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Surfaces With A Common Asymptotic Curve According To Bishop Frame In

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 SURFACES WITH A COMMON ASYMPTOTIC CURVE ACCORDING TO BISHOP

FRAME IN EUCLIDEAN 3-SPACE

Gülnur Şaffak Atalay*, and Emin Kasap

Ondokuz Mayis University, Arts and Science Faculty,
Department of Mathematics, Samsun 55139, Turkey
Abstract

In this paper, we express surfaces parametrically through a given asymptotic curve

using the Bishop frame of the curve in Euclidean 3-space. Necessary and sufficient conditions
for the coefficients of the Bishop frame to satisfy both parametric and asymptotic
requirements are derived.The extension to ruled surfaces is also outlined. We also present
some interesting examples to show the validity of this study.
Keywords: Asymptotic curve; Parametric curve; Bishop frame; Bishop curvatures, Ruled
surface.

1. Introduction
The concept of family of surfaces having a given characteristic curve was first introduced by
Wang et.al. [1] in Euclidean 3-space. Kasap et.al. [2] generalized the work of Wang by
introducing new types of marching-scale functions, coefficients of the Frenet frame appearing
in the parametric representation of surfaces. With the inspiration of work of Wang, Li et.al.[3]
changed the characteristic curve from geodesic to line of curvature and defined the surface
pencil with a common line of curvature. Recently, in [4] Bayram et.al. defined the surface
pencil with a common asymptotic curve. They introduced three types of marching-scale
functions and derived the necessary and sufficient conditions on them to satisfy both
parametric and asymptotic requirements.
One of the most significant curve on a surface is asymptotic curve. Asymptotic curve on a
surface has been a long-term research topic in Differential Geometry, [5,6,7]. A curve on a
surface is called an asymptotic curve provided its velocity always points in an asymptotic
direction, that is the direction in which the normal curvature is zero. Anothercriterion for a
curve in a surfaceM to be asymptotic is that its acceleration always be tangent to M, [8].
Asymptotic curves are also encountered in astronomy, astrophysics and CAD in architecture.
In order to find the set of escaping orbits of the stars from a stellar system it is necessary to
find asymptotic curves of the Lyapunov orbits because any small deviation from an orbits and
found sets of escaping orbits with initial conditions on asymptotic curves. asymptotic orbit
outwards leads a star to escape from the system. Contopoulos [9] considered the asymptotic
orbits of the main unstable orbits with particular emphasis on the Lyapunov Efthymiopoulos
et al. [10] concluded that the difusion of any chaotic orbit inside the cantorus follows
essentially the same path as defined by the unstable asymptotic curves which emanate from
unstable periodic orbits inside the cantorus.Flöry and Pottmann [11] addressed the challenges
in the realization of free-form architecture and complex shapes in general with the technical
advantages of ruled surfaces. They proposed a geometry processing framework to
approximate a given shape by one or multiple strips of ruled surfaces.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: gulnur.saffak@omu.edu.tr (G.S.Atalay), kasape@omu.edu.tr (E.Kasap)
In the presented work, they use asymptotic curves obtained by a careful investigation and
construct an initial ruled surface by aligning rulings with asymptotic curves and discuss how
the shape of this initial approximation is modified to optimally fit the given target shape.
However, most of the previous work on asymptotic curves studied how to find them on a
given surface. In practice, the more highlighting problem is how to construct surfaces which
contain the given spatial curve as a common asymptotic curve. We use an example in
architectural design to illustrate potential applications of this problem. Fig. 1 shows a model
of architecture which is represented by multiple strips of ruled surfaces. Excluding
developable ones, ruled surfaces are known to be of negative Gaussian curvature which is an
important characteristic of asymptotic curves. Many production processes are based on ruled
surfaces, e.g. heated wire cutting, where the heated wire moves on a ruled surface [11]. To
approximate a given shape by one or multiple strips of ruled surfaces it is crucial to examine
the asymptotic curves on the shape.

Fig. 1. Large parts of the facade of the Cagliari Contemporary Arts Center by Zaha Hadid
Architects have been rationalized with ruled surfaces [11].

Bishop frame, which is also called alternative or parallel frame of the curves, wasintroduced
by L. R. Bishop in 1975 by means of parallel vector fields, [12].Recently, many research
papers related to this concept have been treated in the Euclidean space, see [13,14]. And,
recently, this special frame is extended to study of canal and tubular surfaces, we refer to [15–
16].Bishop and Frenet–Serret frames have a common vector field, namely the tangent vector
field of the Frenet–Serret frame.A practical application of Bishop frames is that they are used
in the area of Biology and Computer Graphics. For example, it may be possible to compute
information about the shope of sequences of DNA using a curve defined by the Bishop frame.
The Bishop frame may also provide a new way to control virtual cameras in computer
animatons, [17].
In this paper, we study the problem: given a curve (with Bishop frame), how to characterize
those surfaces that posess this curve as a common parametric and asymptotic curve in
Euclidean 3-space. In section 2, we give some preliminary information about curves and
surfaces in Euclidean 3-space and define isoasymptotic curve. We express surfaces as a linear
combination of the Bishop frame of the given curve and derive necessary and sufficient
conditions on marching-scale functions to satisfy both parametric and asymptotic
requirements in Section 3. We illustrate the method by giving some examples.
2. Preliminaries
The Bishop frame or parallel transport frame is an alternative approach to defining a moving
frame that is well defined even when the curve has vanishing second derivative. One can
express parallel transport of an orthonormal frame along a curve simply by parallel
transporting each component of the frame [14]. The tangent vector and any convenient
arbitrary basis for the remainder of the frame are used (for details, see [12]). The Bishop
frame is expressed as [12,14].
T '   0 k1 k 2  T 
 N '    k 0 0   N1  (2.1)
 1   1
 N 2 '  k 2 0 0   N 2 
Here, we shall call the set {T , , } as Bishop Frameand and as Bishop curvatures.
The relation between Bishop Frame and Frenet Frame of curve α(s) is given as follows;
T  1 0 0  T 
 N   0 cos  ( s )  sin  ( s)   N  (2.2)
 1 
 N 2   0 sin  ( s) cos  ( s)   B 
where
k 
 (s )  arctan  2  ;  ( s)   '( s) and  ( s)  k12  k2 2 (2.3)
 k1 
Here Bishop curvatures are defined by
k1   cos  ( s)
 (2.4)
k2   sin  ( s)
A curve on a surface is called an asymptotic curve provided its velocity always points
in an asymptotic direction, that is the direction in which the normal curvature is zero [8].
Accordingto the above definition the curve   u  is an asymptotic curve on the surface
  u , v  if and only if
n
 u,v0 T  u  = 0 , (2.5)
u
where “  ” denotes inner product and n is a normal vector of    (u , v) , [8].
An isoparametric curve α(s) is a curve on a surface    (u , v) is that has a constant u
or v-parameter value. In other words, there exist a parameter or such that  (u )
  (u , v 0 ) or  (v )   (u 0 , v) . Given a parametric curve  (u ) , we call  (u ) an isoasymptotic
of a surface  if it is both an asymptotic and an isoparametric curve on  .

3. Surfaces with common asymptotic

Let    (u , v) be a parametric surface. The surface is defined by a given curve
   (u ) as follows:
(u, v)  (u)  [x(u, v)T(u)  y(u, v)N1 (u)  z(u, v)N 2 (u)] , L1  u  L2 , T1  v  T2 , (3.1)
where x(u, v), y (u, v ) and z (u, v ) are C 1 functions. The values of the marching-scale functions
x(u, v), y (u, v ) and z (u, v ) indicate, respectively; the extension-like, flexion-like and retortion-
like effects, by the point unit through the time v, starting from  (u ) and T(u), N1 (u) , N 2 (u)
is the Bishop frame associated with the curve  (u ) .
 Our goal is to find the necessary and sufficient conditions for which the curve   u  is
an parametric curve and an asymptotic curve on the surface   u , v  .
Firstly, since   u  is an parametric curve on the surface   u , v  , there exists a
parameter v0  T1 , T2  such that
x  u , v0   y  u, v0   z  u, v0   0, L1  u  L2 , T1  v0  T2 . (3.2)
Secondly, since   u  is an asymptotic curve on the surface, from Eqn. (2.5) there
n
exists a parameter v0  T1 , T2  such that  u,v0 T  u  = 0 .
u
Theorem 3.1: A curve  (u ) is isoasymptotic on a surface  (u , v) if and only if the following
conditions are satisfied:
x(u, v0 )  y(u, v 0 )  z(u, v0 )  0,

z(u, v 0 ) y(u, v0 )
 v  tan (u) .
v
Proof: Let  (u ) be a curve on a surface    (u , v) . If  (u ) is an isoparametric curve on this
surface, then there exist a parameter v  v 0 such that  (u ) =  (u , v0 ) , that is,
x(u, v0 )  y(u, v 0 )  z(u, v 0 )  0 (3.3)
The normal vector of    (u , v) can be written as
 (u, v )  (u, v )
n( u , v )  
u v
From (2.1 ) and (3.1 ), the normal vector can be expressed as:
 z ( u , v )  y (u, v )  y (u, v )  z ( u , v )  
n(u, v )    x(u, v)k1     x (u , v )k 2  T
 v  u  v  u  
 x (u, v )  z (u, v )  z (u, v )  x(u, v) 
  x (u , v ) k 2     1  z(u, v )k2  y (u, v )k1   N1 (3.4)
 v  u  v  u 
 y (u , v)  x (u , v)   y (u , v)  x (u , v) 
  1  z (u, v)k 2  y (u, v )k1    x (u , v)k1  N2
 v  u   u  v 
Thus, if we get:
z (u , v)  y (u , v)  y (u , v)  z (u , v) 
1  u, v    x (u , v)k1    x (u , v)k2  
v  u  v  u 
x (u , v)  z (u , v)  z (u, v )  x(u, v ) 
2  u , v    x (u , v)k2   1   z (u , v)k2  y (u , v)k1 
v  u  v  u 
y (u, v )  x (u , v)   y (u, v )  x(u, v )
3  u, v   1   z (u , v)k2  y (u, v )k1    x(u, v )k1  
v  u   u  v
from (3.3),

1  u , v0   0,

 z  u , v0 
2  u, v0    , (3.5)
 v
 y  u, v0 
3  u, v0   .
 v
Thus, from (3.4) we obtain

n  u , v0   2  u, v0  N1  u   3  u , v0  N 2  u  .

From Eqn. (2.2), we get

n  u , v0    cos  (u )2  u, v0   sin  (u )3  u , v0   N  u    cos  (u )3  u , v0   sin  (u )2  u, v0   B (u ).

From Eqn. (2.5), we know that  (u ) is an asymptotic curve if and only if

  cos  (u )2  u , v0   sin  (u )3  u , v0    0
z (u, v0 ) y (u , v0 )
where  (u )   '' (u )  0 , 2 (u, v0 ) =  and 3 (u , v0 ) =
v v

z(u, v0 ) y(u, v 0 )
 tan (u) (3.6)
v v

which completes the proof.

Combining the conditions (3.3) and (3.6) , we have found the necessary and sufficient
conditions for the surface  to have the curve  (with Bishop frame) as an isoasymptotic.
We call the set of surfaces defined by (3.1), (3.3) and (3.6) the family of surfaces with
common asymptotic. Any surface   u , v  defined by (3.1) and satisfying (3.4) and (3.6) is a
member of this family.

Now let us consider other types of the marching-scale functions. In the Eqn. (3.1)
marching-scale functions x  u, v  , y  u, v  and z  u , v  can be choosen in two different forms:

1) If we choose
p
 k k
    a1k l  u  x  v  ,
x u , v 
k 1

p
 k k
 y  u , v    a2 k m  u  y  v  , (3.7)
 k 1
 p
k k
 z  u, v    a3 k n  u  z  v  ,
 k 1

then we can simply express the sufficient condition for which the curve   u  is an
isoasymptotic curve on the surface   u , v  as
 x  v0   y  v0   z  v0   0,

 dz  v0  dy  v0  (3.8)
a31n  u   tan  (u ).a21m  u 
 dv dv
where l  u  , m  u  , n  u  , x  v  , y  v  and z  v  are C functions, aij  IR ,
1

i  1, 2,3, j  1, 2,..., p.
2) If we choose

  p k k 
 x  u, v   f   a1k l  u  x  v   ,
  k 1 
  p
k k 
 y  u , v   g   a2 k m  u  y  v   , (3.9)
  k 1 
  p

 z  u , v   h   a3k n  u  k z  v  k  ,
  k 1 
then we can write the sufficient condition for which the curve   u  is an isoasymptotic curve
on the surface   u , v  as

 x  v0   y  v0   z  v0   f  0   g  0   h  0   0,

 dz  v0  dy  v0  (3.10)
a31n  u  h  0   tan  (u )a21m  u  g '  0  ,
 dv dv
where l  u  , m  u  , n  u  , x  v  , y  v  , z  v  , f , g and h are C 1 functions.

Also conditions for different types of marching-scale functions can be obtained by using the
Eqn. (3.3) and (3.6).

4. Ruled surfaces with common asymptotic

Ruled surfaces are one of the simplest objects in geometric modelling as they are generated
basically by moving a line in space.A surface  is a called a ruled surface in Euclidean space,
if it is a surface swept out by a straight line l moving alone a curve  . The generating line l
and the curve  are called the rulings and the base curve of the surface, respectively.

We show how to derive the formulations of a ruled surfaces family such that the common
asymptotic is also thebase curve of ruled surfaces.

Let    (u , v) be a ruled surface with the isoasymptotic base curve     u  . From the
definition of ruled surface, there is a vector R  R  u  such that;
 (u , v)   (u , v0 )  (v  v0 ) R (u )
From (3.1), we get
(v  v0 ) R (u )  x(u , v)T (u )  y (u , v ) N1 (u )  z (u, v) N 2 (u )

For the solutions of three unknows x(u, v) , y (u , v ) and z (u, v ) we have,

x(u, v )  (v  v0 ) T (u ), R (u ) 
y (u , v)  (v  v0 ) N1 (u ), R (u ) 
z (u , v)  (v  v0 ) N 2 (u ), R(u )  .

From (3.6), we have

 N 2 (u ), R (u )   tan  (u ) N1 (u ), R (u )  (4.1)

Including, R(u )  x (u )T (u )  y (u ) N1 (u )  z (u ) N 2 (u ) using (4.1) we obtain,

z (u )  tan  (u ) y (u ) (4.2)

So, the ruled surfaces family with common isoasymptotic is given by;

(u, v)  (u)  v[x(u)T(u)  y(u)N1 (u)  tan (u)y(u)N 2 (u)] (4.3)

5. Examples of generating simple surfaces and ruled surface with common asymptotic
curve

4 3 
Example 5.1. Let   u    cos  u  ,  cos  u  ,1  sin(u )  be a unit speed curve. Thenit is
5 5 
easy to show that
  4 3 
T  u     5 sin(u ), 5 sin  u  ,  cos(u )  ,
  
  4 3 
 N  u     cos  u  , cos  u  ,sin(u )  ,
  5 5 
 3 4 
B u    , , 0 .
 5 5 
  T ' 1 ,   N ', B  0 .
d 
From Eqn.(2.3),       c, c  cons tan t . Here c  can be taken.
ds 3
 1  3
From Eqn. (2.4), k1  cos( )  , k2  sin( )  .
3 2 3 2
From Eqn. (2.1), N1    k1T , N 2    k 2T
2 3 1 
N1   cos  u  ,  cos  u  , sin  u   ,
5 5 2 
2 3 3 3 3 
N2   cos  u  , cos  u  , sin  u  
 5 10 2 
 
If we take
x  u , v   0, y  u, v   sin v, z  u, v   3 sin v and v0  0 then the Eqn. (3.3) and (3.6) are
satisfied. Thus, we obtain a member of the surface with common asymptotic curve   u  as
4 3  1  
1 (u, v)   cos  u 1  2sin(v)  ,  cos  u   1  sin(v )  ,1  sin(u )  1  2sin(v)  
5 5  2  
where 0  u  2 , -1  v  0.6 (Fig. 1).
 Fig. 5.1. 1 (u, v) as a member of the surface and its asymptotic curve.

If we take
3 3
x  u , v   0, y  u, v    cos(u ) k (1  cos(v)) k , z  u , v    3 cos(u ) k (cos(v)  1) k and v0  0
k 1 k 1
then the Eqn. (3.8) is satisfied. Thus, we obtain a member of the surface with common
asymptotic curve   u  as
3 3
2  k k k k  
 cos  u   2   cos(u ) (1  cos(v))  3 cos(u ) (cos( v)  1)  , 
5  k 1 k 1  
 3  3
3 3  
2 (u , v )    cos  u   1   cos(u ) k (1  cos(v)) k   cos(u ) k (cos(v )  1) k  , 
 5  k 1 2 k 1  
 3 3 
 1  sin(u ) 1  1  cos(u ) k (1  cos(v)) k  3  cos(u ) k (cos(v)  1) k  
 
  2 k 1 2 k 1 
where   u  2 , -1  v  1 (Fig.5. 2).

Fig.5. 2.  2 (u , v ) as a member of the surface and its asymptotic curve.

If we take
 3   3 
x  u , v   0, y  u, v   sin   cos(u )k (1  cos(v))k  , z  u, v   sin   3 cos(u )k (cos(v )  1)k 
 k 1   k 1 
and v0  0 then the Eqn. (3.10) is satisfied. Thus, we obtain a member of the surface with
common asymptotic curve   u  as
2   3   3  
 cos  u   2  sin   cos(u ) k (1  cos( v)) k   3 sin   3 cos(u ) k (cos( v)  1) k   , 
5   k 1   k 1  
 
 3   3 k k  3  3 k k 
 
3 (u , v )   cos  u   1  sin   cos(u ) (1  cos(v ))   sin   3 cos(u ) (cos(v )  1)   , 
 5   k 1  2  k 1 
  
  1  3
 3  3
 
 1  sin(u )  1  sin   cos(u ) k (1  cos(v )) k   sin   3 cos(u ) k (cos(v )  1) k   
  2  k 1  2  k 1   
 
where 0  u   , -0.9  v  0.1111 (Fig.5. 3).

Fig. 5.3. 3 (u, v ) as a member of the surface and its asymptotic curve.

If we take
1 3
x(u )  0, y (u )  , z (u )  and v0  0 then the Eqn. (4.2) is satisfied. Thus, we
cos(u ) cos(u )
obtain a member of the ruled surface with common asymptotic curve   u  as
4 3 v 
1 (u, v)   (cos  u   v ),
( cos  u   ), 1  sin(u )  2v tan(u ) 
5 5 2 
where 2  u  2 , 0  v  0.6 (Fig. 5.4).

Fig.5. 4. 4 (u, v ) as a member of the ruled surface and its asymptotic curve.
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