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(ii) Voice Mail: Voice mail is a sophisticated telephone answering machine that digitizes
incoming voice messages and stores them on disk. When the recipient is ready to listen, the
message is converted from its digitized version back to audio, or sound.
(iii) Facsimile: A facsimile transmission machine (FAX) scans a document and sends it as
electronic signals over ordinary telephone lines to a receiving fax machine. This receiving fax
recreates the image on paper.
(iv) Desktop Videoconferencing: it simulates face-to-face meetings of individuals and requires a
network and a desktop computer with special application software as well as a small camera
installed on top of the monitor. Images of a computer user from the desktop computer are
captured and sent across the network to the other computers and users.
(d) Image Processing: Image processing systems include presentation graphics and multimedia systems
that convert text, drawings, and photographs into digital form that can be stored in a computer,
manipulated, printed, or sent to another computer. Image processing systems may use scanners,
digital cameras, video capture cards, or advanced graphic computers.
(e) Office Management: Office management systems include electronic scheduling, and task management
systems that provide an electronic means of organizing people, projects, and data. Business dates,
appointments, notes, and client contact information can be created, edited, stored, and retrieved.
Additionally, automatic reminders about crucial dates and appointments can be programmed.
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B. DESIGN AUDIT AND BUILDING EFFICIENCY STUDIES
Design Audit:
Design Audit is an integrated system of tools and performance standards designed to help building
designers assess and improve the performance of whole building portfolios. The Building Design
Audit measures and documents the design and performance metrics of building systems, identifying
areas for improvement, and enabling better performance. Areas covered include:
(a) Site Planning (optimizing form and orientation).
(b) Microclimate Analysis and Natural Ventilation.
(c) Energy Efficiency and Solar Analysis (sun path analysis and shading devices).
(d) Building Envelope and External Shading.
(e) Optimum Window Ratio and Day lighting.
The results are benchmarked against all other anonymous results from completed Building
Performance Audits. This provides best practice standards, which can be used by building owners to
direct the designers of new buildings and retrofit projects.
ECOTECT
ECOTECT is a software with a unique approach to conceptual building design that couples a 3-D design
interface with a comprehensive set of performance analysis functions and interactive information
displays. Fundamentally, there are three main reasons to consider ECOTECT as part of analysis
workflow:
(a) Modelling and Visualization: As a conceptual design tool, ECOTECT provides its own fast and
intuitive modelling interface for generating even the most complex building geometry.
(b) One Central Repository for All Building Data: Each material in the software can store a wide range of
information like basic thermal properties, acoustics responses, environmental impact data etc.
(c) External Analysis Function: the software offers a wide range of internal analysis functions which can
be used at any time while modeling; like thermal performance and internal light levels.
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Principle Uses of Building Efficiency Studies:
(a) Programming Phase: The client and the architect are interested in the total cost of the project which
depends on the total size of the building and is estimated by multiplying the gross square footage by
an estimated cost per square foot.
(b) Design Phase: The proposed design is analyzed to determine how well it responds to the program and
how it compares with similar buildings.
(c) Post Construction: After construction, cost analysis and efficiency studies are used to aid the designer
in future projects.
Clients will like to go with larger ratios and smaller gross area, hence lesser building cost, not realizing
the restrictions that it places on design is an important qualitative issue.
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C. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ARCHITECTURE:
The idea of energy efficiency in architecture is to modulate the conditions in the design of a building such
that they are always within or as close as possible to the comfort zone with the use of least possible
amount of energy. Modulations introduced by the landscape, built form, envelope, materials and control
measures bring the conditions within the range, which is the goal of energy efficiency architecture.
Energy efficiency in architecture also involves the usage of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
Energy efficient building design involves finding the balance between the designed building and the
sustainable environment. The energy efficient building practice expands and complements the
classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because
energy-intense solutions sought to construct a building and meet its demands for HVAC and lighting
through non-renewable sources of energy, causing severe depletion of invaluable environmental
resources. Some Strategies and Techniques for Energy Efficiency in Architecture include:
(a) Incorporating Solar Passive Design Techniques and Climate Responsive Design.
(b) Natural Lighting System and Solar Lighting.
(c) Reduction of heat load by Thermal Insulations of Walls.
(d) Use of renewable energy systems like Solar Energy.
(e) Use of low energy materials and methods of construction.
(f) Design of energy-efficient HVAC systems.
(g) Rainwater Harvesting system and Water recycling.
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Provision of solar chimney assisted passive heating device.
Construction of Solarium – a sunspace covered with glazing to trap heat.
(c) Climate Responsive Design: the idea is to modulate the conditions such that they are always within or
as close as close as possible to the comfort zone. Some considerations include:
Proper orientation and plan form of buildings according to climates.
Correct fenestration orientation, pattern, configuration and controls.
Effective use of vegetation, landscaping and water bodies.
External colors and textures and material of building envelope.
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6. Energy Efficient HVAC System:
Even though air conditioning can use lots of energy, there are some simple, low-cost ways to save energy
and make the HVAC system more efficient.
(a) Temperature Control: the air-conditioning system should not operate below 24°C. A temperature gap
should be maintained between the heating and air conditioning control temperatures.
(b) Variable Speed Drives: cooling more than required should be not be produced. This wastes money
and energy. Variable speed drives can vary the output of the air conditioning system to meet the
needs throughout the day.
(c) Free Cooling Coils: Free cooling coils use the outside air as a source of cooling for air conditioning
systems. This saves money because there is no need to use as much energy to produce cooling for the
air conditioning system.
LEED India
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design India Green Building Rating System is a
nationally and internationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high
performance energy efficient buildings. It provides building owners, architects, consultants,
developers, and project managers the tools they need to design, construct and operate green buildings.
LEED India rating system provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting success for every
building type and phase of a building lifecycle as it promotes a whole-building approach to
sustainability by recognizing performance in the following five key areas:
(a) Sustainable Site Development.
(b) Water Savings and Energy Efficiency.
(c) Materials Selection.
(d) Indoor Environmental Quality.
GRIHA India
GRIHA, an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, is the National Rating
System of India. It is a green building 'design evaluation system', and is suitable for all kinds of
buildings in different climatic zones of the country.
GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects such as energy consumption, waste generation, renewable
energy adoption, etc. so as to manage, control and reduce the same to the best possible extent. The
Basic Benefits of following GRIHA rating system are:
(a) Up to 30% reduction in energy consumption.
(b) Limited waste generation due to recycling.
(c) Less consumption of water and Reduced pollution load & liability.
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