Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Coimbatore-641048
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
BM 8001/MEDICAL OPTICS
REGULATION: 2017
KPRIET Department of Biomedical Engineering
Syllabus
Refraction, Scattering, Absorption, Light transport inside the tissue, Tissue properties, Laser
Characteristics as applied to medicine and biology-Laser tissue Interaction-Chemical-Thermal-
Electromechanical – Photoabalative processes.
Instrumentation for absorption, Scattering and emission measurements, excitation light sources –
high pressure arc lamp, LEDs, Lasers, Optical filters, - optical detectors – Time resolved and phase
resolved detectors.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Demonstrate knowledge of the fundamentals of optical properties of tissues
Describe surgical applications of laser.
Describe photonics and its therapeutic applications.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Markolf H.Niemz, “Laser-Tissue Interaction Fundamentals and Applications”, Springer, 2007
2. Paras N. Prasad, “Introduction to Biophotonics”, A. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publications, 2003
2. On factors the ability of the medium to absorb the Electromagnetic wavesdepends on.
(DEC 2006)
Absorption is a process involving the extraction of energy from lightby a molecular
species. In biomedical photonics, absorption processesare important in diagnostic and
therapeutic applications
Absorption occurs when the photon frequency matches the frequencyassociated with the
molecules energy transition.
5. Define the term, thermal relaxation time. What is its clinical significance? (DEC 2011)
Thermal relaxation time is the time taken for the target to dissipate about63% of the incident
thermal energy. It is related to size of target chromophore, e.g., few nanoseconds (tattoo particles)
to hundred milliseconds (leg venules).
6. The aortic wall has an absorption coefficient of 2.3 cm-1 and a scattering Coefficient of310 cm-
1 at 633nm. What is the optical albedo of the tissue? (DEC 2011)
Given:
μa= 2.3 cm-1
μs= 310 cm-1
optical albedo = μs/ (μa + μs)
= 310/(2.3+310)
= 0.99
7. What is the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence?(DEC 2012), (MAY 2014)
10. Explain the term time dependent thermal penetration depth. (MAY 2014)
The spatial extent of heat transfer is described by the time-dependent thermal penetration depth
ℎ ( ) = √4
11. State the factors that constitute the therapeutic window with reference to light? (NOV 2015)
Three (factors) types of sources are commonly employed in diffusive light measurements. The
simplest and easiest method to use is the continuous-wave (CW) device. In this case the source
amplitude is constant, and the transmitted amplitude is measured as a function of source-detector
separation or wavelength. The second method is the pulsed-time or time-resolved technique. In
this scheme a short, usually sub nanosecond light pulse is launched into the medium, and the
temporal point spread function of the transmitted pulse is measured. The third method is the
intensity modulated or frequency-domain technique. In this case the amplitude of the input source
is sinusoid ally modulated, producing a diffusive wave within the medium. The amplitude and
phase of the transmitted diffuse light wave are then measured.
The scattering coefficient μs[cm-1] can be expressed in terms of particle density ρ[cm-3] and
scattering cross section σs[cm2] as
s = ρσs
where Pabs is the amount of power absorbed out of an initially uniform plane wave of intensity
(power per unit area) I0.
The absorption coefficient μa[cm–1] can be defined in terms of particle density ρ [cm–3] and
absorption cross section σa[cm2]
μa =ρσa
17. Mention the strongly scattering and weekly scattering biological media.
Strongly scattering (opaque) like skin, brain, vessel walls, eye sclera, blood,and lymph and weakly
scattering (transparent) like cornea, crystalline lens,vitreous humor, and aqueous humor of the
front chamber of eye.
20. Why fluorescence is an appropriate parameter for detection of ischemic orneoplastic tissues?
The reduced form of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is excited selectively
in a wavelength range between 330 and 370 nm. NADHis most concentrated within mitochondria
whereit is oxidized within therespiratory chain located within the inner mitochondrial membrane
anditsfluorescence is an appropriate parameter for detection of ischemic orneoplastic tissues.
25. Mention the exogenous fluorescing dyes applied for propping cell anatomy.
In humans, such dyes as fluorescein and indocyanine green are in use forfluorescence angiography
or blood volume determination. Fluorescencespectra often give detailed information on
fluorescent molecules, theirconformation, binding sites, and interaction within cells and tissues.
2. What are the important properties of a solid state detector? (DEC 2006)
Low ionization energy
o Larger charge yield dq/dE
o Better energy resolution
High field in detection volume
o Fast response better charge collection efficiency
5. Why carbon dioxide laser is extensively used for surgical applications? (DEC 2007)
CO2 laser is useful in surgical procedures, because water (which makes up most biological tissue)
absorbs this frequency of light very well. Medical uses are laser surgery and skin resurfacing
("laser facelifts", which essentially consist of vaporizing the skin to promote collagen formation).
10. Outline the principle behind the link between a spectroscopic instrument and a remotely located
samples. (NOV 2015)
Optical fibers can be used to transmit the excitation light to a sample and transmit the signal
(reflected or scattered light) from the sample to the detector. Several possible optical fiber
configurations can perform these measurements: single-fiber system, bifurcated fiber system, and
dual-fiber system
11. Distinguish “Turners method from heating and pulling method in preparation of near filed
optical probes”. (NOV 2015)
The most frequently used technique is the melt-drawn, or “heating and pulling,” method. Glass
fiber is heated locally using a laser or a filament and the fiber is then pulled apart. The resulting
tip shapes depend largely on the temperature and the timing of the procedure.
The second method, based on chemical etching of glass fibers, is often called “Turner’s method.”
The tip formation occurs at the meniscus between hydrofluoric acid and an organic over layer.
Tips generated in this way generally show considerably larger angles and therefore the
transmission is higher than for melt-drawn tips. The parameters are difficult to control and the
quality is less reproducible.
13. Write short notes on CIDs and APS solid state detectors?
CIDs have pixels composed of two metal-oxide semiconductor gates that overlap and share the
same row and column electrodes. The APS consists of a photodiode, a reset transistor, and arrow-
select transistor.
20. Draw the schematic arrangement of a typical spectrometer for elastic scattering.
21. Draw the schematic arrangement of a typical spectrometer for inelastic scattering.
26. Mention the life time of absorption, scattering, fluorescence and phosphorescence.
Absorption: instantaneous with excitation
Fluorescence: 10 to 10 s
-10 -8
Phosphorescence: 10 to 10 s
-6 -3
CO2 lasers, used cut, vaporize, ablate and photo-coagulate soft tissue.
Diode lasers.
Dye lasers.
Excimer lasers.
Fiber lasers.
Gas lasers.
Free electron lasers.
Semiconductor diode lasers.
3. In the treatment of retinal detachment what type of laser is used and why? (DEC 2007)
The argon ion laser was used in ophthalmology for the treatment of retinal detachment. Because
its water transmissibility, good hemostatic ability, and small size made it ideal for ophthalmologic
procedures.
4. What are the various applications of lasers in tissue engineering? (DEC 2011)
a. Writing of 3D scaffolds for neural tissue engineering applications
b. Bio printing by laser-induced forward transfer for tissue engineering applications
c. Layer by layer tissue micro fabrication by selective Laser sintering
5. What are the applications of laser in medicine? (DEC 2012)
The following are various application of Laser in Medicine
Cosmetic surgery (removing tattoos, scars, stretch marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks,
and hairs): see laser hair removal. Laser types used in dermatology include ruby (694 nm),
alexandrite (755 nm), pulsed diode array (810 nm), Nd:YAG (1064 nm), Ho:YAG (2090
nm), and Er:YAG (2940 nm).
Eye surgery and refractive surgery
Soft tissue surgery: CO2, Er:YAG laser
Laser scalpel (General surgery, gynecological, urology, laparoscopic)
Photo bio modulation (i.e. laser therapy)
"No-Touch" removal of tumors, especially of the brain and spinal cord.
Intelligent laser speckle classification for skin health assessments (especially
regarding damage caused through ageing)
In dentistry for caries removal, endodontic/periodontic procedures, tooth
whitening, and oral surgery
6. What are various advantages of Laser induced fluorescence? (DEC 2012, MAY 2014)
An advantage over absorption spectroscopy is that it is possible to get two and three-dimensional
images since fluorescence takes place in all directions (i.e. the fluorescence signal is usually
isotropic). The signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescence signal is very high, providing a good
sensitivity to the process. It is also possible to distinguish between more species, since the lasing
wavelength can be tuned to a particular excitation of a given species which is not shared by other
species.
8. Write down the three steps involved in LASIK refractive corneal surgery. (MAY 2014)
In the LASIK procedure, a thin layer of the cornea is gently lifted to reveal the stroma of the cornea
(step 1). The laser is then applied to the stroma (step 2). The thin layer of the cornea is returned to
its original place (step 3). Because the epithelium of the cornea is not disturbed during this
procedure, healing is much faster, usually within 24 hours.
9. Why Argon ion laser photocoagulation is found more suitable for treatment of retina?
(NOV 2015)
The initial use of the argon ion laser was in ophthalmology for the treatment of retinal detachment.
Its water transmissibility, good hemostatic ability, and small size made it ideal for ophthalmologic
procedures.
10. CO2 laser has been extensively used for surgical applications. Point out the reason.
(NOV 2015)
The CO2 laser was superior at vaporization, cutting, hemostasis, and sterilization, and its tissue-
damage characteristics were more predictable.
covalent bonds produced by photo thermal welding. Agents used for photochemical welding
include 1,8-naphthalimide, rose Bengal (RB),riboflavin-5-phosphate (R-5-P),fluorescein (Fl),
methylene blue (MB), and N-hydroxypyridine-2-(1H)-thione (N-HPT).
18. What are the two procedures performing in laser vision correction?
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and
Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK).
1. What is the condition for interference to occur? State its features. (DEC 2006)
The source must be coherent, that is they must maintain a constant phase with respect to each
other. The source must be monochromatic, that is of a single wavelength.
8. What are the ideal properties of photosensitizer? (DEC 2012, MAY 2014)
It should be able to produce singlet oxygen efficiently because singlet oxygen and type II
photochemical reaction is responsible for the majority of lesons generated during PDT.
18. What are the two methods available for obtaining spectral interference in OCT?
There are two common methods of obtaining spectral interference in OCT. One involves using a
spectrometer as the detectors and is called Spectral domain OCT. Here the light is split into
different wavelengths during detection. Another method involves splitting the light into different
wavelengths at the source. This is called Swept-source OCT. Here incident light changes the
wavelength as a function of time and the temporal output of the detector is converted to spectral
interference.
3. Clinical laboratory instruments make use of holograms in what way? (DEC 2007)
Holograms can be used to test blood, breath, urine, saliva or tear fluid for a wide range of
compounds, such as glucose, alcohol, hormones, drugs or bacteria. When one of these compounds
is present, the hologram changes color, potentially making the monitoring of various conditions as
simple as checking the color of the hologram against a color gradient.
9. List down the prime requisites for photodynamic therapy. (MAY 2014)
A drug that can be activated by light (Photosensitizer)
Light
Oxygen
10. Without excisional biopsy or cytology which optical method gives a better diagnosis?
(NOV 2015)
For better diagnosis without excisional biopsy or cytology, fluorescent spectroscopy is used.
11. The ability of PDT to eliminate tumor cells through direct photo damage is studied through
what methodology. (NOV 2015)
Ability of PDT eliminate tumor cells through direct damage was studied through methodology of
clinical photodynamic therapy.
12. Expand NSOM and SNOM.
NSOM for near-field scanning optical microscopy and
SNOM for scanning near-field microscopy
13. How near field microscopy differ from far field microscopy?
In contrast to far-field microscopy in which the light source is confined by a lens, in near-field
optical microscopy the light source is confined by a metal aperture. Within a short distance beyond
the screen, the size of the illuminated spot is limited only by the dimensions of the aperture. This
area is the so called optical near-field. If such a small light source is scanned above a surface and
the distance between aperture and sample is in this near-field region, all scattering or absorption
phenomena must originate from that small illumination spot. Consequently, aperture size and
distance determine their solution.
14. Mention the two simple methods used to prepare probe tips.
The most frequently used technique is the melt-drawn, or “heating and pulling,” method. Glass
fiber is heated locally using a laser or a filament and the fiber is then pulled apart. The resulting
tip shapes depend largely on the temperature and the timing of the procedure. The second method,
based on chemical etching of glass fibers, is often called “Turner’s method.” The tip formation
occurs at the meniscus between hydrofluoric acid and an organic over layer. Tips generated in this
way generally show considerably larger angles and therefore the transmission is higher than for
melt-drawn tips.