CEU – SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

SUBJECT – GROSS ANATOMY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES IN GROSS ANATOMY

Introduction to Gross Anatomy

GIO: To know the levels of organization of human structure.
To understand the human body system
To learn the different terms used in describing human anatomical structures.

SIO (Learning outcomes)

1. Enumerate the levels of organization of the human structure.
2. Describe each level.
3. Enumerate the human body system.
4. Enumerate the organs in each body system.
5. Briefly describe the function of each system.
6. Name the different body regions.
7. Differentiate the study of human body by system and by regions.
8. Define anatomy, human anatomy.
9. Name the divisions of anatomy.
10. Describe the divisions of anatomy.
11. Describe surface anatomy.
12. Name the methods of physical examination.
13. Describe each method of physical examination.
14. List the information gathered from the different methods of physical examination.
15. Define the anatomical position.
16. Illustrate the anatomical position.
17. Enumerate the anatomical planes.
18. Describe and illustrate each plane.
19. Name the anatomical terms of position, relations, and comparisons. Cite examples.
20. Describe the anatomical terms of sections.
21. Discuss the respect for and care of cadavers.
Skeletal and Articular System
Skeletal system 1 Generalities of the skeletal system
Axial skeleton

SIO – Learning Outcomes

Skeletal System 1
1. Name the functions of bones.
2. Classify bones according to:
2.1. Developmental origin
2.2. Structure
2.3. Shape
2.4. Location
3. Briefly describe each classification.
4. Give examples for each classification.
5. Define the axial skeleton.
6. Name the group of bones that belong to the axial skeleton.
7. Name the bones in each group.
8. Briefly describe each bone of the head and neck.
9. Discuss the floor of cranial cavity.
9.1. Bones
9.2. Openings/foramina
9.3. Structures that pass through the openings
10. Describe the thoracic cage and cavity.
11. Name the boundaries of the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture) and
outlet inferior thoracic aperture.
12. Classify ribs.
12.1. Morphology
12.2. Attachments
13. Describe the typical and atypical ribs.
14. Describe the vertebral column
14.1. Function
14.2. Regions/segments
14.3. Curvatures
15. Name the main parts of a vertebra. Illustrate with drawing
16. Describe the peculiarities of the vertebrae in each region.
17. Describe the intervertebral disc:
17.1. Composition
17.2. Function
18. Describe the intervertebral foramen.
18.1. Boundaries
18.2. Contents
19. Describe the formation of the vertebral canal.
20. Enumerate the contents of the vertebral canal.
21. Define lumbar/spinal tap.
22. Name the indications of the lumbar tap.
23. Name the structures pierced by the spinal needle to aspirate the cerebrospinal
fluid.
24. Identify the axial bones of radiograph.
 25. Define the following abnormalities in curvatures of the vertebral column.
25.1. Kyphosis
25.2. Lordosis
25.3. Scoliosis
25.4. Kypho-scoliosis

Skeletal system 2 Appendicular skeleton

Articular system

Expected learning outcomes.

1. Define appendicular skeleton.
2. Name the group of bones that belong to the appendicular skeleton
3. Enumerate the bones of the upper extremity; lower extremity
4. Describe the bones of the upper and lower extremities.
5. Define a joint.
6. Classify joints according to:
6.1. Structure
6.2. Function/mobility
7. Enumerate the varieties of joints according to structure.
8. Describe each variety.
9. Give examples for each variety.
10. Classify the following joints according to structure and specific variety; and
according to function or mobility.
10.1. Joints of the upper extremities
 Sternoclavicular joint
 Acromioclavicular
 Glenohumeral (shoulder)
 Elbow joint
Ulnohumeral
Radiohumeral
Proximal radioulnar
 Distal radioulnar joint
 Wrist joint
 Intercarpal
 Carpometacarpal
 Metacarpophalangeal
 Interphalangeal
10.2. Joints of the lower extremities
 Sacroiliac joints
 Hip joint
 Knee joint
 Proximal tibiofibular
 Distal tibiofibular
 Ankle joint
 Subtalar
 Tibiotalar
 Calcaneocuboid
11. Identify bones of the upper and lower extremities on radiographs
 12. Identify the parts of bones articulating at the joints as seen in radiographs of the
upper and lower extremities.

Muscular System - Muscular system 1

Generalities of the muscular system
Shoulder region, Back

GIO: To know the muscles in the human body

To understand the functions of muscles

SIO:
1. Enumerate the 3 types of muscle tissue
2. Compare the features of the 3 types of muscles
3. Discuss the functions of muscles.
4. Enumerate the bases of naming muscles.
5. Give example/s for each basis.
6. Discuss the importance of innervation of muscles.
7. Briefly discuss a motor unit.
8. Discuss the actions of muscles.
9. Discuss the role played by muscles during movement.
10. Define intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
11. Enumerate the group of muscles in different regions of the body.
Give their common action/function, common nerve supply.
 Muscles of the head
 Muscles of the neck
 Muscles of the thorax
 Muscles the abdomen
 Muscles of the pelvis and perineum
 Muscles of the back (superficial)
 Muscles of he upper extremities
 Muscles of the lower extremities

Shoulder region
GIO:
To study and learn the gross anatomy of the shoulder (pectoral, scapular and
deltoid) regions
SIO:
1. Discuss the features of the shoulder region.
1.1. Bony landmarks
1.2. Cutaneous innervation
2. Enumerate the muscles in pectoral and deltoid region.
3. Discuss the innervation and functions of these muscles.
4. Name the muscles of the scapular region
4.1. Attaching the scapula to the humerus
4.2. Attaching the scapula to the head and neck
4.3. Attaching the scapula to the trunk
5. Describe the origin and insertion of these muscles
 6. Group the muscles of the scapular region according to:
6.1. Nerve supply
6.2. Action/function
7. Discuss the following intermuscular spaces in the scapular region giving their
boundaries and contents.
7.1. Quadrangular space
7.2. Triangular space
8. Discuss the formation of scapular arterial anastomosis.
9. State the significance/importance of the scapular arterial anastomosis.
10. Discuss the following joints, articulating parts of bones, specific variety of joint,
ligaments, movements possible and muscles responsible for movements.
10.1. Sternoclavicular
10.2. Acromioclavicular
10.3. Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
11. Discuss the rotator (musculotendinous cuff.
11.1. Muscles involved
11.2. Significance

Superficial back
1. Discuss the cutaneous nerves of the back and scapular region.
2. Enumerate the superficial muscles of the back connecting the trunk to the upper
extremities.
3. Discuss their origin, insertion and nerve supply and function of these muscles
4. Discuss the superficial intrinsic back muscles.
4.1. Divisions
4.2. Origin and insertion
4.3. Action

Vertebral column and vertebral canal

1. State the functions of the vertebral column.
2. Discuss the vertebral column.
2.1. Regions
2.2. Curves
2.3. Intervertebral discs
3. Discuss the vertebral canal.
3.1. Formation
3.2. Boundaries
3.3. Contents
4. Define lumbar/spinal tap.
5. Enumerate the structures pierced by the spinal needle to get CSF in vertebral
canal.

Muscular System 2 - Axilla; Arm and elbow region

GIO:
To learn the gross anatomy of axilla, arm, elbow region and back
To learn the formation of the vertebral column and vertebral canal
SIO:
Axilla
1. Discuss the axilla
1.1. Boundaries
1.2. Contents
2. Discuss the brachial plexus.
2.1. Roots
2.2. Trunks
2.3. Divisions
2.4. Cords
2.5. Terminal branches
3. Illustrate by drawing the formation of the brachial plexus.
4. Discuss the axillary artery.
4.1. Commencement and termination
4.2. Divisions
4.3. Branches of the divisions
4.4. Distribution of the branches
5. Discuss the axillary vein.
5.1. Commencement and termination
5.2. Tributaries
6. Enumerate the axillary group of axillary nodes.
7. Discuss the axillary nodes.
7.1. Location
7.2. Areas drained
8. Trace the course of the lymph from axillary nodes to the corresponding
lymphatic duct.

Arm; elbow region

1. Discuss the cutaneous innervation of the anterior and posterior aspects of the
upper extremities.
2. Name the superficial veins of the upper extremities
3. Trace the course of the superficial veins from their commencement to their
termination.
4. Name the 2 fascial (muscular compartments of the arm
5. Discuss the anterior arm muscles
5.1. Origin, insertion and nerve supply
5.2. Function
6. Discuss the posterior arm muscles
6.1. Origin, insertion and nerve supply
6.2. Functions
7. Discuss the origin, course and relations, distribution of branches of the following
nerves in the arm.
7.1. Musculocutaneous nerve
7.2. Ulnar nerve
7.3. Median nerve
7.4. Radial nerve
8. Discuss the origin, course, relations, and distribution of branches of the brachial
artery.
Elbow region
1. Describe the bony prominences in the elbow region.
1.1. Medial and lateral epicondyles
1.2. Olecranon process
2. Discuss the boundaries the cubital fossa.
3. Name the contents of the cubital fossa.
4. Describe the position/relations of the contents.
5. Discuss the elbow joint.
5.1. Type of joint
5.2. Bone/s or part of bones articulating
5.3. Ligaments
5.4. Movements
5.5. Muscles involved in movement

Muscular System 3 – Forearm, hand and wrist

GIO:
To study and learn the gross anatomy of the forearm, hand and wrist
SIO
Forearm and hand

1. Describe the cutaneous nerves and blood vessels of the forearm.

2. Discuss the deep fascia of the forearm.
3. Name the fascial/muscular compartments of the forearm.
4. Discuss the contents of each compartment.
4.1. Muscles – origin, insertion, nerve supply and action/function (see tabulation in
your book)
4.2. Nerves – origin, course and branches and distribution
4.3. Blood vessels – origin, course and branches and distribution
5. Describe the retinacula – flexor and extensor retinacula
6. Discuss the significance /importance of the retinacula.
7. Name the contents of the osteofascial compartments under the extensor
retinaculum.
8. Discuss the carpal canal.
8.1. Boundaries
8.2. Contents
8.3. Relations of the contents
Comment on the positions and relations of the contents
9. Discuss the commencement of the cephalic and basilica veins.
10. Describe the cutaneous innervation of the hand (dorsum and palmar surfaces)
11. Discuss the anatomical snuffbox.
11.1. Location
11.2. Boundaries
11.3. Contents
12. Name the commonly fractured, and commonly dislocated carpal bones. Give an
explanation.
13. Describe the palmar aponeurosis. Give its significance.
 14. Discuss the muscles of the hand.
14.1. Extrinsic muscles
14.2. Intrinsic muscles
15. Describe the superficial and deep palmar arterial arches.
15.1. Location/position/relations
15.2. Origin
15.3. Branches
15.4. Distribution
16. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the upper extremity.

Wrist joint
1. Discuss the wrist joint.
1.1. Type of joint
1.2. Articulating bones/part of bones
1.3. Ligaments
1.4. Movements
1.5. Muscles involved in movements

Muscular System 4 – Posterior aspect of the Lower Extremity

Gluteal Region, Posterior Thigh, Popliteal fossa
Posterior Leg, Sole of Foot, Hip Joint

GIO:
To understand the gross anatomy of the gluteal region, posterior thigh, popliteal
fossa, posterior leg and sole of foot.
To understand the gross features and functions of the hip joint.

SIO:
Gluteal Region
1. Describe the cutaneous innervation of the gluteal region.
2. Describe the surface landmarks in the gluteal region.
3. Describe the superficial fascia of the gluteal region.
4. Enumerate the superficial gluteal muscles.
5. Discuss the superficial gluteal muscles.
5.1. Attachments
5.2. Nerve supply
5.3. Action
6. Enumerate the small lateral rotators
7. Discuss the small lateral rotators.
7.1. Attachments
7.2. Nerve supply
7.3. Action
8. Describe the sciatic nerve.
8.1. Roots of origin
8.2. Formation
8.3. Course in the pelvis and gluteal region
8.4. Branches
 9. Discuss the intramuscular injection in the gluteal region.
9.1. Location
9.2. Rationale

Posterior Thigh
1. Discuss the cutaneous innervation of the posterior thigh
2. Enumerate the muscles of the posterior thigh.
3. Discuss the posterior thigh muscles.
3.1. Attachments
3.2. Nerve supply
3.3. Common and individual action
4. Describe the sciatic nerve in the posterior thigh
4.1. Course
4.2. Terminal branches
4.3. Distribution of branches
Popliteal Fossa
1. Describe the popliteal fossa.
2. Describe the boundaries of the popliteal fossa.
3. Discuss the contents of the [popliteal fossa.
3.1. Fats and lymph nodes
3.2. Blood vessels
3.3. Nerves – tibial and common peroneal nerves
3.3.1. Immediate origin
3.3.2. Distribution of branches
4. Illustrate/describe how to palpate the pulsation of the popliteal artery.

Posterior Leg
1. Describe the cutaneous innervation of the posterior leg.
2. Describe the crural fascia.
3. Enumerate posterior leg muscles.
3.1. Superficial (calf) muscles
3.2. Deep muscles
4. Discuss the superficial and deep posterior leg muscles.
4.1. Attachments
4.2. Nerve supply
4.3. Action
5. State the importance of the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon)
6. Discuss the tibial nerve.
6.1. Roots
6.2. Commencement
6.3. Course/relations in the popliteal fossa and posterior leg
6.4. Branches
6.5. Distribution of branches

Sole of Foot
1. Describe the cutaneous innervation of the sole of foot.
2. Describe the peculiar features of the skin of the sole of foot.
3. Describe the plantar aponeurosis.
4. Discuss the significance/importance of the plantar aponeurosis.
5. Name the muscles and tendons in the sole of the foot
 5.1. 1st layer
5.2. 2nd layer
5.3. 3rd layer
5.4. 4th layer
6. Discuss the innervation and functions of muscles in each layer
7. Describe the arches of the foot.
7.1. Medial longitudinal
7.2. Lateral longitudinal
7.3. Transverse arch
8. State the functions of the foot arches.
9. Enumerate bony support of the arches of the foot.

10. Discuss the mechanism of support of the arches of the foot.

10.1. Medial longitudinal arch
10.2. Lateral longitudinal arch
10.3. Transverse arch

Hip Joint
1. Name the specific parts of bones that articulate at the hip joint.
2. Classify the hip joint.
2.1. According to structure that binds the bones
2.2. Acc. To function/mobility
3. Describe the ligaments of the hip joint.
3.1. Attachments
3.2. Importance
4. Name the nerve supply of the hip joint.
5. Discuss the movements of the hip joint including the muscles involved.
6. Discuss the blood supply of the head of the femur. State the relevance.
Muscular System 5 – Anterior Aspect of Lower Extremity
Anteromedial thigh, Knee joint, Antrolateral Leg,
Dorsum of Foot, and Ankle joint

GIO:
To understand the gross anatomy of the anterior aspect of the lower extremity
To understand the features of the knee joint and the ankle joint
SIO:
Anterior aspect of the lower extremity
1. Describe the following landmarks in anterior aspect of the lower extremity.
 Iliac crest
 Anterior superior iliac spine
 Anterior inferior iliac spine
 Pubic tubercle
 Patella
 Tibial tuberosity
 “Shin”
 Medial malleolus
 Lateral malleolus

2. Discuss the cutaneous innervation of the lower limb.

2.1. Anterior thigh
2.2. Medial thigh
2.3. Anterior leg
2.4. Medial leg and foot
2.5. Lateral leg
2.6. Dorsum of foot
3. Describe the long/great saphenous vein.
3.1. Commencement
3.2. Course in the leg and thigh
3.3. Termination
3.4. Tributaries before its termination
4. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of lower extremity.
5. Describe the deep fascia of the lower extremity.
5.1. Thigh
5.2. Leg

Anterior thigh
1. Briefly describe the inguinal ligament
2. Discuss the muscles of the anterior thigh.
1.1. Attachments
1.2. Innervation
1.3. Action/function
3. Describe the boundaries of femoral triangle.
4. Discuss the contents of the femoral triangle.
4.1. Femoral nerve
4.2. Femoral vein
4.3. Femoral artery
5. Discuss the femoral sheath.
 5.1. Origin
5.2. Passage into the thigh
5.3. Compartments
6. Discuss the contents of the compartments of femoral sheath.
7. Define the femoral ring.
8. Describe the boundaries of the femoral ring.
9. State the significance of the femoral ring.
10. Discuss the subsartorial (adductor/Hunter’s) canal.
10.1. Boundaries
10.2. Contents
10.3. Termination

Medial thigh
1. Discuss the muscles of the medial thigh.
1.1. Attachments
1.2. Innervation
1.3. Action/function
2. Discuss the course of the obturator nerve in the medial thigh.
3. Describe the pes anserinus of the lower limb.

Knee Joint
1. Name the bones/parts of bones that articulate the knee joint.
2. Discuss the ligaments of the knee joint
2.1. Extracapsular
2.2. Intracapsular
3. Describe the semilunar cartilages/menisci
4. State the importance of the semilunar cartilages
5. Discuss the movements and muscles involved.
6. Discuss the arterial anastomosis around the knee joint.
Give the significance/importance.
7. Cite common injuries of the knee joint involving ligaments.
Explain/ Illustrate how injuries are incurred.

Anterior Leg
1. Discuss the muscles of the anterior leg.
1.1. Attachments
1.2. Innervation
1.3. Action/function
2. Discuss the deep peroneal nerve and anterior tibial artery.
2.1. Origin/commencement
2.2. Course
2.3. Distribution of branches
2.4. Termination
3. Discuss the retinacula in the ankle region.
3.1. Superior extensor retinaculum
3.2. Inferior extensor retinaculum
3.3. Peroneal retinaculum
Ankle Joint
1. Name the bones/parts of bones that articulate at the ankle (tibiotalar) joint.
2. Classify the ankle joint, main classification and specific variety.
3. Discuss the medial and lateral ligaments of the ankle joint.
4. Comment on the strength of the ligaments.
5. Discuss the movements possible at the ankle and muscles involved..

Dorsum of foot
1. Enumerate the muscles and tendons over the dorsum foot.
2. Discuss the attachments, innervation and action of the short extensors of the toes.
3. Discuss the dorsalis pedis artery.
3.1. Commencement
3.2. Course
3.3. Termination
4. Illustrate where to palpate the dorsalis pedis.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1 -Generalities of the Circulatory System

Heart and Great Blood vessels
Blood Vessels of the Head and Neck, Thorax and abdomen and Blood
Vessels of The Upper Extremities and lower extremities
Lymphatics system

GIO:
1. To understand the meaning, functions and importance of terms related to the
circulatory system.
2. To the know gross anatomy of the heart
3. To understand the functions of the heart
4. To know the structures and functions of blood vessels and lymphatics

SIO:
1. Define/briefly describe the following terms:
1.1. Circulation
1.2. Blood circulation
1.3. Systemic circulation
1.4. Pulmonic circulation
1.5. Portal circulation
1.6. Tributaries
1.7. Anastomosis
1.8. Collateral circulation
1.9. Terminal branches
1.10. End arteries
2. Differentiate the structures and functions of veins vs arteries, veins vs lymphatics.
HEART
1. Describe the location of the heart.
2. State the normal average weight of the heart among adults.
3. Describe the external features of the heart.
3.1. Shape
3.2. Base
3.3. Apex
3.4. Sulci/grooves
3.5. Surfaces
3.6. Borders
4. Name the layers of the wall of the heart.
5. Describe each layer of the wall of the heart.
6. Name the chambers of the heart.
7. Describe each chamber of the heart.
7.1. Type of blood received/contained
7.2. Communications
8. Name the blood supply and venous drainage of the heart
9. Discuss the venous drainage of the heart.
10. Discuss the functions of the following features of the heart.
10.1. Valves
10.2. Papillary muscles
10.3. Chordae tendinae
11. Trace the flow of blood from the right atrium to the left ventricle.
12. Discuss the cardiac innervation.
13. Enumerate the parts of the conducting system of the heart

Vascular System
Great Blood Vessels
1. Name the blood vessels that terminate into and arise from the heart.
2. Name the blood vessels that terminate into the heart.
3. Name the divisions of the aorta.

Blood vessels of the head and neck and upper extremities

1. Name the branches of the arch of aorta.
2. Discuss the blood vessels that supply the head and the neck
2.1. Main trunk
2.2. Branches
2.3. Distribution of branches
2.4. Discuss the venous drainage of the head and neck.
2.5. Commencement
2.6. Tributaries
2.7. Termination
3. Name the superficial veins of the neck

Blood vessels of the upper extremities

1. Trace the blood supply and venous drainage of the upper extremities.
2. Name the superficial blood vessels of the upper extremities and their
termination/drainage.
Blood vessels of the thorax
1. Name the divisions of the aorta.
2. State the vertebral levels of the commencement and termination of each division of
the aorta.
3. Name the branches of the arch of aorta.
4. Describe the commencement and termination of the subclavian arteries.
5. Describe the divisions of the subclavian arteries.
6. Name the branches of each division of the subclavian artery.
7. Name the primary and secondary branches of the subclavian arteries that supply the
thorax.
8. Name the branches of the thoracic aorta.
8.1. Parietal branches
8.2. Visceral branches
9. Name the veins that drain the thoracic wall and termination.
9.1. Anterior thoracic wall
9.2. Posterior thoracic wall

Blood vessels of the abdomen

1. Enumerate the branches of the abdominal aorta.
1.1. Parietal branches
1.1.1. Paired
1.1.2. Unpaired
1.2. Visceral branches
1.2.1. Paired
1.2.2. Unpaired
1.3. Terminal branches
2. Describe the inferior vena cava.
2.1. Formation/commencement
2.2. Tributaries
2.3. Termination
3. Define the (hepatic) portal circulation.
4. Discuss the portal vein.
4.1. Formation
4.2. Termination
5. Name the venous drainage of the liver.

Blood vessels of the pelvis and perineum

1. Describe the commencement of the common iliac artery.
2. Name the terminal branches of the common iliac artery.
3. Name the branches of the internal iliac artery
4. Discuss briefly the venous drainage of the pelvis and perineum.
5. Name the arteries in the pelvis that are not branches of internal iliac

Blood vessels of the lower extremities

1. Describe the external iliac artery.
1.1. Commencement
1.2. Termination
1.3. Branches
1.4. Distribution of branches
2. Trace the femoral artery from its commencement to its termination.
 3. Name the branches of the femoral artery.
4. Describe the popliteal artery.
4.1. Commencement
4.2. Termination
5. Discuss briefly the course and areas supplied by the terminal branches of popliteal
artery.
6. Trace the venous drainage of the lower extremities.
7. Name the superficial veins of the lower extremities, their commencement and
termination.
8. Illustrate the location of pulsation of the arteries of the lower extremities.
8.1. Femoral
8.2. Popliteal
8.3. Posterior tibial
8.4. Dorsalis pedis

Lymphatic system
GIO:
To study the organs of the lymphatic system
To understand the functions of the lymphatic system
SIO:
1. Enumerate the organs of the lymphatic system.
2. Briefly describe each organ of the lymphatic system.
3. State the function of each organ of the lymphatic system.
4. Define lymph.
5. Describe the composition of the lymph.
6. Discuss lymphatic circulation.
6.1. Commencement
6.2. Course
6.3. Termination
7. Discuss the formation of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
8. Illustrate the areas drained by right the lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.

Thorax 1 – Intro to thorax; Thoracic cage, thoracic wall, cavity

Anterior thoracic wall and breast
Intro to Mediastinum, Superior and Anterior Mediastinum

GIO
1. Name the bones that form the thoracic cage and their articulations.
2. Describe the thoracic cage.
2.1. Shape
2.2. Movements
3. Briefly describe the landmarks in the thoracic wall.
3.1. Suprasternal notch
3.2. Supraclavicular fossa
3.3. Sternal angle
3.4. Nipple and areola
3.5. Subcostal/costal arch or margin
3.6. Anterior axillary fold
 3.7. Posterior axilla fold
3.8. Spine of scapula
3.9. Inferior angle of scapula
4. Enumerate the reference lines in the thorax.
5. Illustrate with drawing the reference lines in the thorax.
6. Describe the triangle of auscultation
6.1. Boundaries
6.2. Significance
7. Describe the limits/boundaries of anterior thoracic wall
8. Describe the intercostal spaces
8.1. Muscles
8.1.1. Attachments
8.1.2. Innervation
8.1.3. Action/function
8.2. Neurovascular structures
8.3. Position/location of the neurovascular structures
9. Define/briefly describe the following:
9.1. Anterior/external intercostal membrane
9.2. Posterior/internal intercostal membrane
9.3. Endothoracic fascia
9.4. Suprapleural membrane
10. Enumerate the layers of the thoracic wall in the following reference lines.
10.1. Midclavicular line
10.2. Midaxillary line
10.3. Scapular line

Breast
1. Describe the breast among males and in immature females.
2. Give the derivative and location of the breast.
3. State the function of the breast
4. Describe the breast at puberty and young adult
4.1. Shape
4.2. Boundaries/extent of the base
4.3. Lobes and ducts
4.4. Suspensory ligaments
5. Briefly describe the retromammary space.
State the significance of this space.
6. Describe the nipple and areola
7. Discuss the changes in the breast during pregnancy.
7.1. Early months
7.2. Second half up to lactation
7.3. Postweaning period
8. Describe the postmenopausal breast
9. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the breast.
State the significance.
10. Discuss the blood supply and venous drainage of the breast.
Thoracic Cavity
11. Describe the thoracic apertures
11.1. Superior and inferior thoracic apertures (outlet)
11.1.1. Boundaries
11.1.2. Structures transmitted
12. Name the divisions of the thoracic cavity.
13. Differentiate thoracic and pleural cavity.
13.1. Wall
13.2. Contents

Introduction to Mediastinum
1. Describe the mediastinum in general.
2. Enumerate the divisions and subdivisions of the mediastinum.
3. Illustrate the divisions and subdivisions of mediastinum.
4. Name the boundaries of the divisions and subdivisions of the mediastinum.
5. Enumerate the contents of each subdivisions of the mediastinum.

Superior Mediastinum
1. Discuss the contents and relations of the contents of the superior mediastinum.
1.1. Thymus gland
1.2. Arch of aorta and branches
1.3. Superior vena cava
1.4. Left vagus and left recurrent laryngeal nerve
1.5. Phrenic nerve
1.6. Pericardiacophrenic vessels
1.7. Termination of the azygos vein
1.8. Thoracic duct
1.9. Trachea
1.10. Esophagus

Anterior Mediastinum
1. Discuss the contents of the anterior mediastinum
1.1. Inferior part of the remnant of thymus
1.2. Sternopericardial ligaments

Thorax 2 - Middle mediastinum - Heart and pericardium

GIO:
To learn the contents of the middle mediastinum
SIO:

Middle Mediastinum
1. Illustrate the boundaries of the whole middle mediastinum.
2. Discuss the gross features of the heart
2.1. External features
2.1.1. Borders
2.1.2. Surface
 2.1.3. Base and apex
2.1.4. Sulci/grooves and contents
2.1.5. Chambers
2.2. Internal features of the heart
2.2.1. Crista terminalis
2.2.2. Musculi pectinati
2.2.3. Fossa ovalis
2.2.4. Papillary muscle
2.2.5. Trabeculae carnae
2.2.6. Moderator band
2.2.7. Chordae tendinae

3. Discuss the blood supply of the heart

3.1. Origin
3.2. Distribution
4. Discuss the venous drainage.
5. Discuss the nervous control.
6. Discuss the conducting system.
7. Describe the cardiac skeleton.
7.1. Location
7.2. Significance
8. Discuss the pericardium.
8.1. Layers
8.2. Attachments
8.3. Pericardial cavity
8.4. Contents of the cavity.
8.5. Innervation of the pericardium
9. Describe the pericardial sac.
9.1. Shape and orientation
9.2. Relations
9.3. Clinical importance
10. Discuss the phrenic nerve
10.1. Roots of origin
10.2. Course and relations from neck to the middle mediastinum
10.3. Distribution of the sensory component
10.4. Distribution of the motor component
11. Discuss the Pericardiacophrenic artery
11.1. Origin/commencement
11.2. Course and relations
11.3. Distribution
12. Discuss the bare area of the pericardium.
12.1. Location
12.2. Significance/clinical relevance
13. Illustrate the border of the heart on the surface of the anterior chest wall.
14. Illustrate how to map the borders of the heart by percussion.
15. Describe the anatomical locations of the different heart valves on the surface of the
thorax. Illustrate.
16. Describe how the heart sounds are produced.
17. Illustrate the clinical valvular areas (auscultation areas) on the surface of the thorax.
18. Discuss the superficial and deep cardiac plexus.
 18.1. Location
18.2. Composition
18.3. Roots of origin
18.4. Function

Thorax 3 – Posterior mediastinum

Respiratory system - Generalities of the respiratory system
Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs, Pleura

GIO:
To learn the gross anatomy of the contents of the posterior mediastinum
To understand the parts and functions of the respiratory system

SIO:

Posterior mediastinum
1. Illustrate the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum.
2. Enumerate the contents of the posterior mediastinum.
3. Discuss the contents of the posterior mediastinum
3.1. Thoracic aorta
3.1.1. Comemcement
3.1.2. Termination
3.1.3. Course and relations
3.1.4. Branches
3.1.5. Distribution of branches
3.2. Esophagus
3.2.1. Commencement
3.2.2. Termination
3.2.3. Function
3.2.4. Course and relations
3.2.5. Constrictions
3.2.6. Significance of the constrictions
3.2.7. Blood supply
3.2.8. Venous drainage
3.2.9. Lymph drainage
3.3. Thoracic duct
3.3.1. Commencement
3.3.2. Termination
3.3.3. Course and relations in the thorax
3.3.4. Function
3.4. Azygos and hemiazygos veins
3.4.1. Commencement
3.4.2. Termination
3.4.3. Course
3.4.4. Tributaries
3.4.5. Significance/importance
3.5. Thoracic sympathetic trunk
 3.5.1. Commencement
3.5.2. Termination
3.5.3. Splanchnic nerves

Respiratory system
Generalities
1. State the general function of the respiratory system.
2. Enumerate the organs of the respiratory system.
3. Briefly describe each organ.
4. Group the respiratory organs into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory
tract.
5. State the function of the upper respiratory tract and that of the lower respiratory
tract.
6. Define paranasal sinuses.
7. Enumerate the paranasal sinuses.
8. State the function/importance of the paranasal sinuses.

Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs

1. Describe the trachea.
1.1. Commencement
1.2. Termination
1.3. Function
1.4. Course
1.5. Relations
1.6. Blood supply
1.7. Branches
2. Discuss/compare the primary bronchi (right and left).
2.1. Commencement
2.2. Diameter
2.3. Course
2.4. Branches
2.5. Entry into the lungs
2.6. Blood supply
3. Discuss the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the bronchial
tree.
4. Describe the lungs.
4.1. Shape
4.2. Consistency
4.3. Color
4.4. Surfaces
4.5. Borders
4.6. Fissures
4.7. Lobes
4.8. Blood supply
4.9. Innervation
4.10. Lymphatic drainage
5. Describe the hilus of the lungs.
5.1. Location
5.2. Contents
5.3. Position of the contents
 6. Discuss the root of the lungs.
7. Define the pulmonary ligament.
8. State the importance of the pulmonary ligament.
9. In a tabulated form compare the features of the right and left lungs.
10. Define a bronchopulmonary segment.
11. Describe the features of the bronchopulmonary segments.
12. Illustrate with drawings the different bronchopulmonary segments.
13. State the importance of the bronchopulmonary segments.
14. Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.

Pleura
1. Define /briefly the pleura.
2. Discuss the pleura.
2.1. Layers
2.2. Blood supply
2.3. Innervation
2.4. Lymphatic drainage
3. Discuss the lines of pleural reflections.
4. Name the parts of the parietal pleura.
5. Describe each part of the parietal pleura
6. Describe the pleural cavity and its contents.
7. Name the pleural recesses.
8. State the significance of the pleural recesses.
9. Define pleurocentecis.
10. Name the reference lines in the thorax where thoracentecis/pleurocentecis can be
done.
11. State the reason why these reference lines are used or chosen in doing the
procedure.
12. Give the indication of the procedure.
13. Name the conditions/cases that necessitate doing the procedure.

Digestive System - Generalities

Abdomen1 - Intro to Abdomen; Anterior abdominal wall, inguinal region

GIO:
To learn the features and functions of the organs in the digestive system
To learn the gross features and functions of the anterior abdominal wall and
inguinal region, abdominal cavity, peritoneum, peritoneal cavity and peritoneal reflections

SIO:
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract/alimentary canal and accessory
glands.

Digestive tract/alimentary canal

1. Briefly describe the digestive tract.
1.1. Oral cavity
1.2. Pharynx
1.3. Esophagus
 1.4. Stomach
1.5. Small intestine
1.6. Large intestine
2. Describe the accessory glands associated with the oral cavity and abdominal cavity

Anterior abdominal wall

1. Name the boundaries of the anterior abdominal wall.
2. Illustrate with drawing the 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
3. Name the abdominal organs found in each quadrant.
4. Define the following terms. Give their vertebral level.
4.1. Mid-inguinal point
4.2. Transpyloric line/plane
4.3. Subcostal plane
4.4. Intercristal line/plane
4.5. Transtubercular line/plane
5. Illustrate with drawing the 9 regions of the abdomen.
6. Name the abdominal organs found in each regions.
7. State the importance of knowing those regions in the anterior abdominal wall.
8. Discuss the cutaneous innervation of the anterior abdominal wall
9. Illustrate the dermatomal distribution in the anterior abdominal wall
10. Discuss the superficial fasciae of the anterior abdominal wall.
10.1. Superficial layer – Camper’s fascia
10.2. Deep layer – Scarpa’s fascia
11. Illustrate the superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall and their anastomosis
with veins of the superficial thoracic wall.
12. Discuss the clinical significance of those veins.
13. Define the linea alba.
14. Discuss the anterolateral abdominal muscles.
14.1. Attachments
14.2. Nerves supply
14.3. Individual action
14.4. Group action
15. Name the plane where blood vessels and nerves enter the anterior abdominal wall.
16. Define rectus sheath.
17. Illustrate with drawing the formation of the rectus sheath.
18. Enumerate the contents of the rectus sheath.
19. Discuss the importance of the anastomosis between the superior and inferior
epigastric vessels inside the rectus sheath.
20. Discuss the umbilical ligaments and folds on the internal surface of the anterior
abdominal wall.
21. Enumerate the layers of anterior abdominal wall.
22. Describe the inguinal region.
23. Discuss the inguinal triangle
23.1. Boundaries
23.2. Clinical significance
24. Discuss the inguinal canal
24.1. Walls
24.2. Contents in male and in female
24.3. Clinical importance/relevance
25. Define hernia, inguinal hernia, direct and indirect inguinal hernia.
 26. Compare and contrast an indirect and a direct inguinal hernia
27. Differentiate inguinal hernia from femoral hernia.

Abdomen 2 - Peritoneum, Peritoneal cavity and Peritoneal reflections

Abdominal part of esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine

GIO:
To learn the gross features and importance of the peritoneum
To learn the gross anatomy of the abdominal part of esophagus, stomach and small
intestine
SIO:
1. Define the peritoneum.
2. Describe the peritoneal cavity.
2.1. Greater peritoneal cavity/sac
2.2. Lesser peritoneal cavity/sac
3. Describe the epiploic foramen (Winslow).
3.1. Location
3.2. Boundaries
3.3. Significance
4. Describe the following peritoneal reflections/folds
4.1. Omentum
4.2. Mesentery
4.3. Ligaments
5. Describe the abdominal part of the esophagus.
5.1. Length
5.2. Commencement and termination
5.3. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
5.4. Innervation
6. Describe the stomach.
6.1. Function
6.2. Main parts
6.3. Landmarks between parts
6.4. Curvatures
6.5. Notches
6.6. Surfaces
6.7. Communications
6.8. Relations
7. Discuss the blood supply and venous and lymphatic drainage of the stomach.
8. Discuss the innervation of the stomach.
9. Compare and contrast the 3 segments of the small intestine
9.1. Location, divisions and relations
9.2. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
9.3. Innervation
10. Describe the ligament of Treitz.
10.1. Composition
10.2. Attachment
10.3. Significance
Abdomen 3 - Liver and extrahepatic biliary apparatus, Pancreas and spleen
Large intestine from cecum and appendix to the sigmoid

GIO:
To learn the gross features and the importance of the biliary apparatus, pancreas and
spleen
To learn the gross anatomy of the large intestine from its commencement to the sigmoid
colon.

SIO:
1. Discuss the liver.
1.1. Digestive function
1.2. Normal average weight
1.3. Location
1.4. Surfaces
1.5. Relations
1.6. Divisions into lobes
1.6.1. Anatomical
1.6.2. Functional/physiologic
1.7. Ligaments
1.8. Bare area
1.9. Hilus and contents
2. Name the blood supply and venous and lymphatic drainage of the liver.
3. Discuss the blood circulation in the liver
4. Discuss the innervation of the liver.
5. Name the structures that hold the liver in place
6. Discuss the extrahepatic biliary apparatus (bile ducts of the liver).
7. Discuss the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum.
8. Describe the termination of the biliary duct in the duodenum.
9. Describe the cystohepatic triangle (triangle of Calot).
9.1. Boundaries
9.2. Significance
10. Describe the following recesses.
10.1. Subphrenic – left and right anterior subphrenic recesses, right posterior
subphrenic recess
10.2. Hepatorenal recess (Morrison’s pouch)

Pancreas
1. Describe the pancreas.
1.1. Location
1.2. Function/secretion
1.3. Parts
1.4. Relations
1.5. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
2. Describe the pancreatic ducts.
2.1. Main pancreatic (Wirsung) duct
2.2. Accessory pancreatic (Santorini) duct
Spleen
1. Describe the spleen.
1.1. Function
1.2. Appearance, weight, peritoneal covering and ligaments
1.3. Location
1.4. Relations
1.5. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
1.6. Innervation

Large intestine from cecum and appendix to the sigmoid colon

1. Describe the cecum and appendix.
1.1. Commencement
1.2. Gross features
1.3. Location
1.4. Relations
1.5. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
1.6. Innervation
2. Discuss the colon.
2.1. Divisions/segments
2.2. Location of each division/segment
2.3. Relations
2.4. Common peculiar features
2.5. Mobility
2.6. Blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
2.7. Innervation
3. Name the segments/divisions of large intestine with mesentery.
4. Discuss the marginal arteries of the colon (Drummond)
State the significance.

END OF FIRST SEMESTER