition – root rpk
byrqhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root brq
˚msw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root kms
hdwthw: l[ePæt]hi 3ms converted perfect – root ydy
jlçw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root jlv
açnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root acn
abw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root awb
fçpw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root fvp
çbl: lqæ 3ms perfect – root vbl
wabb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root awb
µjynhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect + 3mp suffix – root jyn
≈jrw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root xjr
çblw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root vbl
axyw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root axy
hç[w: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yc[
rpkw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root rpk
ryfqy: ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root rfq
jlçmhw: l[ePi ms participle (defined) + ww: – root jlv
sbky: l[ePi 3ms imperfect – root sbk
awby: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root awb

wdy: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form dy:
?wydy¿: f dual noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µyId&æy:
µhy[çp: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µy[iv;P]
µtafj: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/aF;jæ
µtnw[: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/n/[}
wrçb: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form rc;B;
wydgb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µydig:B]
wtl[: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hl;[o
d. 9 But take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously, so that you do not forget
the things that you saw with your own eyes and so that they do not fade from your
mind as long as you live. And make them known to your children and to your
children’s children:
10 The day you stood before the LORD your God at Horeb, when the LORD said to
Me, “Gather the people to Me that I may let them hear My words, in order that they
may learn to revere Me as long as they live on earth, and may so teach their children.”
11 You came forward and stood at the foot of the mountain. The mountain was ablaze
with flames to the very skies, dark with densest clouds.
rmçh: l[æpn] I ms imperative – root rmv
rmçw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root rmv
jkçt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root jkv
war: lqæ 3cp perfect – root yar
wrwsy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root rws
µt[dwhw: ly[ip]hi 2ms converted perfect + 3mp suffix – root [dy
tdm[: lqæ 2ms perfect – root dm[
rmab: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition – root rma
lhqh: ly[ip]hi ms impv – root lhq
µ[mçaw: ly[ip]hi cs cohortative + non-conversive ww: + 3mp suffix – root [mv
ˆwdmly: lqæ 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dml
haryl: lqæ feminine inf const + -l] preposition – root ary
ˆwdmly: l[ePi 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dml
ˆwbrqtw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root brq
ˆwdm[tw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dm[
r[b: lqæ ms participle – root r[b
˚çpn: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form vp,n<&
˚yny[: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
˚bblm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form bb;le
˚ynbl: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;

˚ynb: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;
yrbd: mp noun + 1cs suffix (pausal); abs form µyrib;D]
µhynb: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µynIB;
e. 25 Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, “Choose one bull and prepare it first, for you
are the majority; invoke your god by name, but apply no fire.”
26 They took the bull that was given them; they prepared it, and invoked Baal by
name from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was no
sound, and none who responded; so they performed a hopping dance about the altar
that had been set up.
27 When noon came, Elijah mocked them, saying, “Shout louder! After all, he is a
god. But he may be in conversation, he may be detained, or he may be on a journey,
or perhaps he is asleep and will wake up.”
28 So they shouted louder, and gashed themselves with knives and spears, according
to their practice, until the blood streamed over them.
29 When noon passed, they kept raving until the hour of presenting the meal offering.
Still there was no sound, and none who responded or heeded.
wrjb: lqæ mp impv – root rjb
wç[w: lqæ mp impv – root yc[
warqw: lqæ 3mp converted perfect – root arq
wmyçt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root myc
wjqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jql
wç[yw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yc[
warqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root arq
wnn[: lqæ ms imperative + 1cp suffix – root yn[
hn[: lqæ ms active participle – root yn[
wjspyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root jsp
hç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root yc[
lthyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root lth
ˆçy: lqæ ms act part – root nvy
≈qyw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect (pausal) – root xqy
wddgtyw: l[ePæt]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root ddg
˚pç: lqæ infinitive construct – root kpv

rb[k: lqæ infinitive construct + -K] preposition – root rb[
wabntyw: l[ePæt]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root abn
µkyhla: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyhiløa
µfpçmk: mp noun + -K] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form fP;v]mi
f. 1 The word of the LORD of Hosts came to me:
2 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: I am very jealous for Zion, I am fiercely jealous for
her.
3 Thus said the LORD: I have returned to Zion, and I will dwell in Jerusalem.
Jerusalem will be called the City of Faithfulness, and the mount of the LORD of
Hosts the Holy Mount.
4 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: There shall yet be old men and women in the squares
of Jerusalem, each with staff in hand because of their great age.
5 And the squares of the city shall be crowded with boys and girls playing in the
squares.
6 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Though it will seem impossible to the remnant of
this people in those days, shall it also be impossible to Me?—declares the LORD of
Hosts.
ytanq: l[ePi 1cs perfect – root anq
ytbç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root bwv
ytnkçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root nkv
harqnw: l[æp]nI 3fs converted perfect – root arq
wbçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root bvy
walmy: l[æp]nI 3mp imperfect – root alm
µyqjçm: l[ePi mp participle – root qjc
alpy: l[æp]nI 3ms imperfect – root alp
wtn[çm: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form tn<[,&v]mi
wdyb: fs noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form dy:
hytbjrb: mp noun + -B] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form t/bjor]
yny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
g. 5 what is man that You have been mindful of him, mortal man that You have taken
note of him,
6 that You have made him little less than divine, and adorned him with glory and
majesty;
7 You have made him master over Your handiwork, laying the world at his feet,
8 sheep and oxen, all of them, and wild beasts, too;
9 the birds of the heavens, the fish of the sea, whatever travels the paths of the seas.
10 O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is Your name throughout the earth!
wnrkzt: lqæ 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix (pausal) – root rkz
wndqpt: lqæ 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix (pausal) – root dqp
whrsjtw: l[ePi 2ms converted imperfect + 3ms suff – root rsj
whrf[t: l[ePi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suff – root rf[
whlyçmt: ly[ip]hi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suff – root lvm
htç: lqæ 2ms perfect – root tyv
rb[: lqæ ms participle – root rb[
˚ydy: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyId&æy:
wylgr: f dual noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µyIlæ&g“ræ
µlk: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lKo
wnynda: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs form µynIdoa}
˚mç: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µve
1.
a. ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root fbn; “he will look”; the prefix vowel jTæPæ& characterizes the
ly[ip]hi imperfect; the initial root letter ˆWn assimilates to the following root letter (note
the vgeD: in the tyBe).
b. l[æp]nI 3ms perfect – root jdn; “he was thrust out”; the initial ˆWn is characteristic of the
l[æp]nI, while the initial root letter ˆWn assimilates to the following root letter (note the vgeD:
in the tl,D;&); this form could also be a l[ePi 3ms perfect or a lqæ 1cp imperfect.
c. ly[ip]hi 3fs or 2ms imperfect – root nyb; “she/you will cause to understand”; this is the
typical form for the ly[ip]hi of hollow verbs; it could also be lqæ imperfect (“she/you
will understand”).
d. l[ePi 3ms jussive – root ywx; “may he command”; the imperfect form is hW,xæy“, but the
final syllable, with the marking of the l[ePi’s doubling, is dropped in the jussive and
converted imperfect.
e. ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root ykn; “he smote”; hK,y" is the long form, but the
final syllable is lost in the converted form; the prefix vowel indicates that the form is
ly[ip]hi; the initial ˆWn normally assimilates, but in this form, because the final syllable is
lost, the doubling of the πK; is also lost.
f. ly[ip]hi 3ms impf/jussive – root ydy; “he will give thanks”; the verb is historically initial
ww:, and the initial ww: reappears in the ly[ip]hi as the prefix vowel.
g. l[æp]h; 3ms perfect– root bvy; “he was made to sit”; the qr,Wv vowel in the prefix is due
to the original first consonant, ww:. The form could also be a pausal infinitive.
h. ly[ip]hi 1cs imperfect – root pwn; “I will raise”; the prefixed πl,a; characterizes the first
perfect imperfect, and the remaining πynI- is characteristic of hollow roots in the ly[ip]hi.
This form cannot be lqæ because its root is middle ww:, not middle d/y.
i. ly[ip]hi 3mp imperfect – root dw[; “they will testify against”; the form’s W y iy: pattern is
characteristic of 3mp imperfect hollow root forms. This form cannot be lqæ because its
root is middle ww:, not middle d/y.
j. l[ePi 3ms perfect – root nam; “he refused”; the form is parallel to rBeDi, except that the
initial vowel is compensatorily lengthened because the middle radical, a guttural, will
not tolerate a vgeD.;
k. l[æp]nI 3fs perfect or fs participle – root rty; “she was/is left over”; the prefix ˆWn
characterizes the l[æp]nI, while the original initial ww: is preserved in the prefix vowel.
l. l[æp]nI ms participle or 3ms pausal perfect – root bxn; “he is/was standing”; the initial ˆWn
of the root assimilates to the following root letter. The form could also theoretically
be a l[ePi 3ms pausal perfect
m. ly[ip]hi or lqæ converted imperfect – root yl[; “he brought up/he went up”; the jTæPæ that
follows the d/y is either that of the ly[ip]hi’s prefix or, in the lqæ, due to the following
guttural; the converted imperfect takes the short form in final d/y verbs, but even the
long form in this case (hl,[}y") does not help distinguish between binyanim.
2.
Gen 17:20
˚yt[mç: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root [mv; “I heard you”
ytkrb: l[ePi 1cs perfect – root krb; “I blessed”
ytyrphw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root yrp; “I will make fruitful”
ytybrhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root ybr; “I will make numerous”
dylwy: ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root dly; “he will sire”
wyttnw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect + 3ms suffix – root ntn; “I will give him”
Gen. 18:29
πsyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root psy; “he added/did again”
rbdl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root dml; “to speak”
rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma; “he said”
ˆwaxmy: l[æp]nI 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root axm; “they will be found”
hç[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root yc[; “I will do”
Gen. 24:48
dqaw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root ddq; “I bowed down”
hwjtçaw: l[epT] æv]hi (this is the only attested root in this ˆy:n“Bi in BH; however, in other Semitic
languages, the equivalent of this stem, called the ⁄t in cross-Semitic classification of
verbal stems, is readily attested) 1cs converted imperfect – root ywj; “I worshipped”
˚rbaw: l[ePi 1cs converted imperfect – root krb; “I blessed”
ynjnh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect +1cs suffix – root yjn; “he led me”
tjql: lqæ inf const – root jql; “to take”
Gen. 29:13
yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyh; “it was”
[mçk: lqæ infinitive const + -K] preposition – root [mv; “when he heard”
≈ryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root xwr; “he ran”
wtarql: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3ms suff – root arq; “to meet him”
qbjyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root qbj; “he embraced”
qçnyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root qvn; “he kissed”
whaybyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms conv imperfect +3ms suffix – root awb; “he brought him”
rpsyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rps; “he recounted”
Gen. 34:30
µtrk[: lqæ 2mp perfect – root rk[; “you troubled”
ynçyabhl: ly[ip]hi inf const +1cs suffix – root vab; “to make me odious”
bçyb: lqæ ms act participle + -B] preposition – root bvy; “among the inhabitant”
wpsanw: l[æpn] I 3cp converted perfect – root psa; “they will gather”
ynwkhw: ly[ip]hi 3cp conv perfect +1cs suffix – root hkn; “they will kill me”
ytdmçnw: l[æpn] I 1cs converted perfect – root dmv; “I will be destroyed”
Gen. 37:32
wjlçyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root jlv; “they sent”
waybyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp conv imperfect – root awb; “they brought”
wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rma; “they said”
wnaxm: lqæ 1cp perfect – root axm; “we found”
rkh: ly[ip]hi ms impv – root rkn; “recognize!”
Gen. 37:35
wmqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root mwq; “they arose”
wmjnl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root mjn; “to comfort him”
âmyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root nam; “he refused”
µjnthl: l[ePæt]hi inf const + -l] preposition – root mjn; “to be comforted”
dra: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root dry; “I will go down”
˚byw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ykb; “he wept”
Gen. 38:13-15
dgyw: l[æp]h; 3ms conv imperfect – root dgn; “it was made known”
rmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rma; “saying”
hl[: lqæ act part – root yl[; “he is going up”
zgl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root zzg; “to shear”
rstw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rws; “she turned aside, took off”
sktw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root ysk; “she covered”
πl[ttw: l[ePæt]hi 3fs converted imperfect – root pl[; “she wrapped herself”
bçtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root bvy; “she sat down”
htar: lqæ 3fs perfect – root yar; “she saw”
ldg: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ldg; “he grew up”
hntn: l[æp]nI 3fs perfect – root ntn; “she was given”
haryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3fs suffix – root yar; “he saw her”
hbçjyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3fs suffix – root bvj; “he considered her”
htsk: l[ePi 3fs perfect – root ysk; “she had covered”
Gen. 42:7
aryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yar; “he saw”
µrkyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp conv imperfect + 3mp suffix – root rkn; “he recognized them”
rkntyw: l[ePæt]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root rkn; “he acted like a foreigner”
rbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbd; “he spoke”
µtab: lqæ 2mp perfect – root awb; “you came”
rbçl: lqæ inf construct – root rbv; “to buy grain”
Gen. 42:25
wxyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root ywx; “he commanded”
walmyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root alm; “they filled”
byçhlw: ly[ip]hi inf construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root bwv; “he returned”
ttlw: lqæ inf construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root ntn; “to give”
ç[yw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yc[; “he did”
Gen. 43:9
wnbr[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect + 3ms suffix – root br[; “I will be the exchange for him”
wnçqbt: l[ePi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix – root vqb; “you may seek him”
wytaybh: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root awb; “I brought him”
wytgxhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root gxn; “I set him”
ytafjw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root afj; “I will sin/be guilty”
Gen. 43:18
waryyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root ary; “they feared”
wabwh: l[æp]h; 3mp perfect – root awb; “they were brought”
bçh: lqæ ms active participle (defined) – root bwv; “the one who returns”
µyabwm: l[æp]h; mp participle – root awb; “the ones brought”
llgthl: l[ePot]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition – root llg; “to assail”
lpnthlw: l[ePæt]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition – root lpn; “to throw oneself”
tjqlw: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root jql; “to take”
Gen. 44:11-13
wrhmyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root rhm; “they hurried”
wdrwyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root dry; “they lowered/brought down”
wjtpyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jtp “they opened”
çpjyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root cpj; “he searched”
ljh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect – root llj; “he began”
hlk: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root ylk; “he completed”
axmyw: l[æp]ni 3ms converted imperfect – root axm; “it was found”
w[rqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root [rq “they tore”
sm[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root sm[ “he loaded”
wbçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root bwv “they returned”
3.
ly[ip]hi lxn perf 2 m s “you saved”
l[æp]nI rty/w conv impf 1 c s “I was left alone”
l[ePi llh impv m p loss of vgED: “praise him!”
under [n: aw:v]
l[æp]nI abn perf 3 c p “they prophesied”
l[æp]nI abj perf 3 m s “he hid”
participle m s “he is hiding”
ly[ip]hi yqv conv impf 3 m s “he gave drink”
l[ePi mjr perf 3 m s “he was merciful”
l[ePi rhm participle m s “is hurrying”
ly[ip]hi llj impf 3 m s “he will begin”
ly[ip]hi nza impv m p “listen!”
ly[ip]hi dgn conv impf 3 m s “he told”
ly[ip]hi yfn impf 3 m s “he will incline”
l[ePi trv perf 3 c p “they served”
ly[ip]hi [wr impf 3 m s “he will shout”
jussive 3 m s “may he shout”
l[ePi krb inf const “to bless”
impv m s “bless!”
l[ePi ywq perf 1 c s “I waited”
l[ePæt]hi ywa perf 3 m s “he desired”
l[æp]nI bxn perf 3 c p “they stood”
ly[ip]hi rkn participle m s +2fs suff “recognizing you”
l[æp]nI nma participle m s “trustworthy”
l[ePi rsy perf 2 m s “you disciplined”
l[ePi trv perf 3 c p “they served”
ly[ip]hi lxn impv m s “take away!”
inf const “to take away”
ly[ip]hi [vy juss 3 m s “may he deliver”
ly[ip]hi jky impf 3 m s “he will rebuke”
ly[ip]hi yqv conv impf 2 m s “you gave drink”
3 f s “she gave drink”
ly[ip]hi bxn impv f s “erect!”
ly[ip]hi mrj inf abs “certainly destroy”
impv m s “destroy!”
ly[ip]hi gcn conv impf 3 m s +3mp suff “he overtook them”
l[ePi ljy perf 1 c p “we waited”
4. Translations below are from NJPS
a. 16 The maiden was very beautiful, a virgin whom no man had known. She went down
to the spring, filled her jar, and came up.
17 The servant ran toward her and said, “Please, let me sip a little water from your
jar.”
18 “Drink, my lord,” she said, and she quickly lowered her jar upon her hand and let
him drink.
19 When she had let him drink his fill, she said, “I will also draw for your camels,
until they finish drinking.”
20 Quickly emptying her jar into the trough, she ran back to the well to draw, and she
drew for all his camels.
21 The man, meanwhile, stood gazing at her, silently wondering whether the LORD
had made his errand successful or not.
22 When the camels had finished drinking, the man took a gold nose-ring weighing a
half-shekel, and two gold bands for her arms, ten shekels in weight.
23 “Pray tell me,” he said, “whose daughter are you? Is there room in your father’s
house for us to spend the night?”
h[dy: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3fs suffix – root [dy
drtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root dry
almtw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root alm
l[tw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root yl[
≈ryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root xwr
htarql: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix – root arq
ynyaymgh: ly[ip]hi fs impv + 1cs suffix – root amg
htç: lqæ ms imperative – root ytv
rhmtw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root rhm
drtw: ly[ip]hi 3fs converted imperfect – root dry
whqçtw: ly[ip]hi 3fs converted imperfect + 3ms suffix – root yqv
lktw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root hlk
wtqçhl: ly[ip]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix – root yqv
baça: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root bav
wlk: l[ePi 3cp perfect – root ylk
ttçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ytv
r[tw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root yr[
≈rtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root xwr
baçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root bav

baçtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root bav
hatçm: l[ePæt]hi ms participle – root yav
çyrjm: ly[ip]hi ms participle – root vrj
t[dl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root [dy
jylxhh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect + interrogative ahe – root jlx
twtçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ytv
ydygh: ly[ip]hi fs imperative – root dgn
ˆyll: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root nyl
hdk: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form dKæ
˚dkm: fs noun + ˆmi preposition + 2fs suffix; abs form dKæ
ynda: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form ˆ/da;
hdy: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form dy:
˚ylmgl: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µylim;G“
wylmg: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µylim;G“
wkrd: ms or fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form Ër,D,&
hydy: f dual noun + 3fs suffix; abs form µyIdæ&y:
wlqçm: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form lq;v]mi
µlqçm: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lq;v]mi
˚yba: ms noun + 2fs suffix; abs form ba;
b. 16 Now Laban had two daughters; the name of the older one was Leah, and the name
of the younger was Rachel.
17 Leah had weak eyes; Rachel was shapely and beautiful.
18 Jacob loved Rachel; so he answered, “I will serve you seven years for your
younger daughter Rachel.”
19 Laban said, “Better that I give her to you than that I should give her to an
outsider. Stay with me.”
20 So Jacob served seven years for Rachel and they seemed to him but a few days
because of his love for her.
21 Then Jacob said to Laban, “Give me my wife, for my time is fulfilled, that I may
cohabit with her.”
22 And Laban gathered all the people of the place and made a feast.
23 When evening came, he took his daughter Leah and brought her to him; and he
cohabited with her.—
24 Laban had given his maidservant Zilpah to his daughter Leah as her maid.—
25 When morning came, there was Leah! So he said to Laban, “What is this you h
ave done to me? I was in your service for Rachel! Why did you deceive me?”
26 Laban said, “It is not the practice in our place to marry off the younger before the
older.
27 Wait until the bridal week of this one is over and we will give you that one too,
provided you serve me another seven years.”
28 Jacob did so; he waited out the bridal week of the one, and then he gave him his
daughter Rachel as wife.
htyh: lqæ 3fs perfect – root yyh
bhayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bha
˚db[a: lqæ cs cohortative + 2ms suffix – root db[
ytt: lqæ infinitive const + 1cs suffix – root ntn
yttm: lqæ infinitive const + ˆmi preposition (comparative) + 1cs suffix – root ntn
hbç: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root bvy
db[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root db[
wyhyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yyh
wtbhab: lqæ infinitive const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root bha
hbh: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root bhy
walm: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root alm
hawbaw: lqæ cs cohortative + ww: – root awb
πsayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root psa
ç[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yc[
abeyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root awb
aboyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root db
ˆtyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ntn
tyç[: lqæ 2ms perfect – root yc[
ytdb[: lqæ 1cs perfect – root db[
yntymr: l[ePi 3ms perfect + 1cs suffix – root ymr
hç[y: l[æp]ni 3ms imperfect – root yc[
ttl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ntn
alm: l[ePi ms imperative– root alm
hntnw: lqæ cp cohortative + ww: – root ntn
db[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root db[
almyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root alm
˚tb: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form tBæ
wyny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e
ytça: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hV;ai
ymy: mp noun + 1cs suffix (pausal); abs form µymiy:
wtb: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form tBæ

wtjpç: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hj;p]vi
wnmwqmb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form µ/qm;
c. 13 If you hear it said, of one of the towns that the LORD your God is giving you to
dwell in,
14 that some scoundrels from among you have gone and subverted the inhabitants of
their town, saying, “Come let us worship other gods”—whom you have not
experienced —
15 you shall investigate and inquire and interrogate thoroughly. If it is true, the fact is
established — that abhorrent thing was perpetrated in your midst —
16 put the inhabitants of that town to the sword and put its cattle to the sword. Doom
it and all that is in it to destruction:
17 gather all its spoil into the open square, and burn the town and all its spoil as a
holocaust to the LORD your God. And it shall remain an everlasting ruin, never to be
rebuilt.
18 Let nothing that has been doomed stick to your hand, in order that the LORD may
turn from His blazing anger and show you compassion, and in His compassion
increase you as He promised your fathers on oath —
19 for you will be heeding the LORD your God, obeying all His commandments that
I enjoin upon you this day, doing what is right in the sight of the LORD your God.
[mçt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root [mv
tbçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root bvy
rmal: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root rma
waxy: lqæ 3mp perfect – root axy
wjydyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root jdn
ybçy: lqæ mp active participle (construct) – root bvy
hkln: lqæ cp cohortative – root klh
hdb[nw: lqæ cp cohortative + ww: – root db[
µt[dy: lqæ 2mp perfect – root [dy
tçrdw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root vrd
trqjw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rqj
tlaçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root lav
bfyh: lqæ infinitive absolute – root bfy
ˆwkn: l[æp]nI ms participle – root nwk
htç[n: l[æpn] I 3fs perfect – root yc[
hkt hkh: ly[ip]hi inf abs + 2ms imperfect – root ykn
µrjh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative – root mrj
≈bqt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root xbq
tprçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root prc

htyhw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root yyh
hnbt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root ynb
qbdy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root qbd
bwçy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root bwv
˚mjrw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root mjr
˚brhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect + 2ms suffix – root ybr
[bçn: l[æpn] i 3ms perfect – root [bv
rmçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root rmv
˚wxm: l[ePi ms participle + 2ms suffix – root ywx
twç[l: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root yc[
˚yr[: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyri[;
˚brqm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form br,q,&
µry[: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ry[i
˚brqb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form br,q,&
htmhb: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form hm;heB]
hllç: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form ll;v;
hbjr: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form b/jr]
˚dyb: fs noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form dy:
wpa: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form πaæ
˚ytbal: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form t/ba;
wytwxm: fp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form t/x]mi
d. 19 Thus said the LORD to me: Go and stand in the People’s Gate, by which the kings
of Judah enter and by which they go forth, and in all the gates of Jerusalem,
20 and say to them: Hear the word of the LORD, O kings of Judah, and all Judah, and
all the inhabitants of Jerusalem who enter by these gates!
21 Thus said the LORD: Guard yourselves for your own sake against carrying
burdens on the sabbath day, and bringing them through the gates of Jerusalem.
22 Nor shall you carry out burdens from your houses on the sabbath day, or do any
work, but you shall hallow the sabbath day, as I commanded your fathers.
23 (But they would not listen or turn their ear; they stiffened their necks and would
not pay heed or accept discipline.)
24 If you obey Me — declares the LORD — and do not bring in burdens through the
gates of this city on the sabbath day, but hallow the sabbath day and do no work on it,
25 then through the gates of this city shall enter kings who sit upon the throne of
David, with their officers — riding on chariots and horses, they and their officers —
and the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. And this city shall be
inhabited for all time.
26 And people shall come from the towns of Judah and from the environs of
Jerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the Shephelah, and from the hill
country, and from the Negeb, bringing burnt offerings and sacrifices, meal offerings
and frankincense, and bringing offerings of thanksgiving to the House of the LORD.
27 But if you do not obey My command to hallow the sabbath day and to carry in no
burdens through the gates of Jerusalem on the sabbath day, then I will set fire to its
gates; it shall consume the fortresses of Jerusalem and it shall not be extinguished.
˚lh: lqæ inf abs – root klh
tdm[w: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root dm[
waby: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root awb
waxy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root axy
trmaw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rma
w[mç: lqæ mp imperative – root [mv
ybçy: lqæ mp active participle (construct) – root bvy
µyabh: lqæ mp active participle (defined) – root awb
wrmçh: l[æp]ni mp imperative – root rmv
waçt law: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root acn
µtabhw: ly[ip]hi 2mp converted perfect – root awb
wayxwt: ly[ip]hi 2mp imperfect – root axy
wç[t: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root yc[
µtçdqw: l[ePi 2mp converted perfect – root vdq
ytywx: l[ePi 2mp converted perfect – root vdq
w[mç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root [mv
wfh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect – root ykn
wçqyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root yvq
[mwç: lqæ ms active participle – root [mv
?[wmç¿: lqæ infinitive construct – root [mv
tjq: lqæ infinitive construct – root jql
hyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yyh
ˆw[mçt [mç: lqæ infinitive abs + 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root [mv
aybh: ly[ip]hi infinitive construct – root awb
çdqlw: l[ePi infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root vdq
twç[: lqæ infinitive construct – root jql
wabw: lqæ 3mp converted perfect – root awb
µybkr: lqæ mp active participle – root bkr

ybçyw: lqæ mp active participle + ww: – root bvy
hbçyw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root bvy
µyabm: ly[ip]hi mp participle – root awb
yabmw: ly[ip]hi mp participle (construct) + ww: – root awb
w[mçt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root [mv
taç: lqæ infinitive construct – root acn
abw: lqæ infinitive construct + ww: – root awb
ytxhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root txy
hlkaw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root lka
hbkt: l[ePi 3fs imperfect – root ybk
µkytwçpnb: fp noun + -B] preposition + 2mp suffix; abs form t/vp]n"
µkytbm: mp noun + ˆmi preposition + 2mp suffix; abs form µyTiB;
µkytwba: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form t/ba;
µnza: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ˆz,ao&
µpr[: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form πr,[o&
µhyrçw: mp noun + ww: + 3mp suffix; abs form µyric;
hyr[çb: mp noun + -B] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form µyri[;v]
e. 1 There was a man in the land of Uz named Job. That man was blameless and upright;
he feared God and shunned evil.
2 Seven sons and three daughters were born to him;
3 his possessions were seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred
yoke of oxen and five hundred she-asses, and a very large household. That man was
wealthier than anyone in the East.
4 It was the custom of his sons to hold feasts, each on his set day in his own home.
They would invite their three sisters to eat and drink with them.
5 When a round of feast days was over, Job would send word to them to sanctify
themselves, and, rising early in the morning, he would make burnt offerings, one for
each of them; for Job thought, “Perhaps my children have sinned and blasphemed
God in their thoughts.” This is what Job always used to do.
hyh: lqæ 3ms perfect – root yyh
hyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yyh
rsw: lqæ ms participle + ww: – root rws
wdlwyw: l[æp]ni 3mp converted imperfect – root dly
wklhw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root klh
wç[w: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root yc[
wjlçw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root jlv
warqw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root arq
lkal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lka

twtçlw: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root ytv
wpyqh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect – root pqn
jlçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jlv
µçdqyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect + 3ms suffix – root vdq
µykçhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root mkv
hl[hw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root yl[
wafj: lqæ 3cp perfect – root afj
wkrbw: l[ePi 3cp converted perfect – root krb
hç[y: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root yc[
wmç: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µve
whnqm: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hn,q]mi
wynb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µynIB;
wmwy: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µ/y
µhytyja: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ja;
?µhytwyja¿: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ja;
µlk: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lKo
ynb: mp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form µynIB;
µbblb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form bb;le
f. 1 My son, do not forget my teaching, But let your mind retain my commandments;
2 For they will bestow on you length of days, Years of life and well-being.
3 Let fidelity and steadfastness not leave you; Bind them about your throat, Write
them on the tablet of your mind,
4 And you will find favor and approbation In the eyes of God and man.
jkçt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect (pausal) – root jkv
rxy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rxn
wpyswy: ly[ip]hi 3mp imperfect – root psy
˚bz[y la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 3mp imperfect – root bz[
µrçq: lqæ ms imperative + 3mp suffix – root rvq
µbtk: lqæ ms imperative + 3mp suffix – root btk
axmw: lqæ ms imperative – root axm
ynb: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form ˆBe
ytrwt: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hr;/T
ytwxmw: fp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form t/x]mi
˚bl: ms noun + 2ms suffix (pausal); abs form ble
˚ytwrgrg: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form t/rG“r]G"
g. 7 Two things I ask of you; do not deny them to me before I die:

8 Keep lies and false words far from me; Give me neither poverty nor riches, But
provide me with my daily bread,
9 Lest, being sated, I renounce, saying, “Who is the LORD?” Or, being
impoverished, I take to theft And profane the name of my God.
ytlaç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root lav
[nmt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root [nm
twma: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root twm
qjrh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative – root qjr
ˆtt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root ntn
ynpyrfh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative + 1cs suffix – root prf
[bça: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root [bc
ytçjkw: l[ePi 1cs converted perfect – root vjk
ytrmaw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root rma
çrwa: l[æp]nI 1cs imperfect – root vry
ytbngw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root bng
ytçptw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root cpt
yqj: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form qjo
yhla: mp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘
Cumulative Exercises

l[æp]nI axm perfect 3 m s “he was found”
participle m s “being found”
l[ePi ysn impf 3 m p “they will test”
l[æp]nI nyb participle m s “discerning”
l[æp]nI yc[ impf 3 m s “it will be done”
lqæ rwg perfect 3 m s “he sojourned”
act part m s “he sojourns”
lqæ rkz impf 1 c s +2ms suff “I will remember you”
l[ePi rps impv m s “recount!”
inf const “to recount”
lqæ zja conv impf 1 c s “I seized”
l[æp]nI [dy conv perf 3 m s “he will be known”
part m s +ww: “and a known man”
lqæ ykb conv impf 2 m s “he wept”
3 f s “she wept”
lqæ jbz inf const +3ms suff “his sacrificing”
llePo mwr impf 3 m s “he will lift up”
lqæ myc perf 3 m s “he placed”
active part m s “is placing”
lqæ ntn inf const +1cs suff “my giving”
lqæ rsa impv m p “bind!”
ly[ip]hi mwq cohortative c p “let us raise”
l[ePi rbd impv m s “speak!”
inf const “to speak”
lqæ vby perfect 3 f s “she was dry”
lqæ mwq perfect 3 f s “she rose”
lqæ nnj conv impf 3 m s “he was gracious”
lqæ mwr jussive 3 m s “let him be high”
lqæ vrd pass part f s “she is being sought”
ly[ip]hi mwr impf 3 m s “he will lift up”
ly[ip]hi bfy impf 3 m s “he will make it go well”
ly[ip]hi ldb jussive 3 m s “let him separate”
l[ePi amf perf 3 m s “he made unclean”
lqæ jvm inf abs “certainly anoint”
l[ePi abn perf 3 c p “they prophesied”
l[ePi krb perf 3 m s “he blessed”
Cumulative Exercises (Page 2 of 5)
ly[ip]hi fbn conv impf 3 m s “he looked”
lqæ klh impv m s elongated “go!”
lqæ yyj jussive 3 m s “may he live”
lqæ or yar conv impf 3 m s “he saw”
ly[ip]hi “he showed”
l[æp]nI ary impf 2 m s “you will be feared”
3 f s “she will be feared”
ly[ip]hi bvy perf 3 m s “he caused to sit”
inf const “to place/cause to sit”
ly[ip]hi bvy perf 3 c p “they placed”
impv m p “place!”
ly[ip]hi awb conv impf 3 m s +1cs suff “he brought me”
ly[ip]hi qzj participle m s “is strengthening”
lqæ [qb impv m s +3ms suff “break through it”
l[æPu lka perf 3 c p “they were consumed”
lqæ yyh inf const “to be”
ly[ip]hi axy juss 3 f s “may she bring out”
lqæ awb inf const +3mp suff “their going”
lqæ vwb impv m p “be ashamed!”
lqæ ynz act part m s “they are prostituting”
ly[ip]hi dry impv m s “bring down!”
inf abs “surely bring down”
lqæ yl[ conv impf 2 m s “you went up”
3 f s “she went up”
ly[ip]hi 2 m s “you brought up”
3 f s “she brought up”
l[æPu llh participle m s “praised”
l[æp]nI kph impf 3 m s “he will be overturned”
lqæ ypa impf 2 m p “you will bake”
l[ePi ldg impv m p “make great!”
ly[ip]hi dly conv impf 3 m s “he begat”
2.
a. Because hbr[ begins with an [, the vowel under the B is ; rather than æ (compensatory
lengthening).
b. Because the l is followed by a [n awv, the –w is vocalized as a W.
c. Before y“, the w is vocalized ywI (ayyé simplifies and d/y prefers the qr,yji).
d. The root jql acts like a first ˆwn root, and thus the initial l assimilates. However, with a [n
awv, the vgd is lost.
e. The root dry is historically a first ww:, and in the ly[ph the original first ww: is retained, thus the
µlwj vowel in the first syllable.
f. The root mmt is a geminate, and thus the third root letter appears as a vgeD: in the second root
letter.
g. The final n in the root ntn assimilates to the following t.
h. When a word that begins with a tpk dgb letter immediately follows a long vowel in the
preceding word to which it is closely connect, the lq vgd is lost in the tpk dgb letter.
i. In final a roots, the final syllable is open, which prefers a long vowel (≈mq).
j. Guttural letters prefer not to take µyawv, and thus the vowel under the [ is a πfj vowel, with
the corresponding full vowel preceding it. Further, because yc[ is a final weak verb, its
last vowel is a lwgs.
3.
a. t/ba; + -l] preposition + 2mp suffix; “to your fathers”
b. [ræz,& + -l] preposition + ww: + 3mp suffix; “and for their offspring”
c. byri + ww: + 2mp suffix; “and your argument”
d. µyfib;v] + 2mp suffix; “your tribes”
e. ly[ph inf const + -l] preposition + 1cp suffix – root dmv; “to destroy us”
f. µynIB; + -l] preposition + ww: + 3ms suffix; “and for his sons”
g. hm;j;l]mi + 3ms suffix; “his battle”
h. br,q,& + -B] preposition + 2mp suffix; “in your midst”
i. µybiy“ao + 2mp suffix; “your enemies”
j. ≈r,a,& + ˆmi preposition + 3mp suffix; “from their land”
k. dy: + -B] preposition + 1cp suffix; “in our hand”
l. µyci[}mæ + -K] preposition + 2ms suffix; “according to your deeds”
m. hm;k]j; + 2ms suffix; “your wisdom”
n. tyrIB] + 3ms suffix; “his covenant”
o. µyQiju + ww: + 3ms suffix; “his statutes”
p. t/jB]z“mi + 3mp suffix; “their altars”
q. lqæ mp active participle + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix – root bha; “to those who love him”
r. hm;d;a} + 2ms suffix (pausal); “your land”
s. µyhiløa‘ + 3mp suffix; “their god/s”
t. lg,r,& + ww: + 2ms suffix; “and your foot”
u. hq;d;x] + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; “in your righteousness”
4.
Ex. 1:1-7
Now these are the names of the children of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob, each man
with his household they came: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah; Issachar, Zebulun, and
Benjamin; Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. All the people who were the issue of the loins of
Jacob were seventy—and Joseph was already in Egypt. Joseph and all his brothers and all of
that generation died, but the children of Israel were fruitful and became many, and they
became very great and mighty, and the land was filled with them.
1. v. 1 twmv and ynb are bound: in the former, the yrexe has been propretonically reduced,
and in the latter, the final -µ is missing, and the ≈meq; has been propretonically reduced.
v. 5 yaxy and ˚ry are bound: in the former, the final -µ is missing; in the latter, the
context indicates that it is bound.
2.
lqæ awb active part m p definite see above
lqæ awb perf 3 c p
lqæ yyh conv impf 3 m s
lqæ axy active part m p construct
lqæ mx[ conv impf 3 m p
lqæ ybr conv impf 3 m p
lqæ xrv conv impf 3 m p
lqæ yrp perf 3 m p
l[æp]nI alm conv impf 3 f s
3. a. B begins the word.
b. B begins the word, and though immediately preceded by a long vowel, it is not
closely connected to the previous word (no conjunctive accent).
c. b begins the word, but it is immediately preceded by a long vowel in a word to
which it is closely connected. Thus it loses its vgd.
4. The first is pronounced as an “ah” sound, while the second is pronounced as a long “o”
sound because it is in a closed, unaccented syllable. The converted form is related to
the “regular” imperfect tWmy:, and the vowel remains a “u-class” vowel.
5. The second occurrence is pausal.
6. µyaiB;h' ynEB] hL,aew“
qzj lq qzj
aleM;Tiw" daom]Bi WBr“YIw" WrP;

qzj qzj lq lq qzj lq
7. a. This is the regular vocalization of the conjunctive ww:
b. Before a y“, the awv under the d/y elides and the ww: is vocalized ywI (ayyé simplifies and
d/y prefers the qr,yji).
c. Before a labial, the ww: is vocalized W
8. When lk is connected to the following word by a πQemæ, the usual µlwj vowel reduces to
a ˆfq ≈mq.

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Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Answer Key by Jeffrey Stackert and Mark Z. Brettler

z>my kl ˙rwn <py ky b<¡ qn<®y t<¬l kl h<rß

x sibilant, emphatic/velar h guttural

c sibilant f dental, emphatic/velar

t dental m labial, sonant

Exercises for Chapter 2

zj'a‘n< rj'a' lyIa'

Exercises for Chapter 2 (page 2 of 2)

a. consonant, consonant, vowel

Vowel letters are enlarged and bolded.

22:4 jn"Wm, ["ybir], af;v]Pæ, aG:r]Dæ, rybiT], ak;r“yme, aj;p]fi, qWLsi

Exercises for Chapter 5

Exercises for Chapter 7

Exercises for Chapter 7 (Page 2 of 2)

Exercises for Chapter 9

Exercises for Chapter 9 (Page 2 of 2)

Exercises for Chapter 10

Exercises for Chapter 10 (page 2 of 2)

Exercises for Chapter 11

Exercises for Chapter 11 (page 2 of 5)

Exercises for Chapter 11 (page 3 of 5)

Exercises for Chapter 11 (page 5 of 5)

Note: the adjectives are identified in bold.

Exercises for Chapter 12

Exercises for Chapter 12 (page 2 of 6)

Exercises for Chapter 12 (page 3 of 6)

Exercises for Chapter 12 (page 4 of 6)

5. a = absolute/unbound; b = construct/bound; unless noted, nouns have not undergone

Exercises for Chapter 12 (page 6 of 6)

["m&evo t[æm&ævo h[;m]vo µy[im]vo t/[m]vo [mv

3. Note: other word-orders are possible

a. b/Fhæ aybiN:hæArbæD“ tae ["me&vo dwID; br,[,B]

Exercises for Chapter 13 (page 2 of 3)

Exercises for Chapter 13 (Page 3 of 3)

Exercises for Chapter 14

Exercises for Chapter 14 (page 2 of 3)

y. hL,ae&h; t/mB;hæ z. ayhihæ hj;m]Cihæ

Exercises for Chapter 14 (Page 3 of 3)

Exercises for Chapter 15

aa. ytiyBe bb. Úb]h;z“

Exercises for Chapter 15 (page 3 of 3)

Exercises for Chapter 17

Exercises for Chapter 17 (page 2 of 3)

hh. µyrixej} rc;[; h[;b]vi

*There is substantial variation in the forms of large numbers

Exercises for Chapter 17 (page 3 of 3)

Exercises for Chapter 19

Exercises for Chapter 19 (page 2 of 5)

Exercises for Chapter 19 (page 3 of 5)

Exercises for Chapter 19 (page 4 of 5)

Exercises for Chapter 19 (page 5 of 5)

rmvl: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – rmv

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

jq: lqæ ms impv – root jql

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

j. My life is constantly in my hand—your Torah I do not forget.